Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:18:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_mr_me_guara.pdf: 974660 bytes, checksum: 8f80690ebfe32f2752005d78330dde96 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta dissertação apresenta uma metodologia para a otimização de manobras de atitude de satélites artificiais estabilizados por rotação, utilizando-se algoritmos genéticos. Primeiramente, é simulado o controle inicial da manobra, dado por uma lei de controle baseada em uma função de chaveamento, conforme a teoria de Shigehara (1972). Em seguida, com base nos resultados obtidos pela lei de controle inicial, aplica-se o algoritmo genético na otimização dos intervalos e polaridades de funcionamento de um atuador, tipo bobina magnética. Durante este procedimento, nas diferentes manobras, a otimização global e por período foram simuladas. Na implementação do algoritmo genético, o problema de otimização de manobra considera uma função multi-objetivo definida pela minimização dos erros dos ângulos da manobra e o tempo final. A exequibilidade desta metodologia utilizando algoritmos genéticos se verifica na comparação entre os resultados obtidos por Gamarra Rosado e Rios Neto (1992a; 1992b), obtidas no processo de subotimização da manobra. Da análise das simulações realizadas, observou-se que o algoritmo genético conseguiu minimizar o tempo final da manobra, entretanto, em todos os casos analisados, os ângulos finais de declinação e ascensão reta sofreram pequenas diferenças nos valores finais em comparação com a condição final da manobra estabelecida / This dissertation presents a methodology for the optimization of attitude maneuvers of a satellite stabilized by rotation, using genetic algorithms. First, the initial control is simulated maneuver, given by a control law based on a switching function, as the theory of Shigehara (1972). Then, based on the results obtained by the initial control law, applies the genetic algorithm in optimization of intervals and polarities of operation of an actuator, solenoid coil type. During this procedure, the different maneuvers, and global optimization period were simulated. In the implementation of genetic algorithm, the optimization problem maneuvering considering a multiobjective function defined by minimizing the errors of the angles of the maneuver and final time. The feasibility of this methodology using genetic algorithms is verified when comparing the results obtained by Gamarra Rosado and Rios Neto (1992a; 1992b), obtained in the process of sub-optimization of the maneuver. The analysis of the simulations, it was observed that the genetic algorithm able to minimize the end time of the operation, however, in all cases examined, the final angles of declination and right ascension experienced slight differences in the final values in comparison to the final condition of maneuver established

Orientador: Víctor Orlando Gamarra Rosado / Banca: Maria Cecilia França Zanardi / Banca: Luiz Eduardo Nicolini do Patrocínio Nunes / Resumo: Esta dissertação apresenta uma metodologia para a otimização de manobras de atitude de satélites artificiais estabilizados por rotação, utilizando-se algoritmos genéticos. Primeiramente, é simulado o controle inicial da manobra, dado por uma lei de controle baseada em uma função de chaveamento, conforme a teoria de Shigehara (1972). Em seguida, com base nos resultados obtidos pela lei de controle inicial, aplica-se o algoritmo genético na otimização dos intervalos e polaridades de funcionamento de um atuador, tipo bobina magnética. Durante este procedimento, nas diferentes manobras, a otimização global e por período foram simuladas. Na implementação do algoritmo genético, o problema de otimização de manobra considera uma função multi-objetivo definida pela minimização dos erros dos ângulos da manobra e o tempo final. A exequibilidade desta metodologia utilizando algoritmos genéticos se verifica na comparação entre os resultados obtidos por Gamarra Rosado e Rios Neto (1992a; 1992b), obtidas no processo de subotimização da manobra. Da análise das simulações realizadas, observou-se que o algoritmo genético conseguiu minimizar o tempo final da manobra, entretanto, em todos os casos analisados, os ângulos finais de declinação e ascensão reta sofreram pequenas diferenças nos valores finais em comparação com a condição final da manobra estabelecida / Abstract: This dissertation presents a methodology for the optimization of attitude maneuvers of a satellite stabilized by rotation, using genetic algorithms. First, the initial control is simulated maneuver, given by a control law based on a switching function, as the theory of Shigehara (1972). Then, based on the results obtained by the initial control law, applies the genetic algorithm in optimization of intervals and polarities of operation of an actuator, solenoid coil type. During this procedure, the different maneuvers, and global optimization period were simulated. In the implementation of genetic algorithm, the optimization problem maneuvering considering a multiobjective function defined by minimizing the errors of the angles of the maneuver and final time. The feasibility of this methodology using genetic algorithms is verified when comparing the results obtained by Gamarra Rosado and Rios Neto (1992a; 1992b), obtained in the process of sub-optimization of the maneuver. The analysis of the simulations, it was observed that the genetic algorithm able to minimize the end time of the operation, however, in all cases examined, the final angles of declination and right ascension experienced slight differences in the final values in comparison to the final condition of maneuver established / Mestre

No processo de abastecimento de Ãgua por meio de redes de distribuiÃÃo de Ãgua podem acontecer perdas do recurso hÃdrico associadas a vÃrias causas, tais como: vazamentos, erros de mediÃÃo e consumos nÃo autorizados. Com o avanÃo da informÃtica modelos matemÃticos cada vez mais complexos tÃm possibilitado o surgimento de tÃcnicas avanÃadas nas questÃes relacionadas ao projeto e dimensionamento Ãtimo de redes de distribuiÃÃo de Ãgua, incluindo, por exemplo, a tÃcnica de identificaÃÃo de vazamentos. O mÃtodo empregado na soluÃÃo do problema inverso à a utilizaÃÃo de dados transientes para calibraÃÃo do vazamento por meio do algoritmo genÃtico (MTI-AG) e para soluÃÃo das equaÃÃes diferenciais parciais do movimento para escoamento do transiente à usado o mÃtodo das caracterÃsticas (MOC). Nas 3 redes em estudo à analisado o efeito da severidade do transiente provocada por mudanÃas no tipo de manobra de vÃlvula, onde vÃrias simulaÃÃes foram feitas e comparados os resultados com as condiÃÃes permanentes iniciais, mostrando a eficiÃncia do mÃtodo empregado. / In the process of water supply through water distribution networks can happen losses of water resources associated with various causes, such as leaks, metering errors and unauthorized consumption. With the advancement of computer mathematical models increasingly complex have allowed the emergence of advanced techniques in matters relating to the design and optimal design of water distribution networks, including, for example, leak identification technique. The method used to solve the inverse problem is the use of transient data for calibration leak through genetic algorithm (MTI-AG) and for solution of partial differential equations of motion for the flow of the transient is used the method of characteristics (MOC) . In the three networks in study analyzes the transient severity of the effect caused by changes in the type of valve maneuver where several simulations were performed and compared the results with the initial permanent conditions, showing the method employed efficiency.

INTRODUÇÃO: na reabilitação da disfagia faríngea, a manobra de Mendelsohn (MM) é a única descrita como efetiva para o trabalho de elevação da laringe e seqüente abertura do segmento faringo-esofágico, desde que executada corretamente. OBJETIVO: avaliar a eficácia do uso do biofeedback eletromiográfico no processo de treinamento para correta execução da manobra de Mendelsohn em portadores de Doença de Machado-Joseph (DMJ), com disfagia alta. CASUÍSTICA: participaram deste estudo 20 indivíduos sem queixas quanto à deglutição e 20 disfágicos, portadores de DMJ, que se equiparavam em termos de distribuição de sexos e média de idade, tinham cognitivo preservado, e foram separados em grupos: A e C, de disfágicos, e B e D, de controles. MÉTODOS: todos foram submetidos a anamnese dirigida, avaliação clínica da deglutição e a eletromiografia para verificação do tempo de sustentação da elevação da laringe, repetida depois de treinamento para correta execução da manobra de Mendelsohn, feito com (grupos A e B) ou sem (grupos C e D) a utilização do biofeedback eletromiográfico.Dificuldades relacionadas à realização da MM foram observadas diretamente e relatadas em resposta a questionário. RESULTADOS: a comparação dos disfágicos com os controles não evidenciou diferenças marcantes quanto à avaliação clínica da fase oral da deglutição, pois os doentes demonstravam apenas déficits quanto a protrusão, retração e tônus da língua. Entretanto, quanto à fase faríngea, mostraramse diferenças mais significativas, com os disfágicos apresentando, à deglutição de líquidos e sólidos, estase faríngea, acompanhada de tosse e/ou engasgo e penetração e/ou aspiração, alterações ausentes nos controles. Houve significante aumento do tempo de sustentação da elevação da laringe, de controles e pacientes, à deglutição de saliva, durante a realização da manobra de Mendelsohn, após o treinamento, principalmente se conduzido com suporte de biofeedback eletromiográfico. O mesmo ocorreu com a deglutição de iogurte, pastoso, consistência preferida pelos pacientes. Os pacientes do grupo A chegaram a atingir o mesmo desempenho que seus controles (grupo B), à realização da MM. À observação direta de dificuldades encontradas durante a realização da manobra, notou-se dificuldade para sustentar a elevação da laringe. Quando os indivíduos foram inquiridos a respeito, destacou-se dificuldade de entendimento da MM. De significante, extraiu-se, à observação direta e ao inquérito, que os pacientes têm mais expressivas dificuldades de controle respiratório durante a realização da MM do que os controles. CONCLUSÕES: 1. o treinamento orientado, verbal e gestual, para a correta execução da MM, é capaz, por si só, de aumentar o tempo de sustentação da elevação da laringe em portadores de DMJ e controles; 2. o biofeedback eletromiográfico agrega valor ao treinamento, promovendo ainda maior tempo de sustentação da elevação da laringe, à execução da MM, em portadores de DMJ, que atingem índices semelhantes aos dos controles, na deglutição de saliva e de pastoso; 3. os portadores de DMJ apresentam freqüentemente dificuldade de controle respiratório, sem repercussão clínica, durante a aplicação da MM. / Introduction: In the rehabilitation of pharyngeal dysphagia, the Mendelsohn maneuver (MM) is the only technique described as effective for elevating the larynx with subsequent opening of the esophageal-pharyngeal segment, provided it is correctly performed. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of electromyographic biofeedback for training of the Mendelsohn maneuver in Machado-Joseph patients (MJD) with high dysphagia. Case Studies: Forty individuals participated in this study, including twenty with no complaints of deglutition and twenty MJD dysphagic patients , who were all similar in terms of gender distribution, average age, and cognitive function. Method: The medical history of each patient was reviewed. Each subject underwent a clinical evaluation of deglutition, as well as electromyography to determine the amount of time for which larynx elevation was sustained. Electromyography was repeated following achievement of the correct performance of MM. Training for MM was completed with (groups A and B) or without (groups C and D) electromyographic biofeedback. Difficulties related to performance of MM were observed directly and reported through the completion of a questionnaire. Results: Comparison between dysphagic patients and controls did not reveal significant differences with respect to the clinical evaluation of the oral phase of deglutition, since afflicted patients only demonstrated deficits related to the protrusion, retraction and tonus of the tongue. However, significant differences were observed with respect to the pharyngeal phase. Dysphagic patients presented with pharyngeal stasis during deglutition of liquids and solids, accompanied by coughing and/or choking as well as penetration and/or aspiration; these symptoms were absent in the controls. After training, there was a significant increase during MM in the time of larynx elevation as well as in the deglutition of saliva in both controls and patients. The time of larynx elevation was further increased when training was conducted with electromyographic biofeedback support. Similar results were found for the deglutition of yogurt, which has a pasty consistency preferred by the patients. Group A patients performed MM at the same level of competency as controls (group B). During direct observation, difficulties in sustaining the elevation of the larynx were noted. Questioning of the individuals experiencing difficulty revealed a lack of understanding with respect to MM. Specifically, it was determined that patients had more pronounced difficulty in respiratory control during MM as compared to normal controls. Conclusions: 1. Guided training, both verbal and gestural, for correct performance of the MM can increase the time of sustained larynx elevation in MJD patients and controls; 2. The use of electromyographic biofeedback during training further increases the time of sustained larynx elevation in MJD patients, allowing them to reach indexes similar to those of controls with respect to deglutition of saliva and semi-fluids; 3. Carriers of MJD frequently have difficulty in respiratory control, but without clinical repercussions, during the application of MM.

Cricoid pressure is a widely accepted, yet highly questionable maneuver employed by airway management specialists. The function of cricoid pressure is to help prevent gastric regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration when intubating high-risk patients. Although initially well-received by the medical community, the status of cricoid pressure as a standard of care has been challenged by arguments that this procedure is ineffective, unsafe, and generally unfit for clinical practice. Moreover, the lack of a standardized protocol has contributed to significant discrepancies in the way cricoid pressure is applied. A literature analysis reveals insufficient data to determine whether or not cricoid pressure decreases the risk of regurgitation. However, the maneuver can still be deemed effective because of its anatomical basis. Advanced imaging studies affirm the ability of cricoid pressure to occlude the lumen of the postcricoid hypopharynx, physically impeding passage of gastric or esophageal content through the point of compression. An evaluation of cricoid pressure protocol is done in an effort to establish a standardized set of guidelines. Although a general consensus has been reached regarding certain aspects of the maneuver, such as force and timing, further research is required to thoroughly understand its additional intricacies. In the meantime, a cautious approach to applying cricoid pressure is strongly advised.

This diploma thesis focuses on incorrect inflation and incorrect use of tires in extreme situations. In the first part, a search of previously created works is reported. This is followed by the elaboration of the basic theory, which describes the driving dynamics of the vehicle, braking and construction, marking, wear and inflation of tires. The next part is the measurement and evaluation of the effect of incorrect inflation and use of tires. Braking deceleration and evasive maneuvers were performed as tests. The third part is an evaluation and summary of the situation.

This thesis presents a comprehensive framework and a study for trajectory optimization based on the patterned formation flying of the aircraft system as well as the maneuvers for deforming the configured and aligned aerial vehicles with safe mode criteria considerations while subjected to typical environmental requirements of aerial-flying zones. The elementary trajectory problem of a simple dynamical point-mass system of the aircraft is mathematically formulated and converted into a simulation version of mathematical programming as finite horizon planning and fixed arrival time planning strategies as an optimization problem. The methodology of the designed framework is mainly concerned with the safer path planning of the aircraft system with testing on all the probable feasibility and safety constraints to incorporate into a mathematical programming design of a collision-free and optimal trajectory characterization. The imperative notion is to create a configurational pattern of the aircraft system based on their creation of wingtip vortices. Flying the aircraft in formation lessen the fuel consumption as well as increase the time efficiency. The aircraft formation is arranged and optimized for safe trajectories during flight operations and for reduction of the carbon footprint of the whole system. Furthermore, deformation maneuvers are incorporated to complete the aircraft planning system by allowing the possibility of safely disassembling the formation for emergency breakout and exit sequences.

Conformément à l’article 46 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme, les États contractants s’engagent à se conformer aux arrêts définitifs de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme. Il ressort toutefois de la jurisprudence de la Cour que ses décisions sont « déclaratoires pour l’essentiel » et que, par cela, une liberté de choix des moyens à utiliser pour s’acquitter de l’obligation d’exécuter la décision, est laissée à l’État défendeur. En tout état de cause, le sens de l’exécution des arrêts de la Cour demeurerait paradoxal s’il fallait s’arrêter à accepter à la fois que l’État doive exécuter la décision européenne tout en ayant le choix libre de la manière d’y parvenir. Un tel raccourci aurait en effet pour conséquence que les décisions de la Cour soient imparfaitement ou seulement partiellement exécutées dans la mesure où, d’une part, le but consistant à l’exécution de la décision est vaguement précisé et où, d’autre part, la liberté de choix est, quant à elle, expresse. La doctrine de la marge d’appréciation de l’État apporte ainsi une flexibilité nécessaire dans la délimitation des rôles de la Cour et ceux de l’État défendeur pour une meilleure exécution des décisions européennes. A cet effet, le double effet de la décision européenne n’a de sens que s’il est admis que l’État dispose, certes, d’une marge d’appréciation dans l’exécution de la décision de la Cour, mais que les limites de cette marge sont posées par la Cour elle-même, dans sa décision. Il faut dès lors systématiquement partir de la décision de la Cour qui doit préciser ce en quoi consiste l’exécution de celle-ci, et donc ce en quoi consiste la réparation de la violation de la Convention, afin de déterminer si la marge d’appréciation de l’État, au stade de l’exécution de la décision, est plutôt large ou plutôt étroite. La liberté du choix de l’État défendeur en matière des mesures à prendre pour exécuter la décision selon les attentes de la Cour, se rapportera ainsi à une gamme de choix prédéfinie dans le cadre de la décision, et ce, dépendamment de la nature de la violation de la Convention ou encore de la gravité des conséquences de telle violation. En somme, plus la gamme de choix de mesures étatiques est précise, plus il y a de chances que la décision soit mieux exécutée. L’essentiel du travail consiste donc à essayer d’identifier les critères de détermination de l’étendue de la marge d’appréciation de l’État dans l’exécution de la décision de la Cour. Cependant, un tel exercice ne peut être mené à bien sans tout d’abord définir la notion même de « marge d’appréciation » qui, même si elle a déjà été employée par la Cour et par une partie de la doctrine, n’a pas reçu une définition convaincante, ou encore, a souvent été indistinctement associée à la notion de « marge de manœuvre », au « principe de subsidiarité », ou même à la souveraineté, alors qu’elle ne saurait s’y confondre. / In accordance with Article 46 of the European Convention on Human Rights, the Contracting Parties undertake to abide by the final judgment of the European Court of Human Rights. It is however apparent from the Court’s case-law that its decisions are “essentially declaratory” and, by that, a freedom to choose the means to be used to fulfill the obligation to execute the decision is given to the respondent State. In any event, the sense of the execution of the Court’s decisions would remain paradoxical if we were to stop at accepting at the same time that a State must execute the European decision while having the free choice in the manner to achieve so. Such a shortcut would lead to a poor execution of the decisions of the Court in so far as, on one hand, the purpose of the enforcement of the decision is vaguely specified and, on the other hand, freedom of choice is expressly precise. The doctrine of the State's margin of appreciation thus gives the flexibility needed in delimiting the roles of the Court and those of the respondent State for the purpose of a better implementation of European decisions. To that end, the dual effect of the European decision only makes sense if it is accepted that the State indeed enjoys a margin of appreciation in the execution of the Court’s decision but that the limits of such margin are laid by the Court itself, in its decision. It is therefore necessary to systematically start from the decision of the Court which must specify what the expected execution is, and therefore what the compensation for the violation of the Convention should be, in order to determine whether the margin of appreciation of a State, at the stage of implementation of the decision, is rather broad or rather narrow. The freedom of choice of the respondent State as to the measures to be taken to implement the decision according to the expectations of the Court will thus relate to a range of choices predefined in the decision, depending on the nature of the violation of the Convention or the gravity of the consequences of such violation. In short, the more precise the ranges of choices of measures are, the more likely it is that the decision will be better executed. The essence of the work is therefore to try to identify the criteria for determining the extent of the State’s margin of appreciation in the execution of the Court’s decision. However, such an exercise cannot be carried out without first defining the very notion of “margin of appreciation” which, even if it has already been used by the Court and by a part of the doctrine, has not received a convincing definition, or has often been indistinctly associated with the notion of “margin of manoeuver”, the “principle of subsidiarity”, or even sovereignty, while it cannot be confused with them.

<p>Aerocapture has been envisioned as a potential orbit insertion technique for planetary destinations with an atmosphere. Despite not being flight proven technique, many studies found in the literature and recent mission proposals have employed aerocapture into their respective mission designs. The potential varying levels of trajectory dispersions experienced during atmospheric flight at each destination drives the need for robust and fuel-efficient guidance and control solutions. Existing guidance algorithms have relied on tracking precomputed reference trajectories, which are computed using significant simplifications to the flight mechanics, are not generally designed to be fuel-efficient, and require tedious performance gain tuning. When simulated with higher levels of uncertainty, the existing algorithms have been shown to produce large orbit insertion errors. Furthermore, existing flight control methodologies have been limited in scope to bank angle modulation. While some studies have introduced new methodologies, such as drag modulation and direct force control, they haven’t been tested at the same level of rigor as the existing methods. Advances in on-board computational power are allowing for modern guidance and control solutions, in the form of numerical predictor-corrector algorithms, to be realized. This dissertation presents an aerocapture guidance architecture based on a numerical predictor-corrector algorithm. Optimal control theory is utilized to formulate and numerically obtain fuel-minimizing flight control laws for lifting and ballistic vehicles. The unified control laws are integrated into a common guidance algorithm. The architecture is utilized to conduct Monte Carlo simulation studies of Discovery-class and SmallSat-class aerocapture missions at various planetary destinations.</p>

Bakgrund: Vid generell anestesi utvecklar patienten oftast atelektaser, vilket ökar risken för försämrat syreutbyte och kan ge upphov till respiratoriska komplikationer. En åtgärd för att minska förekomsten av dessa atelektaser är utförandet av vitalkapacitetsmanöver (VKM). Även om VKM är en vedertagen manöver så finns det inga nationella riktlinjer kring användandet av VKM. Detta gör att den kliniska användningen av VKM varierar stort och oftast beror på vårdpersonalens attityder och preferenser. Syfte: Undersöka anestesisjuksköterskors erfarenheter kring beslutsfattanden och utförande av vitalkapacitetsmanöver på vuxna patienter under generell anestesi. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en intervjustudie med kvalitativ design och induktiv ansats. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i totalt fem huvudkategorier; Anestesisjuksköterskans ansvar i beslutsfattandet av att utföra VKM, Att känna sig trygg med arbetsuppgiften, Vad som ligger till grund för anestesisjuksköterskans beslut, Betydelsen av erfarenhet, kompetens och kunskap samt Att jobba efter riktlinjer och direktiv. Slutsats: Anestesisjuksköterskor upplever oklarheter kring utförandet av VKM när det gäller ansvarsfördelning, vem som får utföra åtgärden och på vilket sätt VKM bör utföras. Det finns även en brist på både nationella och regionala riktlinjer och rutiner kring användandet av VKM. Förtydligande kring de oklarheter som finns, implementering av tydliga rutiner på arbetsplatsen samt utformning av riktlinjer kan skapa en större trygghet och användning av VKM bland anestesisjuksköterskor. Detta leder i sin tur till bättre vård och minskat lidande för patienten. / Background: In general anesthesia patients often develop atelectasis, which increases the risk of deteriorated gas exchange and respiratory complications. A preventive measure to decrease these atelectasis is to perform a vital capacity maneuver (VCM). Even if VCM is an established maneuver there is no guidelines about the usage of VCM. This results in a varied use of VCM and it often depends on hospital staff’s attitudes and preferences. Aim: To examine the experience of anesthesia nurses regarding decision-making and performance of vital capacity maneuvers in adult patients under general anesthesia. Method: The study was implemented as an interview studie with qualitative design and an inductive reasoning. Result: The analysis resulted in a total of five main categories; The anesthesia nurse's responsibility in the decision-making of performing VCM, To feel safe with the task, What is the basis for the anesthesia nurse's decision, The importance of experience, competence and knowledge and To work according to guidelines and directives. Conclusion: Anesthesia nurses experience ambiguities regarding the performance of VCM in terms of division of responsibilities, who may perform the measure and in what way VCM should be performed. There is also a lack of both national and regional guidelines and routines regarding the use of VCM. Clarification of the ambiguities that exist, implementation of clear routines in the workplace and design of guidelines can create greater security and promote the use of VCM among anesthesia nurses. This in turn leads to better care and reduced suffering for the patient.