Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006 / This research examines the ways in which local residents living in close proximity to the event perceived the Berg River Canoe Marathon as a major event in the Western Cape. By identif'ying these different patterns ofperceptions within the community, it is possible to gain a better understanding of both the tangible and intangible impacts of events and how they differently affect the quality of life of local residents as individuals and the community as a whole. The research method was based on a convenient sampling approach. A questionnaire survey of two hundred residents was conducted and five different dimensions of perceiving the impacts of events were examined ranging from extremely negative to very positive. The impacts analysed included social, economic and environmental impacts. The residents in all the five locations perceived community pride and entertainment to be very positive and were in favour ofthe continuation of the event. 1n profiling the residents who held each of the representations identified, it was found that the most negative group was those residents who had little or no involvement in tourism and are not interested in canoeing as a sport. Thus, it is necessary for event organisers and event managers to get the members of community involved in the planning and management of the event to spread the benefits to a larger portion of the community.

Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007. / South Africa is a fast growing and developing sport tourism destination and has hosted various international sport tourism events. With specific reference to the 2006 Old Mutual Two Oceans Marathon (OMTOM), which is considered one the most beautiful marathons in the world, this study focuses on different stakeholders' perceptions concerning the management and socio-economic impacts of sport tourism events. Questionnaire surveys for spectators (n=200), participants (n=200) and residents (n=400), as well as key informant interviews for established businesses (n=20), stallholders/exhibitors (n=20), sponsors (n=4), the event organiser (n=1) and the destination marketing organisation (n=1), were designed specifically for this study. Spatially-based random sampling for spectators and participants, was implemented, while purposive sampling for residents, stallholders/exhibitors, established businesses, sponsors, the event organiser and CTRU, were adopted to collect data. Volume counts were undertaken to estimate the number of spectators, while the number of participants was provided by the event organisers. The direct economic impact of the total of the event's contribution to the local economy was ascertained by utilising spending patterns of the spectators and participants. The contribution of the event to the local economy is estimated at R44.7 million, which is relatively significant. The event is diverse in terms of spectators and participants. The stakeholders were generally satisfied with the event organisation. Engendering community pride, utilising a sport tourism event as a regional showcase and providing economic opportunities for local businesses in terms of leveraging opportunities, were key benefits for local businesses and residents in close proximity to the race route. However, problems such as traffic congestion and insufficient parking were raised by all stakeholders and there is still room for improvement in this area as well as the management on the day of the event. The study reveals that there is a greater need to consider attendees' motivations, spending patterns, perceptions and altitudes, demographic profiles, the dire need for community involvement, as well as current and possible event leveraging opportunities for local businesses to enhance the management and positive impacts of sport tourism events. Furthermore, this study also provides holistic information to manage sport tourism events and to retain standard service quality, fulfil customer satisfaction and generate more economic, socio-cultural benefits for the tourist destination in a sustainable manner. Stakeholders can share information, which would improve relevant performance problems in the sport tourism event industry, moreover, effectively make management decisions and assess the socio-economic impacts of sport tourism events.

Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 2006 / The concept of service quality within sport tourism is important and plays a major role in differentiating each sport tourism product from its competitors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of service quality within South African sport tourism and in the tourism industry in general, by focusing on a specific case study, the Berg River Canoe Marathon. The study discussed the importance of service quality within sport tourism, while the methods and instruments applicable to assess the level of service quality within sport tourism, were also addressed. The survey was conducted across selected viewpoints, which included the starting and the finishing points of the marathon. A total of 100 survey questionnaires were distributed to spectators and participants at the event using purposive sampling, while stratified random sampling was used to determine the viewpoints. The SERVQUAL dimensions were incorporated in the questionnaires as the basis to determine the level of service delivery at the event. The key fmdings for the study include a lack of service delivery consistency across the selected areas, the acceptance of service delivery by some respondents owing to the nature of the event and less interaction between event organisers and spectators. In addition, the starting and the finishing points were the areas, which were found to deliver high quality services

Thesis (DTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management ))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010 / The relationship between sport and tourism is symbiotic and offers valued visitor experiences that aid sport tourism development. The growth of sport tourism justifies critical consideration, as sport is an important activity within tourism, while tourism is fundamentally associated with several types of sport. Sport and tourism have become significant economic activities in both the developed and the developing world. Sport tourism events is an essential category of sport tourism and because of their special characteristics, require particularly good organisation. Hence, the monitoring and evaluation of sport tourism events are integral to developing a sustainable sport tourism event industry in South Africa. The focus of this study was a comparative analysis of the management and socio-economic impacts of sport tourism events in Durban and Cape Town, utilising a case study approach. The study specifically evaluates the Comrades Marathon (CM), the Hansa Powerade Dusi Canoe Marathon (DCM), the Old Mutual Two Oceans Marathon (OMTOM) and the Isuzu Berg River Canoe Marathon (BR). Of importance in this study is stakeholders‟ involvement, perceptions, attitudes and understanding relating to the costs and benefits linked to the events. These particular events provided excellent case studies for comparative event impact analysis, as they are well-known sport tourism events, namely two running marathons and two canoe marathons that are held at popular tourist destinations. These case studies reflect a cross-section of experiences contrasting institutional dynamics, management issues, resident perceptions, sport event types as well as socio-economic and spatial contexts. As stakeholders have a direct influence on managerial decision making, a stakeholder analysis was undertaken. Stakeholders included individuals and organisations that were actively involved in the sport tourism events and whose interests may have been positively or negatively affected by the sport tourism event, viz. spectators, managers, sponsors, local government officials and residents. Due to the outdoor nature of the events, the movement of several people at spectator areas and along routes and the surveys being conducted face to face, a multistage, stratified, spatially-based purposive sampling method was used for spectators and residents. Two surveys were conducted at the events: a spectator questionnaire (n = 200 per event) and a service quality questionnaire (n = 100 per event). Spectators were approached while within the various spectator congregation points of each of the sport tourism events, whereas residents located within a 10-km radius of the sport tourism event route were surveyed (n = 200 per event) after the events. Structured key informant interviews were conducted with sponsors, managers and local government authorities.

abstract: Commitment to an activity is widely studied in leisure research. Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP) describes characteristics a committed activity participant possesses. The Psychological Continuum Model (PCM) describes the psychological process a person goes through to become committed to a leisure activity. Awareness, attraction, attachment and loyalty make of the four stages of PCM. Both perspectives have been used to describe committed leisure activity participants and commitment to organized recreational events. Research on leisure activity has yet to determine how the individual becomes loyal. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the process in which recreation activity participates becomes loyal and to identify who can be labels as serious within the PCM Framework. Data was obtained from an online electronic survey distributed to participants of four U.S. marathon and half marathon events. A total of 579 responses were used in the final analysis. Path analysis determined the process in which a runner becomes committed. MANOVA is used to determine difference between leisure groups in the four stages of PCM. Results indicate that activity participants need to go through all four stages of PCM before becoming loyal. As knowledge increases, individuals are more motivated to participate. When the activity satisfies motives and becomes a reflection of their identity, feelings become stronger which results in loyalty. Socialization is instrumental to the progression through the PCM Framework. Additionally, attachment is the "bottleneck" in which all loyal activity participants my pass through. Differences exist between serious leisure groups in the attachment and loyalty stages. Those that are `less serious' are not as committed to the activity as their counterparts. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Community Resources and Development 2014

Pesquisas recentes buscaram compreender a organização de programas esportivos em diferentes países com sucesso internacional. Esses estudos relatam a existência de pontos comuns relevantes para o desenvolvimento do esporte de alto rendimento. No entanto, pouco tem sido discutido no meio acadêmico em âmbito nacional a respeito deste tema. Esta pesquisa foi realizada em duas fases, respectivamente A e B, com os seguintes objetivos: Fase A - descrever a estrutura organizacional da maratona aquática no Brasil, com referência aos aspectos de administração do sistema esportivo e ao sistema de desenvolvimento e suporte para atletas e técnicos da maratona aquática conforme propostos por Green e Oakley (2001); Fase B - verificar a qualidade dos programas de detecção, seleção e promoção dos talentos esportivos (DSPTE) na maratona aquática no Brasil com relação à estrutura, processos e resultados. Na fase A foi realizada uma entrevista semiestruturada, junto a 2 técnicos olímpicos e 2 funcionários responsáveis pela organização da modalidade sendo um representante do nível nacional e outro do nível municipal no Brasil; na análise dos resultados foi utilizado o método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC) proposto por Lefèvre e Lefèvre (2003). Na fase B foi aplicado um questionário desenvolvido por Rütten, Ziemainz e Röger (2005), o qual foi traduzido e validado para a língua portuguesa, junto a 2 técnicos olímpicos, 2 funcionários responsáveis pela organização da modalidade sendo um representante do nível nacional e outro do nível municipal no Brasil e 9 atletas (3 olímpicos e 6 da seleção júnior); os dados foram analisados descritivamente através dos valores de mediana dos dados obtidos, com a utilização do programa SPSS versão 20. De acordo com os resultados verificou-se que as entidades governamentais e não governamentais possuem papel diferente entre si devido à ausência de organização centralizadora e comunicação direta entre atleta de alto rendimento e entidades no nível nacional. O sistema de desenvolvimento e suporte para atletas e técnicos da maratona aquática no Brasil acontece apesar de não existir um sistema de desenvolvimento do talento esportivo elaborado pelos órgãos no nível nacional e do COB oferecer, de modo restrito, apenas dois programas sendo um de aperfeiçoamento técnico e outro voltado para o atleta em transição da carreira esportiva para o término da carreira esportiva. Nos programas de detecção, seleção e promoção de talentos esportivos para a maratona aquática de alto rendimento no Brasil, foi verificada baixa qualidade nos Resultados da DSTE, pois esse processo é desenvolvido conjuntamente à natação permitindo a migração para a maratona aquática somente a partir dos 14 anos e alta qualidade para os Processos da PTE nos quais os atletas que alcançaram o alto rendimento esportivo são assistidos de maneira diferenciada. Diante da inexistência de um sistema esportivo nacional para esta finalidade, sugere-se que seja verificada a estrutura organizacional da maratona aquática em outros países com sucesso internacional para que, a exemplo das pesquisas comparativas sobre o sistema esportivo de outras nações, seja possível identificar semelhanças para diminuir os aspectos negativos e se manter entre as maiores potências esportivas / Recent research sought to understand the organization of sports programs in different countries with international success. These studies report the existence of common relevant points for elite sport development. However, little has been discussed in the academic environment on the national level about this subject. This research has been carried out in two phases, namely A and B, with the following objectives: A - describing the organizational structure of marathon swimming in Brazil, with regard to the administrative aspects of sports system of marathon swimming and the development of support systems for athletes and coaches as proposed by Green and Oakley (2001); B - verifying the quality of detection, selection and promotion of sporting talent (DSPTE) in marathon swimming programs in Brazil with respect to the structure, processes and outcomes. At Phase A semi-structured questions applied to 2 Olympic coaches and 2 officials responsible for the organization of the sport being a representative of the national level and another at the regional level in Brazil and in the analysis of the results was used the method of the Collective Subject Discourse (DSC) proposed by Lefèvre and Lefèvre (2003). In phase B, a questionnaire developed by Rütten, Ziemainz and Röger (2005), which was translated and validated for the Portuguese language, along with 2 Olympic coaches, two officials responsible for the organization of the sport being a representative of the national level was applied and another the regional level in Brazil and 9 athletes (3 Olympics and 6 junior national team), data were analyzed descriptively using the median values of the data obtained with the use of SPSS version 20. According to the results it was found that governmental and non-governmental entities have different role among themselves due to lack of centralized organization and direct communication between high performance athlete and organizations at the national level. The system development and support for athletes and coaches of marathon swimming in Brazil happens despite not having a system development prepared by the sports talent bodies at the national level and BOC offer restricted mode, only one of two programs with technical improvement exists and another focused on the transition from athlete to sports sport career the end of career. In the detection, selection and promotion of sports talent for marathon swimming high performance programs in Brazil, has been verified in low quality results DSTE because this process is jointly developed the swimming provide migration to aquatic marathon only from 14 years and high quality cases for the PTE in which athletes who have achieved high performance sports are watched differently. Due to the lack of a national sports system for this purpose, it is suggested that it is verified the organizational structure of marathon swimming in other countries with international success to the example of comparative research on the sports system of other nations, it is possible to identify similarities to reduce the negative aspects and remain among the elite sports

O principal objetivo deste estudo foi o de abordar o comportamento de atletas maratonistas, no que diz respeito à resistência psicológica durante o transcorrer da prova. O estudo restringiu-se a pesquisar opiniões de sete atletas, quatro do sexo masculino e três do feminino, que participavam de provas de maratonas promovidas pelas organizações que representam a modalidade no Brasil. Os dados foram coletados mediante a aplicação do instrumento denominado Inventário do Comportamento do Maratonista, criado e desenvolvido pela autora do presente estudo, visando compreender o processo de elaboração mental quanto à resistência psicológica dos atletas no transcorrer das provas. O instrumento é composto de sete questões objetivas e descritivas que possibilitam a obtenção de informações sobre fatores sociais e psicológicos dos atletas maratonistas e de como eles se comportam e descrevem as suas percepções (pensamentos, sentimentos e emoções) quanto à resistência psicológica. Os resultados alcançados foram baseados em 242 falas dos atletas foram classificadas em onze categorias cujos percentuais obtidos se desenvolveram da seguinte forma: persistência (19,4%), determinação (15,7%), precisão técnica (15,7%), seguidos de estratégia mental (10,7%), escolha da tarefa (9,9%), aspectos psicossomáticos (8,3%), conflito (7,4%), relação social (5,8%), religiosidade (4,9%), infraestrutura (1,2%) e aspecto físico (0,8%). Conclui-se que, o comportamento dos atletas maratonistas está estritamente relacionado com a resistência psicológica no que diz respeito a finalizar as prova de maratona / The main purpose of this study was to approach the behavior of marathon athletes, in what concerns the psychological resistance during the elapse of the test. The study restrained to research opinions of 7 athletes, four of the masculine sex and three of the feminine sex, that took part in tests of marathons promoted by the organizations that represent the category in Brazil. The data was collected by the application of the instrument denominated Inventory of the Marathonist Behavior, created and developed by the author of the present study, aiming to comprehend the process of mental elaboration as to the psychological resistance of the athletes during the elapse of the test. The instrument is composed of seven objective and descriptive questions that makes possible the attainment of information about social and psychological factors of marathonist athletes and about how they behave and describe their perceptions (thoughts, feelings and emotions) as to the psychological resistance. The achieved results were based in 242 speeches of the athletes, that were classified in eleven categories, in relation to which the speeches developed in the following way, in percentages: persistence (19,4%), determination (15,7%), technical accuracy (15,7%), mental strategy (10,7%), task choice (9,9%), psychosomatic aspects (8,3%), conflict (7,4%), social relation (5,8%), religiosity (4,9%), infrastructure (1,2%) and physical aspect (0,8%). It is concluded that the behavior of marathonist athletes is strictly related to the psychological resistance in what concerns ending the marathon test

Projektgruppen HigTech på Högskolan i Gävle ställer årligen upp i Shell Eco-Marathon, en tävling där det gäller att komma så lång sträcka som möjligt på en liter bensin. Ett datorstöd till föraren har efterfrågats och därför ska en mobilapplikation utvecklas där man tar till vara på de olika sensorer som finns inbyggda. Applikationen ska utvecklas mot Android. Med hjälp av applikationen ska information från GPS och accelerometer samlas in och analyseras. Målet är att ta reda på hur noggranna de relevanta sensorerna är i en smartphone och om det räcker för att användas i Shell Eco-Marathon. Resultatet är en empirisk undersökning som visar att denna teknik kan agera som ett stöd till föraren, samt en grundapplikation utvecklad mot Android.

在臺灣，路跑成為近年全民運動的熱門項目之一，根據「運動筆記」統計，賽事數量連續五年上升，達到 2015 年的 488 場賽事。路跑幾乎在國內的各個城市及鄉鎮遍地開花，代表其受歡迎程度且不侷限於個別區域。其中最大型的城市馬拉松－ 2016 臺北國際馬拉松，成功吸引 22,000 名國內外跑者參賽。是什麼因素引起跑友參加路跑賽事？跑友喜歡怎麼樣的路跑賽事；不喜歡哪種賽事？以上問題引起作者的注意，決定透過研究其價值主張，分析箇中因素。同時也問自己，若今天要承辦一場路跑，到底要怎麼辦才會成功。 本研究挑選國內外超過二十路跑及馬拉松賽事，討論個案所屬主辦單位如何決定於商業模式中提供何種價值主張，且使用何種方法配合其價值並傳遞給跑有及其他受眾。本研究先透過半結構式訪談國內馬拉松賽事的主辦單位及承辦單位，再訪談參賽者、教練及跑團。探討前者做了哪些努力及在哪方面用心；後者是否接受、認同且買單前者的作法，以期待主辦單位、合作廠商、跑友、市民都在路跑賽事中獲得收穫，皆大歡喜。同時，也期望主辦單位能參考跑友認為賽事不優的地方給予改進，優良的價值接受肯定並持續進步，讓國內馬拉松早日追上世界六大馬的水平。研究結果歸納如下： 壹、 路跑賽事的本質、城市及鄉鎮文化特色行銷、紀念品對路跑賽事的附加價值與魅力、冠名及好口碑賽事的品牌力、提供選手與民眾體驗的機會，以上五項皆為跑友的參賽動機與因素。 貳、 解決痛點及創造收穫的分析結果，可歸納成十三個價值主張，包含體驗、把事情搞定、信任、成本降低、風險降低、可及性、便利性／易用性、紀念性、榮譽感、效果／成績、設計、品牌／地位、兼容性、公益性。 參、 上述價值再做必要性及附加性價值分析、價值水平分析、生命週期分析、價值主張宣言及情感面產品面體驗式價值分析，另外也提出日後可發掘及發揮創意之價值的嘗試方向。 【關鍵字】：全民路跑、馬拉松、價值主張 / Road running races are getting popular in Taiwan these years. According to information of “Running Biji” website, the amount of races had increased gradually in five years ago, and reached as many as 488 competitions in 2015. Not only in main cities, even towns and villages are crazy in organizing races too. One of the biggest races, 2016 Taipei International Marathon had successfully attracted more than 22,000 participants, in both Taiwanese and foreigners. Author is feeling curious about this phenomenon, and decided to figure out what are the reasons which called runners to these races, and, the favorites or dislikes while running in these events. The purpose of this study is to identify value propositions of road running races, and try to validate the result with organizing races fictitiously. In this study, more than 20 races and marathons had been selected for further discuss in how organizers make decisions in providing various type of value propositions to target audience. The first phase of the project involves in semi-structured interview of organizers, runners, coaches and running club where they confirm or disagree the hard work by hosts, as a result of all people who involved in road running races including municipal government, sponsors, citizen would be feeling fulfilled at last. Simultaneously, we wish that host can study and treat the survey seriously, try to improve the quality or races, to make Taiwan races become one of the world best marathons in the future. Through induction and research, we reflect and summarize this study in following points: 1. Why do runners participate in races, can be described in following five reasons: the essence of road running races, the attractiveness of city and town culture, the gifts and souvenirs, the brand power in sponsorship or dependable races and organizer, and the experiences of competition. 2. Analyzation of pain relievers and gain creators, can classify in 13 value propositions. They are experience, getting the job done, trust, cost reduction, risk reduction, accessibility, convenience/usability, commemoration, honor, effect/result, design, brand/status, compatibility and public benefit. 3. Further discussions on above values are needed, including compulsory or additional value, value level, life cycle, declaration of value, and essence of value. Suggestion for practicing potential values is provided too. 【Keywords】：Road Running、Marathon、Value Propositions

Research indicates that eccentric exercise is associated with delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS). The symptoms associated with DOMS is similar to other inflammatory conditions e.g. pain, swelling and tissue damage. The DOMS as a reaction to the muscle damage is accompanied by changes in cytokines, leukocytes and other markers of inflammation. Prolonged exercise training without adequate rest and nutrition can lead to chronic inflammation and altered cytokine production patterns, which could result in overtraining. Methodology The study included actively participating marathon runners and consisted of two groups, a control group (n = 24 athletes) and an experimental group taking Traumeel S (n = 26 athletes), assigned in a double-blind fashion. Subjects made use of the treatment protocol for a period of seven days and followed their normal training program with no additional training. DOMS was induced on day eight when subjects ran downhill at 75% of peak treadmill running speed (PTRS) for 45 minutes at a gradient of –10% with ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), perceived pain (RPP) and heart rate was measured during the run. After the DOMS was induced subjects reported for blood samples for serum creatine kinase (CK), serum cortisol and a differential white blood cell count was taken at the same time for four days after DOMS was induced. Results The t-test for independent groups was used to determine the statistical differences between the two groups and for inter-group analysis. The results showed minor and predominantly insignificant changes in CK-, basophil-, eosinophil- and lymphocyte-counts. The cortisol levels in the treated group were higher compared to the placebo group at 48-, 72- and 96-hours post-exercise. The treated subjects’ mean monocyte count fell significantly on the first day of recovery and remained significantly lower for the four days post-exercise. Conclusions The increased cortisol concentrations can assist the immune system to shut of the acute inflammatory reaction associated with DOMS and in so doing reduce exercise induced muscle damage and inflammation. The decreased monocyte counts will reduce blood vessel permeability and swelling, fewer pain receptors will be stimulated because of lower PGE2 levels associated with decreased monocyte activation. Secondary, muscle damage that can amongst others be associated with increased monocytic activity, will be limited. Additional blood tests and performance testing are needed to confirm and substantiate the findings of the research. / Dissertation (MA (Human Movement Sciences)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted