This master thesis deals with the issue of special discounts. Assessments and proposals of successful special offers are based on the analysis of demand price elasticity. The key attribute of this work is the knowledge of product’s price elasticity of demand. The analysis of price elasticity of demand is based on real data. The paper is terminated with suggestions on creating and planning special discounts developed in consideration of the retailers’ specific goals.

The thesis contains determination of real aerodynamics characteristics of PW09-135 flap airfoil with help of calibration method via CFD, followed by accomplishment of CFD analysis of parts and the whole Twin Shark glider. Detailed research and optimization was made to flow field quality of fuselage and wing fuselage junction. On the basis of CFD solution was determine a stability control, static margin and angle of attack of a horizontal stabilizer. The thesis concludes an evaluation of results applicability in praxis.

A power system will experience voltage collapse when the loads increase up to a certain critical limit, where the system physically cannot support the amount of connected load. This point identified as a Saddle- Node Bifurcation (SNB), corresponds to a generic instability of parameterized differential equation models and represents the intersection point where different branches of equilibria meet. At this point the jacobian matrix of the system is singular and the system loses stability bringing the typical scenario of voltage collapse. To prevent voltage instability and collapse, the computation of the closest distance from a present operating point to the saddle-node bifurcation set can be used as a loadability index useful in power system operation and planning. The power margin is determined by applying the iterative or direct method described in [16]. Numerical examples of both methods applied to IEEE 9-bus system and IEEE 39-bus system shows that the iterative method is more reliable although it requires a longer computation time. The stability of the system is negatively affected in two ways when generators reach their reactive power limits: the voltage stability margin is deteriorated, or immediate voltage instability and collapse is produced.

Familj har historiskt sett konstruerats och framställts som mamma, pappa, barn, vilket har standardiserat en samhällsnorm om den ideala familjen. Det finns normer och föreställningar om vad som är ett bra föräldraskap och vilka förmågor en förälder ska ha. En kärnuppgift för socialsekreterare i barnutredningar är att göra riskbedömningar och bedöma föräldraförmåga. En kartläggning från 2021 visade att det fanns brister i två tredjedelar av ärendena gällande barn. Syftet med denna studie är att få en fördjupad förståelse för socialsekreterares tolkningar av det goda, det bristande och det ”tillräckligt bra” föräldraskapet i barnutredningar. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar har sex socialsekreterare fått ta del av en vinjett att resonera kring i enskilda intervjuer. Datamaterialet har sedan analyserats i relation till tidigare forskning och med socialkonstruktivism som teoretisk utgångspunkt. Resultatet visade att bedömningar av föräldraförmåga är ett komplext arbete. Deltagarna lyfter svårigheterna med att applicera begreppet ”tillräckligt bra” i praktiken. Det arbete som görs då föräldraförmåga bedöms kategoriseras som ett socialt hantverk. Resultatet belyste även en organisatorisk komplexitet som innebär att utredningar görs av socialsekreterare men fastställande om ingripande insatser beslutas av annan part baserat på socialsekreterarnas subjektiva utredningar. / Historically family has been constructed and presented as mother, father, child, which has standardized a societal norm as the ideal family. There are norms and perceptions of what constitutes good parenting and what abilities a good parent should have. A core task for social workers in child investigations is to make risk-assessments and assess parenting ability. A mapping from 2021 showed that there were shortcomings in two thirds of cases concerning children. The purpose of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of social workers' interpretations of the good, the deficient and the "good enough" parenting in child investigations. To answer the questions of the study, six social workers were given a vignette to resonate about in individual interviews. The collected material was analyzed along with previous research and social constructivism as a theoretical perspective. The results showed that assessing parental abilities is a complex work. The participants highlight the difficulties of practically applying “good enough” in their work. Assessing parental abilities is categorized as a social craft. The results also highlighted an organizational complexity, as assessments are performed by social workers whereas decisions about interventions are decided by another part, however based on their subjective investigations.

The increasing gap between the demand and supply of wood products is linked to large-scale forest conversions to agricultural land and high population growth. Fast growing tree species like Eucalyptus have been popularised and planted by many farmers in different parts of Ethiopia to reduce the enormous supply gap. The objective of the study was to examine the value chain and identification of upgrading options for Eucalyptus poles and fuelwood in Sidama zone, Hawassa Zuria District, southern Ethiopia. The study applied value chain analysis, the theory of access, value chain governance and upgrading as well as gross margin to explores explicitly Eucalyptus products and their lines, chain actors, their function and interaction, estimate cost and value-added distribution, identify the role of Eucalyptus pole and fuelwood for actor’s livelihood strategy, mechanisms and structure of access to benefit and governance type, explore supporting and enabling environments along the value chain and finally to identify options for upgrading the value chain. For the collection of primary data key informant interviews, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, market assessment and direct observations were used and complemented by secondary data. A total of 49 actors along the chains including tree growers, middlemen, transporters, wholesalers and retailers of pole and fuelwood, workers, brokers, as well as the customers for instance constructors and carpenters, were interviewed. SPSS and excel solver was used to analyse the data and presented in graphs, tables, and descriptive texts. The results of the study revealed that tree growers, workers, middlemen, transporters, Tulla and Hawassa wholesalers and retailers of the pole, large fuelwood wholesalers and retailers, small fuelwood retailers and consumers are direct actors. Government, brokers and service providers were considered to be indirect actors in the value chain of Eucalyptus poles and fuelwood from Chefasine kebele. Among the different products produced in the kebele, Eucalyptus poles were the most traded (85%) products at Tulla and Hawassa towns followed by fuelwood (5%) traded mostly at Tulla town along the chain. The chain has two major lines for pole (line one: Chefasine to Tulla and Line two: Chefasine to Hawassa) and one major line for fuelwood. Very limited processing takes place at the tree growers’ level for both pole and fuelwood and the major proportion of value addition occurs at the middlemen level for line two of pole and fuelwood, and at Tulla pole wholesalers and retailers’ level for line one of Eucalyptus poles. Production, processing, marketing and consumption were the four main functional activities along the chain. The trade of Eucalyptus products was financially profitable for all actors in the chain. However, the benefit distribution was unequal and commercialization margin was increasingly distributed towards the downstream actors for poles while for fuelwood, middlemen grasped the higher benefit and commercialization margin. Eucalyptus was the second profitable livelihood option next to homestead agroforestry but was the first profitable as compared individually with khat, coffee, enset and other activities. Apart from income provision, Eucalyptus was used for conservation of degraded land, construction, firewood, shading, and a form of saving among other uses in the study area. The income from Eucalyptus was also among others used for education fees, house renting and purchase household consumption goods (food, cloth, equipment) and others. Supporting services were almost non-existent for Eucalyptus production and marketing. Access to finance, market information, relationships building, capital, labour opportunity, license and Eucalyptus products were the means of controlling and maintaining market dynamics. Market types of value chain governance with a low level of horizontal and vertical coordination as well as low level of explicit coordination was observed for the value chain of Eucalyptus poles and fuelwood. Disease, lack of market information, lack of support, lack of road access, lack of storage space and limited technologies as well as inadequate land were the major constraints identified from the focus group discussion and Participatory Innovative Platform (PIP). Organising tree growers for marketing and information sharing, organising traders for storage, provision of market infrastructures, easing credit access, training on silvicultural management, technologies adoption, implementing the existing policies and enforcing rules and regulations were some of the options identified for the upgrading of the product's chain.

Las instituciones microfinancieras (IMF) a lo largo de los años han sido de gran relevancia en la economía peruana, al ofrecer recursos financieros a los sectores de la población desentendida por la banca múltiple, en específico a las micro y pequeñas empresas (MyPE), como a los hogares de medio y bajos ingresos. Sin embargo, el sector microfinanciero se ha visto caracterizado por la existencia de altos niveles de rentabilidad y altas tasas de interés, una posible explicación es la presencia de concentración en el mercado microcrediticio peruano lo cual le permite a las firmas obtener poder de mercado y de esta manera aumentar sus márgenes financieros a expensas de un alto costo al crédito, perjudicando de esa manera a los agentes más importantes de la economía que son las MyPE. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar si para el caso peruano la concentración de mercado microcrediticio le permite a las IMF obtener un elevado margen financiero. Para el estudio se empleó información financiera de las IMF peruanas durante el periodo Set14 – Dic19 mediante un modelo de datos de panel lineal estático. Los resultados respaldaron la literatura y demostraron una relación positiva y significativa entre la concentración de mercado microcrediticio y el margen de intermediación financiera. Además, se encontraron otras variables determinantes del margen que resultaron ser significativas al modelo, como la variable de costos operativos la cual resultó de un gran impacto sobre la variable dependiente. / Over the years, microfinance institutions (MFIs) have been of great relevance in the Peruvian economy, by offering financial resources to segments of the population neglected by multiple banks, specifically micro and small enterprises (MyPE), as well as low- and middle-income households. However, the microfinance sector has been characterized by the existence of high levels of profitability and high interest rates, a possible explanation is the presence of concentration in the Peruvian microcredit market, which allows firms to obtain market power and In this way, they increase their financial margins at the expense of a high cost of credit, thus harming the most important agents of the economy, which are the MyPE. The objective of this research is to determine if, in the Peruvian case, the concentration of the microcredit market allows MFIs to obtain a high financial margin. For the study, financial information of Peruvian MFIs was used during the period Sep14 – Dec19 through a static linear panel data model. The results supported the literature and demonstrated a positive and significant relationship between the concentration of the microcredit market and the margin of financial intermediation. In addition, other determining variables of the margin were found that turned out to be significant to the model, such as the variable of operating costs, which resulted in a great impact on the dependent variable. / Tesis

Les marges de tourbières sont des écotones marqués par la présence de communautés végétales et de conditions édaphiques singulières. Elles sont généralement étudiées sur des sites naturels ou légèrement perturbés. L’objectif de ce projet est de déterminer les fonctions et la structure de ces marges dans un contexte de perturbations anthropiques, notamment l’isolement des tourbières dans une matrice agricole. L’étude porte sur la végétation et le sol de 21 transects marge-centre répartis également entre trois tourbières des basses terres du Saint-Laurent (Lac-à-la-Tortue, Mer Bleue et Alfred) qui représentent un gradient de perturbations. Les tourbières moins perturbées comme Lac-à-la-Tortue et Mer Bleue ont une végétation et une biogéochimie similaires à ce qui est observé ailleurs sur d’autres sites non perturbés. Les marges de la tourbière Lac-à-la-Tortue ne présentent aucune communauté végétale particulière alors que les marges de Mer Bleue ont au moins une ou deux communautés végétales de transition. Néanmoins, la présence de certaines espèces exotiques envahissantes, comme Frangula alnus et Phragmites australis subsp. australis, indique que les marges de la tourbière Mer Bleue subissent malgré tout l’influence des activités anthropiques environnantes. D’autre part, les marges naturelles de la tourbière Alfred ont été détruites par les activités agricoles et les marges actuelles étaient représentatives de sites fortement perturbés avec un dépôt de tourbe plus épais et une nappe phréatique plus basse qu’attendu à la limite de la marge. Le drainage intense des marges d’Alfred semble favoriser la croissance d’arbres et d’arbustes non spécifiques aux milieux humides. Par ailleurs, les conditions sèches des marges laissent présager une diminution de la capacité de stockage du carbone dans cette tourbière. Ceci témoigne de l’importance que devraient occuper les marges des tourbières dans les projets de conservation et de restauration des tourbières. / Peatland margins are ecotones characterized by their unique plant communities and edaphic conditions. However, they are usually studied in locations where the pressure from anthropogenic activities is relatively low. The goal of this project is to evaluate the functions and structure of ombrotrophic peatland margins in the context of anthropogenic disturbance. This project is based on the analysis of data collected on 21 transects distributed across three peatlands of the Saint Lawrence valley region (Lac-à-la-Tortue, Mer Bleue, and Alfred) chosen to represent a gradient of disturbance. The vegetation composition and biogeochemistry of the least disturbed sites (Lac-à-la-Tortue, and Mer Bleue) are similar to other undisturbed sites. Lac-à-la-Tortue margins do not have any transitional vegetation community while Mer Bleue margins have either one or two transitional communities. Nevertheless, exotic species such as Phragmites australis subsp. australis and Frangula alnus found on Mer Bleue raise concern regarding the ongoing urbanisation and agricultural activities around the peatland. On the other hand, Alfred's natural margins were destroyed by anthropic activities in the surrounding landscape which explains why we measured a thicker peat layer and a deeper water table than expected at the margin limits. The severe drainage of Alfred margins due to agriculture around the peatland is also responsible for the higher tree coverage and non-wetland species encroachment on its margins. The effect of this disturbance raises concern about the capacity of the margins nay the peatland to retain its carbon sequestration capacity. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating the peatland margins in conservation and restoration projects.

La presente investigación analiza los determinantes del margen financiero de las Cajas Municipales de Ahorro y Crédito (CMAC) en el Perú, margen definido como el ratio de la diferencia de ingresos y gastos financieros entre los activos totales de cada entidad. El estudio considera determinantes microeconómicas y macroeconómicas que podrían impactar en el margen financiero de las CMAC, y dentro de estos se analiza cómo la concentración de mercado que se mide a través de dos indicadores: el Índice de Herfindahl y Hirschman (IHH) y el Índice de Concentración (IC6) podría impactar en la variable de estudio. El análisis comprende el periodo 2002-2019, años en los que el sector de medianas y pequeñas empresas ha pasado a formar parte esencial de la cartera de créditos de las IMF, por lo que la eficiencia en las operaciones y servicios de financiamiento que ofrecen estas entidades son importantes en el desarrollo del sector empresarial. Los hallazgos encontrados demuestran que el IHH y el IC6 evidencian una relación que no va acorde a lo que plantea la teoría económica de la Organización industrial. Similar a estos resultados, se demuestra que otros indicadores determinarían el margen financiero de las CMAC, y su análisis permitirá plantear recomendaciones y medidas de política que permitan un mejor desempeño del sector microfinanciero contribuyendo al crecimiento económico. / This research seeks to evaluate the determinants of the financial margin of the Cajas Municipales de Ahorro y Crédito in Peru (CMACs), a margin that is defined as the ratio of the difference in income and financial expenses between the total assets of each entity. The study considers microeconomic and macroeconomic determinants that could impact on the financial margin of the CMAC and how the market concentration, measured through two indicators: the Herfindahl and Hirschman Index (IHH) and the Index of Concentration (IC6), could impact the variable under research. The analysis covers the period 2002-2019, in which medium and small companies have become an essential part of the credit portfolio of MFIs, so the efficiency in the operations and financing services offered by these entities are important in the development of the business sector. The results suggest that the IHH and IC6 show a relationship that is not in accordance with the Industrial Organization Theory. Similar to these results, it is shown that more indicators would determine the financial margin of the CMACs, which will help to propose recommendations and policy measures that allow a better performance of the microfinance sector, contributing finally to economic growth. / Tesis

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Many hydrocarbon reservoirs are situated in barren sequences that display poor stratigraphic control. Correlation between the wells can become extremely difficult and traditional correlation techniques can prove to be inadequate. Past studies have shown that trace and major element concentrations can be used as a correlation tool. This practice of using geochemical fingerprints to characterize between wells is called Chemostratigraphic analysis. (Pearce et al, 1999) Chemostratigraphy has been recognized as a very important correlation technique as it can be used for rocks of any age, in any geological setting as well as sequences that are traditionally defined as barren. Chemostratigraphic analyses can be used as a means of getting rid of ambiguities within data produced by traditional correlation methods such as Biostratigraphy, Lithostratigraphy and Geophysical Logging. In areas where stratigraphic data is not available it can be used to construct correlation frameworks for the sequences found in the area. The motivation behind this study is that the research is not only worthy of academic investigation, but can also provide the industry with new insights into areas that were previously misunderstood because traditional correlation methods were not adequate. The study area, the Orange basin, is located offshore South Africa and is largely underexplored. The basin, that hosts two gas field namely the Ibhubesi and the Kudu gas fields, has large potential but in the past has not been given due attention with only 34 wells being drilled in the area. The Orange basin has recently been the topic of investigation because of the belief that it may be hosts to more hydrocarbons. This study will utilise Chemostratigraphy to attempt to provide geological information on this relatively under-explored basin. The aim of this research study is to produce a chemostratigraphic framework -scheme for the Orange Basin in order to facilitate reservoir scale interwell correlation. The Objectives of this research study will be to identify chemostratigraphic units or indices, to prove the adequate use of chemostratigraphy as an independent correlation technique and to integrate the chemostratigraphy and petrophysical characteristics of the four wells to facilitate lithological identification. Element distribution Analysis was done on the data. This brought to the fore. the dominance of Si02 across the samples for the four wells. Ah03 concentrations were relatively high across the wells and were indicative of the clay rich nature of the samples. This also indicated that the samples were relatively immature. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plots were constructed for the purpose of identifying diametrical relationships between the elements or element clusters. These diametric relationships were in turn used to calculate the geochemical indices. The relative positions of the elements on the PCA plot highlighted the presence of alternating units of sandstone, feldspathic sandstone, calcareous clays and non calcareous clays within the samples. The PCA plots displayed diametric relationships between Si02 and the carbonate mineral clusters, Si02 and the clay mineral clusters, Nd and V, Nb nad Ni, Zr and Co, Nb and Zn. Si02 and Co, Y and Pb, Zr and Sr, and lastly Nb and Ra / Downhole plots were constructed to illustrate recognizable trends in the PCA plot and to relate this to the occurrence of various lithologies in the wells. Based on the element distribution patterns, PCA plots and Major and Trace element downhole profiles geochemical indices were calculated. They are grouped into three clusters, ratios indicative of the presence of clean sandstones (High Si02/Ah03, Si02/Co, Zr/Co, Zr/Sr, YlPb and low Nd/V values); ratios indicative of the presence of clays (Low Si02/Ah03, Fe203/Ah03, Si02/Co, Zr/Co, YlPb and high Rb/Zn values); thirdly those indicative of the presence of feldspathic sandstones (High Na201K20) and lastly those indicative of the presence of carbonates (low Zr/Sr). Using the geochemical Indices six units were identified in Well A_AI, nine in A-II and 8 iin Well A-UI and A-LI. Four units (A-D) were found to correlate across the wells. I Well log interpretation for the Wells A-AI, A-II, A-Lland A-UI started with a general overview of the log responses. The log responses for the four wells highlighted the presence of sandstones, argillaceous sandstones, shales and shale components. Geophysical units were identified using the logs responses. Six units were identified in Well A-AI, nine in Well A-II and eight in Wells A-LI and A-UI. These units coincide with the units identified using Chemostratigraphic analysis. Neutron - Density cross plots were constructed for each unit across the four wells. The plotting of the points on the Neutron - Density cross plots for the wells A-AI, A-II, A-LI and A-UI indicated the presence of sandstones, shales or greywackes and either limestones and dolomites but from the geochemistry it is known that neither limestone nor dolomite is present in the wells and it was thus inferred that the points plotting between the limestone and dolomite lithology curves indicated the presence of calcareous shales. M-N plots were constructed for each unit. The patterns exhibited by the points on the M-N plots for the wells was indicative of the presence calcareous clays, sandstones, greywacke and shales. The Chemostratigraphic and Petrophysical results produced accurate and comparable results, however, the Chemostratigraphic analysis provided finer details regarding the lithology of the units. Based on the well log responses no distinction could be made between highly feldspathic sandstone, arkosic and argillaceous sandstone, while these distinctions were possible when analyzing the samples using Chemostratigraphy. The geochemistry was capable of providing signatures in areas where the wireline tools malfunctioned. The logs, on the other hand, sheds light on properties such as porosity and permeability of the rocks which cannot be obtained accurately from the geochemistry. When comparing the correlation capabilities of these two techniques, the one based on geochemical signatures and the other based on the responses obtained from wireline tools, it is important to acknowledge that both these techniques has strengths and weaknesses. The best of both these techniques can only be fully utilised when either technique is used in conjunction with other techniques. With respect to the Orange Basin, located offshore South Africa, it can be concluded that the dominant lithologies in the basin are sandstones, argillaceous sandstones, shales, feldspathic and arkosic sandstones and clays. In terms of petroleum prospectivity the sandstones in Wells A-AI, A-II, A-UI and A-LI could possibly be considered to be reservoirs and the shales could be considered to be seals or source rocks, depending on the organic matter content. On the down side, the sandstones display relatively poor permeabilities and the porosities are variable. The density logs indicate that the sandstones are highly compacted and that could be an indication of poor porosities but more research needs to be done. Another factor highlighted from the research is the presence of alternating lithologies. This means that the reservoirs are compartmentalised and that the area has a high degree of heterogeneity.

[pt] O fenômeno de estabilidade de tensão é um problema associado ao fluxo de potência ativa e reativa nas linhas de transmissão. A manifestação mais conhecida do fenômeno é a existência de uma máxima carga que pode ser alimentada pela rede. Outra possibilidade é a existência de uma máxima injeção de potência ativa e reativa fornecida por geradores e compensadores. A curva QV possibilita o cálculo da margem Q, que corresponde à distância entre o caso-base e ponto de fronteira da curva. A margem Q, supostamente, é um índice para avaliação da estabilidade do sistema, determinando uma operação normal quando a inclinação da curva é positiva. O método da matriz D também fornece a relação Q e V de cada barra, avaliando, supostamente, as condições de estabilidade do sistema. Nesta dissertação foi proposta a análise desses dois índices, com o objetivo de explicitar as premissas, similaridades e diferenças das duas maneiras de se calcular a relação VQ. E assim, avaliar e identificar possíveis resultados não coerentes. / [en] The phenomenon of voltage stability is a problem associated with active and reactive power flow in transmission lines. The best-known manifestation of the event is the existence of a maximum load that can be supplied by the grid. Another possibility is the existence of a maximum injection of active and reactive power provided by generators and compensators. The QV curve enables the calculation of the Q margin, which corresponds to the distance between the base case and the curve s inflection point. The Q margin, supposedly, is an index for evaluating the system stability, consisting of normal operation when the slope of the curve is positive. The matrix method D also provides the relation Q and V of each bar evaluating, supposedly, conditions of system stability. In this dissertation, an analysis of these two indices was proposed to clarify the assumptions, similarities, and differences between the two ways of calculating the VQ relation. And so, evaluate and identify possible non-coherent results.