La partie nord du Système du courant de Humboldt (NSCH) couvre moins de 0.1% de la surface océanique mondiale mais produit plus de poisons, en particulier d'anchois du Pérou (Engraulis ringens), par unité de surface que n'importe quelle autre région du monde. Bien que ce système produise suffisamment de macrozooplancton pour alimenter les populations de poisson fourrage, le manque d'informations sur ce compartiment limite nos capacités d'étude. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier la dynamique de la distribution spatiotemporelle de la biomasse en macrozooplancton du NSCH en relation avec l'environnement physique et les poissons fourrage, à différentes échelles. Pour ce faire une méthode acoustique bi-fréquences a été développée et appliqué à des séries de données acoustiques historiques. Des informations à haute résolution ont ainsi pu être extraite sur la biomasse et les patrons de distribution du macrozooplancton, de la galathée pélagique 'munida', des poissons et des autres compartiments. Cette méthode nous a également permis d'estimer l'extension verticale de la communauté épipélagique (ZVEEC). Nous avons démontré que ZVEEC coïncide avec la limite supérieure de la zone de minimum d'oxygène (ZMO), ce qui permet de produire des donnés spatialisées à haute résolution de la limite supérieure de la ZMO et d'estimer le volume d'habitat de l'anchois. Notre estimation de biomasse en macrozooplancton, environ quatre fois supérieures aux estimations antérieures, est en accord avec les découvertes récentes sur l'écologie trophique des poissons fourrage du NSCH et fournit des éléments étayant les théories actuelles sur l'origine de la haute productivité en poissons du NSCH. L'étude des impacts des structures physiques de submeso- et mesoéchelle sur la distribution du macrozooplancton supporte l'hypothèse d'une structuration de type 'bottom-up'. Nous avons également mis en évidence l'impact de la structuration spatiale du macrozooplancton sur la distribution des poissons fourrage. Les données physiques et biologiques à haute résolution obtenues grâce à cette étude ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour réaliser des études écologiques intégrées à échelles multiples et pour calibrer les modèles biogéochimiques, trophiques ou End-to-End. / The Northern Humboldt Current system (NHCS) represents less than 0.1% of the world ocean surface but produces more fish, mainly Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens), per unit area than any other region in the world. Although this system produces enough macrozooplankton to feed its high production of forage fish, the paucity of information on zooplankton hampers research in the system. The objective of this study was to investigate the multiscale dynamics of the spatiotemporal distribution of the macrozooplankton biomass off Peru in relation to the physical environment and their fish predators. For that a bi-frequency acoustic method was developed and applied to extract, from historical acoustic data, high-resolution information on the biomass and the patterns of distribution of macrozooplankton, the pelagic red squad 'munida', fish and other marine compartments. This method also allows estimating the vertical extension of this epipelagic community (ZVEEC). We demonstrated that ZVEEC coincide with the upper limit of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), which allowed both producing high-resolution spatial data of the upper limit of the OMZ and estimating the volume habitat of anchovy. The estimated macrozooplankton biomass was about four times higher than previously reported. This estimate is in agreement with the recent findings on forage fish trophic ecology and supports the current hypotheses explaining the NHCS high fish production. The study of the impacts of the submeso- and mesoscale physical structures on macrozooplankton provided evidence of the bottom-up physical effect on the distribution of macrozooplankton biomass. We also found further evidence of the structuring bottom-up effect that macrozooplankton exert on forage fish. The high-resolution biological and physical data obtained in this study opens new perspective to perform integrated multiscale ecological studies and to calibrate biogeochemical, trophic and End-to-End models.

Bactérias quitinolíticas são autóctones do ecossistema marinho e tem um importante papel no processo de degradação de quitina. Relativamente pouco é conhecido sobre a diversidade e potencial enzimático de bactérias quitinolíticas isoladas de ambientes tropicais costeiros. Amostras de água do mar e de plâncton foram coletadas no Canal de São Sebastião, Baixada Santista e Ubatuba. As bactérias quitinolíticas foram enumeradas e isoladas em meio mínimo contendo quitina coloidal e caracterizadas através de métodos fenotípicos e genotípicos. As maiores contagens de bactérias quitinolíticas foram observadas em amostras de água do mar e plâncton coletadas na Baixada Santista. A diversidade de bactérias quitinolíticas e o potencial de produção de quitinases foram influenciados pelo nível de contaminação fecal presente no ecossistema marinho. Uma maior diversidade foi encontrada em ambiente com médio e baixo impacto antropogênico, mas bactérias quitinolíticas isoladas de ambiente com alta atividade antropogênica mostraram os maiores valores de produção de quitinases. / Chitinolytic bacteria are autochthonous in marine ecosystems and have an important role in chitin degradation process. A very little is know about the diversity and enzymatic potential of chitinolytic bacteria isolated from coastal tropical environments. Seawater and plankton samples were collected at Canal de São Sebastião, Baixada Santista and Ubatuba. Chitinolytic bacteria were counted and isolated in minimal media containing colloidal chitin and characterized using phenotypic and genotypic methods. Highest counts of chitinolytic bacteria were observed in seawater and plankton samples collected at Baixada Santista. The diversity of chitinolytic bacteria and the potential of chitinases production were influenced by the level of fecal contamination present in the marine ecosystem. Highest diversity was found in environment with medium and low anthropogenic impact, but chitinolytic bacteria isolated from environment with high anthropogenic influences showed highest chitinases production.

It can be difficult to disentangle the factors that determine population success in freshwater systems, particularly for organisms with disturbance-resistant life stages like aquatic invertebrates. Nevertheless, the effects of environmental variation and habitat structure on animal population success in wetlands are important for understanding both trophic interactions and biodiversity. I performed two experiments to determine the factors limiting crayfish (Procambarus fallax) and dragonfly (Family: Libellulidae) populations in wetland environments. A simulation of a dry-disturbance and subsequent sunfish (Family: Centrarchidae) re-colonization revealed that crayfish populations are sensitive to sunfish, while dragonfly naiads seemed to be limited by other drying-related factors. A second manipulation revealed that small-bodied fishes and habitat structure (submerged vegetation) shaped dragonfly communities primarily through postcolonization processes. / by Natalie Knorp. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

As ecosystems degrade globally, ecosystem services that support life are increasingly threatened. Indications of degradation are occurring in the Northern Indian River Lagoon (IRL) estuary in east central Florida. Factors associated with ecosystem degradation are complex, including climate and land use change. Ecosystem research needs identified by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) include the need to: consider the social with the physical; account for dynamism and change; account for complexity; address issues of scale; and focus on ecosystem structure and process. Ecosystems are complex, self-organizing, multi-equilibrial, non-linear, middle-number systems that exist in multiple stable states. Results found are relative to the observation and the frame of analysis, requiring multi-scaled analytical techniques. This study addresses the identified ecosystem research needs and the complexity of the associated factors given these additional constraints. Relativity is addressed through univariate analysis of dissolved oxygen as a measure of the general health of the Northern IRL. Multiple spatial levels are employed to associate social process scales with physical process scales as basin, sub-basins, and watersheds. Scan statistics return extreme value clusters in space-time. Wavelet transforms decompose time-scales of cyclical data using varying window sizes to locate change in process scales in space over time. Wavelet transform comparative methods cluster temporal process scales across space. Combined these methods describe the space-time structure of process scales in a complex ecosystem relative to the variable examined, where the highly localized results allow for connection to unexamined variables. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

In Florida, mangroves have responded to climate change by slowly migrating northward into traditional salt marsh habitat. However, little is understood about the relationships among mangrove growth form plasticity and environmental conditions. In addition, the effects of the mangrove northward expansion on pre-existing salt marsh communities are unknown, especially any influences of differences in tree morphology. The size, canopy structure, and root structure of the three mangrove species Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans, and Laguncularia racemosa were measured at six sites along the east coast of Florida. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the multivariate relationships between environmental and biotic variables. Mangrove growth form varied widely with environmental variables. The results of this study suggest that R. mangle expansion into salt marsh may rely on interactions with salt marsh and shading as well as on climatic variables, which has implications for future mangrove expansion northward in Florida. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Harmful algal blooms, commonly referred to as red tides, occur yearly with dramatic impacts on marine ecology, coastal economies, and human health. As a consequence, research into the zooplankton grazers that consume HABs is highly important. However, changes in ocean temperature may increase the range of many HABs, exposing historically naive copepods to new species and their associated chemicals. Little research into the impact of allopatric verses sympatric species, particularly on the immediate behavioral impact, has been performed, leaving the indirect fitness effects of HAB exposure and consumption relatively unknown. We measured alterations in the swimming behavior of the calanoid copepod Temora longicornis following exposure to sympatric Alexandrium fundyense and allopatric Karenia brevis treatments. After a 15-16 hours depuration period postA. fundyense exposure, T. longicornis exhibited increased average swimming speed and an elevated net to gross displacement ratio (NGDR). During exposure toK. brevis, copepods exhibited an immediate decrease in swimming speed and NGDR, as well as an increased frequency of jump behavior. However, these effects faded after an one-hour depuration period, and disappeared after a 15-16 hour depuration period. The alterations in swimming behavior demonstrated by the copepods treated A. fundyense may increase encounter rate with predators, while copepods treated with K. brevis remain in bloom conditions for longer periods of time, negatively affecting survivorship. Temora longicornis individuals also may be made more visible to predators due to the increase in jumps seen during treatment with K. brevis. These behavioral changes suggest how HABs escape from zooplankton grazer control by altering copepod swimming behavior, and the pattern of predator-prey evolution that occurs over time.

I investigated effects of environmental change on disease, and effects of disease on ecosystems, using a freshwater zooplankton host and its fungal parasite. This research involved lake surveys, manipulative experiments, and mathematical models. My results indicate that ecosystem characteristics such as habitat structure, nutrient availability, and quality of a host’s resources (here, phytoplankton) can affect the spread of disease. For example, a survey of epidemics in lakes revealed direct and indirect links between habitat structure and epidemic size, where indirect connections were mediated by non-host species. Then, in a mesocosm experiment in a lake, manipulations of habitat structure and nutrient availability interactively affected the spread of disease, and nutrient enrichment increased densities of infected hosts. In a separate laboratory experiment, poor quality resources were shown to decrease parasite transmission rate by altering host foraging behavior. My experimental results also suggest that disease can affect ecosystems through effects on host densities and host traits. In the mesocosm experiment, the parasite indirectly increased abundance of algal resources by decreasing densities of the zooplankton host. Disease in the experimental zooplankton populations also impacted nutrient stoichiometry of algae, which could entail a parasite-mediated shift in food quality for grazers such as the host. Additionally, I showed that infection dramatically reduces host feeding rate, and used a dynamic epidemiological model to illustrate how this parasite-mediated trait change could affect densities of resources and hosts, as well as the spread of disease. I discuss the implications of these ecosystem–disease interactions in light of ongoing changes to habitat and nutrient regimes in freshwater ecosystems.

L'étude de l'écologie alimentaire des organismes ainsi que l'étude de la structure et du fonctionnement des réseaux trophiques, principale caractéristique de l'organisation des écosystèmes, ne sont pas aisées en environnement marin. Des méthodes indirectes d'étude ont donc été développées récemment, telles que l'utilisation de « traceurs écologiques » qui sont des paramètres (bio)chimiques mesurés dans les tissus biologiques des organismes. Sur la base du postulat « je suis ce que je mange », les traceurs écologiques constituent des indicateurs relativement fiables du niveau trophique des organismes et/ou de leur zone d'alimentation. Dans un premier temps, l'importance de certains facteurs de variations biologiques et environnementaux des traceurs isotopiques et métalliques (mercure Hg et cadmium Cd) a été étudiée dans le Golfe de Gascogne. Dans un tel environnement marin ouvert, supportant une grande diversité biologique et subissant diverses influences, notre hypothèse de travail était effectivement que les sources de variations sont nombreuses. Cette thèse a ainsi mis en évidence qu’il était nécessaire d’intégrer différents facteurs de variations pour utiliser ces traceurs écologiques dans ce type d'écosystème, tels que le changement de la ligne de base sur un gradient côte-large pour un calcul pertinent des positions trophiques. Dans un second temps, ces outils ont été directement appliqués pour l'étude de l'écologie alimentaire de quelques espèces d'intérêt commercial, telles que la sardine, l'anchois et le bar. Ils ont ainsi révélé une relative spécialisation de la sardine sur certaines proies mésozooplanctoniques, alors que l'anchois montre d’une part une plasticité trophique plus importante sur ce compartiment planctonique, et d’autre part une plus grande flexibilité en termes de zones d'alimentation. Dans le car du bar, dont l'écologie alimentaire était jusqu'à présent très peu connue en dehors des zones côtières, le couplage des données isotopiques (révélant des informations sur le régime alimentaire sur le moyen à long terme) avec des données de contenus stomacaux (révélant des informations sur le court terme) a permis de mettre en évidence la sélectivité des individus de bars adultes sur les petits poissons pélagiques à forte valeur énergétique, lorsque ce prédateur fréquente les eaux du large. Enfin, ces traceurs écologiques ont été utilisés pour affiner la compréhension de la structure et du fonctionnement des réseaux trophiques dans le Golfe de Gascogne, et le comportement de certains contaminants tels que le Hg dans ces réseaux. Plus de 140 espèces provenant des différents réseaux trophiques de cet écosystème ont ainsi été analysées en isotopie, et 120 espèces pour leurs concentrations de Hg dans le muscle. Les traceurs isotopiques en particulier ont révélé que dans cet écosystème : 1) les mammifères marins sont un compartiment structurant des réseaux trophiques ; 2) les chaînes alimentaires sont relativement courtes ; 3) les chaînes alimentaires et les relations trophiques sont fortement organisées en "réseau" ; 4) le degré d'omnivorie est plutôt moyen dans l'écosystème, avec une tendance à l'augmentation chez les niveaux trophiques supérieurs. Ce travail de thèse a également mis en évidence une contamination en Hg plus importante dans le muscle des espèces provenant des habitats profonds du Golfe de Gascogne. Dans un contexte de besoin d'outils de suivi de l'état écologique des écosystèmes marins, et des espèces composant les réseaux trophiques en présence, cette thèse a finalement démontré tout l'intérêt d'utiliser les traceurs écologiques tant à des fins de recherches fondamentales qu'à des fins appliquées en écologie marine. / The study of organisms' trophic ecology and those of food webs' structure and functioning are not easy in marine environments, while it is an essential characteristic of ecosystems' organisation. Thus, the use of indirect methods such as « ecological tracers » has dramatically increased recently. These methods consist in measuring (bio)chemical parameters in biological tissues of organisms. Based on the assumption « you are what you eat », ecological tracers constitute reliable indicators of the trophic position and/or of the feeding zone of organisms. First, the importance of some biological and environmental factors of variations on isotopic signatures and metal concentrations (mercury Hg and cadmium Cd) was examined in the Bay of Biscay. Indeed, in such an open marine ecosystem supporting a high biological diversity and undergoing various oceanic and terrigenous influences, we hypothesized that sources of variations are numerous. This work highlighted that different biological and environmental factors of variations have to be taken into account to use these ecological tracers in this type of ecosystem. For instance, we evidenced a change in the baseline along the inshore-offshore gradient that can considerably bias calculations of trophic positions from stable isotopes values, if it is not considered. Secondly, the isotopic tool in particular has been applied to study the trophic ecology of some commercially important species, such as sardine, anchovy and sea bass. Isotopic signatures revealed a relative specialisation of sardine on some mesozooplanktonic prey. On the contrary, anchovy showed a relative trophic plasticity on this type of prey, and a greater flexibility in terms of feeding zones. As for sea bass, the combination of isotopic data (giving an information on diet on the long term) and stomach contents data (giving an information on diet on the short term) highlighted the selectivity of adult individuals on small pelagic fish of high energy content, when foraging in offshore waters. Finally, ecological tracers were used to refine the understanding of food webs' structure and functioning in the Bay of Biscay, as well as Hg behaviour in these food webs. More than 140 species from the different food webs of this ecosystem have been analysed for their isotopic signature, and 120 species for muscle Hg concentrations. Isotopic data in particular revealed that in this ecosystem: 1) marine mammals are a structuring component of food webs; 2) food chains are relatively short; 3) food chains and trophic relationships are strongly "food web like" organised; 3) the degree of omnivory is intermediate in this ecosystem, with a slight trend to increase with increasing trophic position. This work also highlighted an enhanced bioaccumulation of Hg in the muscle of deep-sea fauna from the Bay of Biscay. In the context of the need for tools to monitor the environmental status of marine ecosystems, and of species that structure food webs, this work finally demonstrated the great interest of using ecological tracers for both fundamental and applied marine ecological research.

Bactérias quitinolíticas são autóctones do ecossistema marinho e tem um importante papel no processo de degradação de quitina. Relativamente pouco é conhecido sobre a diversidade e potencial enzimático de bactérias quitinolíticas isoladas de ambientes tropicais costeiros. Amostras de água do mar e de plâncton foram coletadas no Canal de São Sebastião, Baixada Santista e Ubatuba. As bactérias quitinolíticas foram enumeradas e isoladas em meio mínimo contendo quitina coloidal e caracterizadas através de métodos fenotípicos e genotípicos. As maiores contagens de bactérias quitinolíticas foram observadas em amostras de água do mar e plâncton coletadas na Baixada Santista. A diversidade de bactérias quitinolíticas e o potencial de produção de quitinases foram influenciados pelo nível de contaminação fecal presente no ecossistema marinho. Uma maior diversidade foi encontrada em ambiente com médio e baixo impacto antropogênico, mas bactérias quitinolíticas isoladas de ambiente com alta atividade antropogênica mostraram os maiores valores de produção de quitinases. / Chitinolytic bacteria are autochthonous in marine ecosystems and have an important role in chitin degradation process. A very little is know about the diversity and enzymatic potential of chitinolytic bacteria isolated from coastal tropical environments. Seawater and plankton samples were collected at Canal de São Sebastião, Baixada Santista and Ubatuba. Chitinolytic bacteria were counted and isolated in minimal media containing colloidal chitin and characterized using phenotypic and genotypic methods. Highest counts of chitinolytic bacteria were observed in seawater and plankton samples collected at Baixada Santista. The diversity of chitinolytic bacteria and the potential of chitinases production were influenced by the level of fecal contamination present in the marine ecosystem. Highest diversity was found in environment with medium and low anthropogenic impact, but chitinolytic bacteria isolated from environment with high anthropogenic influences showed highest chitinases production.

Thesis (LLD.) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / This thesis, “Regulation, control and prevention of marine pollution in South Africa: A Comparative analysis between national and international legal framework” focuses on the existing laws, conventions, treaties and policies on the control and prevention of marine pollution. Various laws have been enacted in South Africa to prevent and control marine pollution. However, marine pollution continues to increase at a rapid rate. This study aims to establish a basic approach that is aimed at combating marine pollution through examining the regulation, prevention and control of marine pollution in South Africa, with a specific focus on the comparative analysis of national and international framework. To this end, a comparison is made between South Africa and other jurisdictions in Africa, Europe, Asia and Latin America. The reason for employing a comparative approach is to learn best practices and finding solutions to the problem of marine pollution. Thus, the international legal framework, regional framework and operations of intergovernmental bodies and non-governmental bodies on the effort of combatting marine pollution were analysed. The objectives of this study were to examine how marine pollution is prevented through the existing legal framework; to identify the reason for the increasing rate of marine pollution despite the existing legal framework promulgated to curb marine pollution; to determine the effectiveness of the newly created IMOrg, juxtaposing it with similar organisations in other jurisdictions and to propose amendments to legislation that prevent and control marine pollution to ensure effective protection of the marine environment. This study was guided by questions such as the following: Do the existing legal frameworks adequately protect and control marine pollution? What is the reason for the increase in marine pollution despite the existing legal framework regulating marine pollution? How effective is the IMOrg in ensuring that South Africa address marine pollution? Is there a need to promulgate more effective legislation preventing and controlling marine pollution? x The study adopted a non-empirical qualitative research design that does not include data collection, questionnaire, systematic data analysis, observations and/or interviews. The study relied on the library materials that include but are not limited to textbooks, reports, legislations, regulations, charters, policies, amendments to the legislation, journals or academic journals, government gazette, constitution, national and international journals. From the materials consulted, the study revealed the existence of a relationship between the national and international legal framework. However, such an existing relationship is not good enough to effectively prevent the marine environment from harm. This is because a plethora of national legislations that regulate the marine environment comprise less stringent measures to deter future contravention. The study recommends amendments to legislations that regulate marine pollution to impose penalties that have a deterrent value on parties. The study advises against the repealing of these legislations.