Cette étude permet une approche de la gestion et de la protection du milieu marin de la mer d'Iroise à partir des connaissances biologiques et écologiques acquises pour l'ensemble de la zone. Ce travail s'insère dans les préoccupations nationales et internationales de conservation de la biodiversité par l'acquisition et la synthèse de connaissances scientifiques et leur restitution aux autres acteurs de la conservation. La richesse biologique de cette région marine est attestée par la présence d'espèces-phares mais le milieu benthique restait largement méconnu. Cette étude apporte des données qui complètent les connaissances sur la sédimentologie des fonds de l'Iroise et permettent d'en préciser la couverture sédimentaire et la variabilité spatiale et saisonnière. Une large gamme de types sédimentaires est représentée, avec une importance originale pour les cailloutis et les graviers et l'organisation des sédiments en couches superposées, induisant une complexité d'habitats ; de plus, la variabilité spatiale masque la variabilité saisonnière. L'étude de la faune benthique des fonds meubles permet de définir les habitats et les communautés du milieu marin de l'Iroise, avec six grandes unités de peuplement comportant chacune plusieurs faciès, dont certains à grande valeur écologique et patrimoniale. L'importance de la zone frontale du large et son influence sur les communautés benthiques sont mises en évidence. Une analyse de l'utilisation de l'espace et des ressources en mer d'Iroise est proposée, ainsi qu'un bilan concernant la biodiversité et l'état actuel des réflexions internationales sur les aires marines protégées. La synthèse finale dégage les enjeux des habitats et des peuplements de l'Iroise puis les pressions anthropiques potentielles à court et moyen termes. Les priorités et les solutions pour la conservation de ce milieu marin sont discutées et un plan de zonage multi-usages est proposé dans le cadre du futur Parc National Marin de la mer d'Iroise.

The aim of this essay is to investigate if there exists any relation between what is generally considered Britain’s foremost elite military unit, HM Royal Marines and a manipulative religious sect. With theoretical data defining a manipulative religious sect, and empirical data gathered from interviews with a number of former royal marines, this essay looks at the attributes common to these two very different organisations. Interestingly, even though the experiences of members of such organisations seemed to bare some resemblance; the motivation for any comparability was quite different. This phenomenon seemed to affect the whole study, and the findings did not confirm any substantial relation between the two organisations in accordance with the strict definitions applicable to a manipulative religious sect.

La Manche orientale représente une zone économique importante qui supporte diverses activités anthropiques comme le tourisme, le transport maritime et l'exploitation de ressources vivantes ou minérales. De plus, cette région possède un riche patrimoine biologique illustré par sa grande diversité d'habitats. Les Aires Marines Protégées (AMP) sont souvent évoquées comme un instrument de gestion permettant d'aménager l'exploitation durable de ces ressources marines, dans le cadre d'une gestion écosystémique intégrée et responsable. Si les Etats ont pour obligation de créer des réseaux d'AMPs dans leurs eaux nationales, chacune d'elles est souvent localisée au cas par cas. Afin de coordonner la mise en place des différents réseaux d'AMPs, une démarche de planification spatiale systématique de la conservation est de plus en plus encouragée. Cette démarche a pour but de proposer un réseau d'AMP qui soit cohérent, même dans un contexte transfrontalier, comme c'est le cas en Manche orientale. Les travaux de recherche menés lors de cette thèse apportent ainsi une contribution scientifique à la mise en cohérence de l'aménagement des activités anthropiques avec les objectifs de conservation de l'écosystème marin de Manche orientale. Dans le cadre d'une approche de conservation intégrée, toute la biodiversité de la Manche orientale doit être représentée. Pour cela, en complément des typologies benthiques existantes dans la zone, une typologie des masses d'eau a été proposée et validée avec différents jeux de données d'espèces pélagiques. Marxan et Zonation, deux logiciels largement répandus en planification de la conservation ont été comparés dans le processus de conception du réseau d'AMP en Manche orientale. La conclusion a été que Marxan serait le logiciel utilisé pour la suite des analyses. En effet, ce logiciel est conçu pour atteindre clairement les cibles de conservation, ce qui facilite l'interprétation des résultats.Puis une étape essentielle de planification de la conservation a été réalisée à travers une analyse des lacunes (gap analysis) à l'échelle de la Manche orientale. Elle a permis de montrer que le réseau d'AMP existant atteint les cibles de conservation calculées dans cette thèse et qu'il couvre 33% de la Manche orientale. Il faut toutefois noter que l'étude des possibles lacunes au niveau de la gestion des AMPs n'a pu être réalisée de façon approfondie car la majorité de ces AMPS ne possèdent pas encore de plan de gestion défini.Finalement, l'influence de l'intégration des activités humaines dans le processus de conception du réseau d'AMP a été explorée grâce à l'utilisation de données d'effort de pêche et de données de débarquements. De plus, d'autres informations sur le trafic maritime, les extractions de granulats marins et les potentielles zones d'éoliennes en mer ont été ajoutées pour prendre en compte la totalité des usages et réglementation qui génèrent des contraintes spatiales en Manche orientale.

Els productes naturals són de gran importància en els sistemes de prevenció i de cura de les dolences i malalties de l'ésser humà. Així, un 50% dels fàrmacs actuals estan basats en productes naturals i un 80% de la població mundial depèn, encara avui, de la medicina tradicional. El procés de desenvolupament d'un nou fàrmac a partir d'un producte natural és llarg i complex. Les millores introduïdes recentment i de forma generalitzada a cadascuna de les etapes del procés han suposat una renovació de l'interès de la indústria farmacèutica per nous compostos naturals bioactius. La síntesi química té un paper rellevant en el procés de desenvolupament d'un nou fàrmac: la síntesi química del producte bioactiu permet assegurar la identitat del compost, així com assegurar la producció a gran escala per permetre la realització dels assaigs clínics i donar resposta a les demandes del mercat farmacèutic. La introducció de la química en fase sòlida ha estat una de les millores més importants en l'àrea de la síntesi química, permetent una exploració sintètica més ràpida i eficaç. Aquest canvi ha estat rellevant en la síntesi de pèptids i oligonucleòtids i, especialment determinant, en l'obtenció de depsipèptids cíclics produïts per microorganismes i d'interessant activitat i interès com a nous fàrmacs. Així, en la present tesi s'ha treballat en el desenvolupament de noves síntesis en fase sòlida de dos depsipèptids cíclics: la sirengotoxina i la tiocoralina, amb la finalitat de contribuir en la seva aplicació terapèutica.La sirengotoxina és un lipononadepsipèptid cíclic produït per una bactèria patògena dels arbres cítrics que ha mostrat una interessant activitat contra el paràsit de la Leishmania. En aquest projecte de fàrmac s'ha dissenyat un pèptid anàleg al pèptid natural que conserva els mateixos elements estructurals i la configuració de la cadena peptídico. S'ha obtingut mitjançant una estratègia compatible amb la síntesi del producte natural. En aquesta síntesi s'ha resolt l'obtenció de l'aminoàcid no proteïnogènic així com la seva correcta inserció a la cadena.La tiocoralina és un pèptid bicíclic simètric produït per un microorganisme marí aïllat del corall tou i que presenta una potent activitat com a antitumoral. En aquest projecte s'ha desenvolupat la síntesi d'un anàleg del pèptid natural mitjançant l'aproximació en fase sòlida. En aquest cas, també s'ha resolt la síntesi de dos aminoàcids no proteïnogènics, dues N-metil cisteïnes.Finalment, s'han aïllat nous agents antitumorals d'esponges marines recol·lectades a les costes australianes amb la finalitat d'obtenir nous projectes de fàrmacs així com per ampliar els coneixements en el procés de desenvolupament d'un nou fàrmac. / "Natural Products as a source of new drugs: cyclic depsipeptides synthesis on solid-phase and isolation of antitumoral compounds from marine sponges"TEXT:Natural Products play an important role in the prevention and therapeutic system for human healthy. 50% of drugs in the market are based on natural products and 80% of world depends still from traditional medicine. The drug development process from natural sources is a long and complex way. Recently, several improvements in each step of this process have been determinant for a reinterest from pharmaceutical companies in these kinds of compounds.The chemical synthesis has a relevant role in the drug development process: it allows assuring about identity of compounds, obtaining the bioactive compound in large scale to develop the clinical trial and satisfy the pharmaceutical market demands. The introduction of solid-phase chemistry has been one of the most important improvements in chemical synthesis area because it allows a rapid and efficient exploration about strategic synthetic routes. It has been wide used in peptides and oligonucleotides synthesis and especially useful in cyclic depsipeptides produced by marine microorganism. In the present thesis, is described the development of solid-phase synthesis for two new cyclic depsipeptides, syrengotoxin and thiocoraline with the aim to contribute in its medical use.Syrengotoxin is a cyclic lipononadepsipeptide produced by a pathogen bacterium that shows interesting activity against Leishmania parasite. In this project, it has been designed a analogue peptide which preserve all structural features and the configuration of peptide chain respect natural peptide. The defined synthesis is compatible with syrengotoxin synthesis. It has been developed the non-natural amino acids presents in natural compound and its correct incorporation in the peptide chain.The thiocoraline is a symmetric biclyclic peptide which is produced by a marine microorganism and presents a potent activity as an antitumoral drug. In this project, it has been developed a solid-phase synthesis of a more resistant in plasma analogue. In this case it has been resolved the N-methyl non natural amino acids synthesis that are also present in natural compound.Lastly, it has been isolated new antitumoral compounds from marine sponges collected from south-east Australian coasts which the aim to obtain new drugs and improve the knowledge about drug development from natural sources.

Thesis (doctoral)--Université de Savoie, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 1093-1134) and Index.

Thesis (doctoral)--Université de Savoie, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 1093-1134) and Index.

Cette thèse présente l’étude de la signature sédimentaire des submersions marines de tempête, dans le domaine rétrolittoral. Cette signature peut être extrêmement variable principalement en fonction des paramètres météo-océaniques menant à la submersion, de la morphologie de l’avant-côte et du domaine rétrolittoral et du disponible sédimentaire. Premièrement, l’étude de dépôts de washover mis en place lors de l’hiver 2013-2014, au sud de l’île d’Oléron, particulièrement énergétique en terme de climat de vagues, via une approche couplant processus hydrodynamiques et sédimentologie, a permis (1) de mettre en évidence l’importance des ondes infragravitaires, sur une côte dissipative à caractère macrotidal, dans le déclenchement de l’overwash de la barrière et la mise en place de washovers ; et de (2) proposer un nouveau modèle de faciès des dépôts de washover mis en place par des ondes infragravitaires combinées à la marée haute. Deuxièmement, la caractérisation de la signature sédimentaire des submersions marines en domaine rétrolittoral plus distal a montré que dans le contexte morphologique des marais de Charente-Maritime, les apports extrêmement faibles de sédiments en provenance du domaine continental, entre deux évènements de submersion marine, empêche la distinction des différents niveaux de submersion. Cependant cette étude a permis de valider des proxies tels que la microfaune ou l’isotopie de la matière organique pour l’identification de niveaux de submersion marine, permettant en partie de pallier aux limites inhérentes à l’anomalie granulométrique généralement utilisée. Cette étude a aussi permis la mise en évidence d’une variabilité dans la signature sédimentaire des submersions marines entre deux marais géomorphologiquement contrastés et plus ou moins exposés aux houles en provenance de l’océan. / This thesis presents the study of the sedimentary signature of marine submersions triggered by storms, in the back barrier area. This signature can be extremely variable mainly according to the meteo-oceanic parameters leading to the submersion of the back barrier area, the morphology of the nearshore, shore and back barrier area, and sediment availability. Firstly, the study of washover deposits emplaced during the winter of 2013-2014 on the southern end of the Oléron Island, characterized by an exceptional wave climate, via a coupled hydrodynamical and sedimentological approach, allowed us to (1) highlight the importance of infragravity waves, on macrotidal and dissipative coasts, in triggering the overwash and emplace washover deposits ; and (2) to suggest a new facies model of washover deposits emplaced by infragravity waves combined to high tides. Secondly, the characterization of the sedimentary signature of marine submersions in the distal part of the back barrier area showed that in the morphological context of the Charente-Maritime coastal marshes, the extremely limited amounts of sediments in provenance from the continent, between two submersion events, prevent the distinction of the different marine submersion sedimentary layers. Nevertheless, this study allowed validating new proxies as microfauna and organic matter isotopy for the identification of marine submersion sedimentary signature, allowing to work independently of the granulometric anomaly proxy and its known limits. This study also allowed evidencing the variability in the sedimentary signature of marine submersions in geomorphologically contrasted marshes and that this variability was linked to the ocean waves exposure.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O presente estudo aborda historicamente a formação elementar, profissional e militar dos aprendizes-marinheiros e aprendizes-artífices entre 1870 e 1910 na Marinha Militar do Brasil. Para compreender as experiências compartilhadas que os meninos e os jovens desenvolveram com os marinheiros nacionais e estrangeiros, com o oficialato e com os trabalhadores da cidade utilizamos o referencial teórico do historiador E.P. Thompson. A pesquisa sobre as Escolas de Aprendizes-Marinheiros e sua caracterização como uma instituição total e a análise de seus dispositivos disciplinares foi realizada com o aparato conceitual de Michel Foucault. As fontes históricas analisadas foram os Relatórios Ministeriais do Ministério da Marinha do período, os livros de ofícios do Arsenal de Marinha da Corte, o acervo da Revista Marítima Brasileira e documentos do Fundo/Coleção denominado Grupo de Identificação de Fundos Internos GIFI sob a guarda do Arquivo Nacional. Um dos objetivos foi compreender os fenômenos que envolveram essa instituição militar dentro das políticas de Estado no período localizado entre o fim da Guerra do Paraguai e a Revolta dos Marinheiros de 1910, e quais as mudanças qualitativas, contradições e conflitos na organização interna do trabalho concorreram para a produção de um modelo formativo dos futuros homens do mar. Buscamos compreender os mecanismos internos de recrutamento e controle dos sujeitos sociais dessa instituição permanente do Estado. A abordagem sobre o que seriam as experiências formativas dos aprendizes partiu da ideia de que a educação dos indivíduos acontecia em múltiplas dimensões da vida e não somente através de aulas ou programas de estudos oficiais, de compêndios ou de regras disciplinares repercutidas reiteradas vezes. Questões como o uso do tempo, o campo dos direitos como arena de conflitos, o dualismo no sistema educativo, a alimentação, o descanso, o alcoolismo, as deserções, as acomodações e as revoltas, compuseram a análise da formação dos meninos e jovens da Marinha. Verificamos como os embates em torno da temática da profissionalização e carreira, que passavam pelas discussões que envolviam aspectos como o mérito pessoal, a antiguidade e o bom comportamento interferiram na produção de uma consciência de direitos. Tudo isso fez parte das experiências formativas de meninos e rapazes daquela instituição chamada pelos oficiais de principal viveiro de homens do mar. Por fim, para entendermos aqueles chamados pelo referencial thompsoniano como os de baixo percorremos a dureza da hierarquia e disciplina militares e as concepções de mundo desenvolvidas a partir das classificações e apartações dos indivíduos pela raça, pela origem social, pela constituição física e pelo analfabetismo. / In historical bases, this work deals with elementary, professional and military formation of apprentice marines and novice artisans in Brazilian military navy, during the period between 1870 and 1910. E. P. Thompsons theorical references were used in order to understand the young boys shared experiences which resulted from their relations with Brazilian and foreign marines, naval officers and townsworkers. Michel Foucaults conceptions served to guide the investigation on apprentice marine schools, their distinguishing mark as a total institution and their discipline apparatus. The main historical sources in the studied period were the ministry of naval affairs written reports, the court dock yard trade books, the Brazilian Marine Magazine lot and the documents from the funds/collection named Identification Group of Inward Funds GIFI in Portuguese, in charge of Brazilian office of public records. The search aimed to understand this military institutions fenomena inside state politics during the period between the end of Paraguay war and mariners revolt in 1910, and also know which determining changes, incoherences and conflicts occurred in labor internal arrangement and produced an educational model for the coming seamen. We intend to understand this state permanent institutions inner processes of enlistment and social individuals control. In order to know the apprentices formative experiences, we considered the idea that peoples education happens in multiple dimensions of their lives, and not only through official study classes and programs, manuals or discipline rules repeated over and over. Some questions emerged in the analysis of young marines formation, such as use of time, rights field as arena of conflicts, duality on educational system, nourishment, resting, alcoholism, desertion, lodgment and revolts. We observed how the production of a rights consciousness was influenced by certain questions, like the impacts around the theme of profissionalization and career resulting from aspects as personal superiority, oldness and good manner. All of this discussion took place in young boys formative experiences inside that institution so called sailormen nursery. At last, trying to comprehend those from underneath and using a thompsonian reference, we run through hierarchic hardness, military discipline and world conceptions based on individuals arrangement and apartheid according to race, social origin, physical disposition and illiteracy.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O presente estudo aborda historicamente a formação elementar, profissional e militar dos aprendizes-marinheiros e aprendizes-artífices entre 1870 e 1910 na Marinha Militar do Brasil. Para compreender as experiências compartilhadas que os meninos e os jovens desenvolveram com os marinheiros nacionais e estrangeiros, com o oficialato e com os trabalhadores da cidade utilizamos o referencial teórico do historiador E.P. Thompson. A pesquisa sobre as Escolas de Aprendizes-Marinheiros e sua caracterização como uma instituição total e a análise de seus dispositivos disciplinares foi realizada com o aparato conceitual de Michel Foucault. As fontes históricas analisadas foram os Relatórios Ministeriais do Ministério da Marinha do período, os livros de ofícios do Arsenal de Marinha da Corte, o acervo da Revista Marítima Brasileira e documentos do Fundo/Coleção denominado Grupo de Identificação de Fundos Internos GIFI sob a guarda do Arquivo Nacional. Um dos objetivos foi compreender os fenômenos que envolveram essa instituição militar dentro das políticas de Estado no período localizado entre o fim da Guerra do Paraguai e a Revolta dos Marinheiros de 1910, e quais as mudanças qualitativas, contradições e conflitos na organização interna do trabalho concorreram para a produção de um modelo formativo dos futuros homens do mar. Buscamos compreender os mecanismos internos de recrutamento e controle dos sujeitos sociais dessa instituição permanente do Estado. A abordagem sobre o que seriam as experiências formativas dos aprendizes partiu da ideia de que a educação dos indivíduos acontecia em múltiplas dimensões da vida e não somente através de aulas ou programas de estudos oficiais, de compêndios ou de regras disciplinares repercutidas reiteradas vezes. Questões como o uso do tempo, o campo dos direitos como arena de conflitos, o dualismo no sistema educativo, a alimentação, o descanso, o alcoolismo, as deserções, as acomodações e as revoltas, compuseram a análise da formação dos meninos e jovens da Marinha. Verificamos como os embates em torno da temática da profissionalização e carreira, que passavam pelas discussões que envolviam aspectos como o mérito pessoal, a antiguidade e o bom comportamento interferiram na produção de uma consciência de direitos. Tudo isso fez parte das experiências formativas de meninos e rapazes daquela instituição chamada pelos oficiais de principal viveiro de homens do mar. Por fim, para entendermos aqueles chamados pelo referencial thompsoniano como os de baixo percorremos a dureza da hierarquia e disciplina militares e as concepções de mundo desenvolvidas a partir das classificações e apartações dos indivíduos pela raça, pela origem social, pela constituição física e pelo analfabetismo. / In historical bases, this work deals with elementary, professional and military formation of apprentice marines and novice artisans in Brazilian military navy, during the period between 1870 and 1910. E. P. Thompsons theorical references were used in order to understand the young boys shared experiences which resulted from their relations with Brazilian and foreign marines, naval officers and townsworkers. Michel Foucaults conceptions served to guide the investigation on apprentice marine schools, their distinguishing mark as a total institution and their discipline apparatus. The main historical sources in the studied period were the ministry of naval affairs written reports, the court dock yard trade books, the Brazilian Marine Magazine lot and the documents from the funds/collection named Identification Group of Inward Funds GIFI in Portuguese, in charge of Brazilian office of public records. The search aimed to understand this military institutions fenomena inside state politics during the period between the end of Paraguay war and mariners revolt in 1910, and also know which determining changes, incoherences and conflicts occurred in labor internal arrangement and produced an educational model for the coming seamen. We intend to understand this state permanent institutions inner processes of enlistment and social individuals control. In order to know the apprentices formative experiences, we considered the idea that peoples education happens in multiple dimensions of their lives, and not only through official study classes and programs, manuals or discipline rules repeated over and over. Some questions emerged in the analysis of young marines formation, such as use of time, rights field as arena of conflicts, duality on educational system, nourishment, resting, alcoholism, desertion, lodgment and revolts. We observed how the production of a rights consciousness was influenced by certain questions, like the impacts around the theme of profissionalization and career resulting from aspects as personal superiority, oldness and good manner. All of this discussion took place in young boys formative experiences inside that institution so called sailormen nursery. At last, trying to comprehend those from underneath and using a thompsonian reference, we run through hierarchic hardness, military discipline and world conceptions based on individuals arrangement and apartheid according to race, social origin, physical disposition and illiteracy.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-16T00:13:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Enisson Godoy1.pdf: 1346691 bytes, checksum: 00eece9f1843e32c27959187ba8ba12d (MD5) Enisson Godoy2.pdf: 2094061 bytes, checksum: 41f4553aba1077c3daf95b69d84edc1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-05 / Discussing nautical sports calls to mind images of beauty, action and freedom. Marines are able to associate those images with urban development, a set of urban equipment which brings out a great amount of economical, social and touristic benefits to the region where it is implanted. Brazil, a country with tropical weather and more than 8500 km of coast line, does not rely on correspondent nautical structures to the enormous potential that it presents. This work tries to articulate reflections that lead to this reality. This research aims at identifying the main multidisciplinary knowledge about national maritime and the structures of nautical support, the conditions needed to its implantation and its varied possible interferences. It also investigates the available resources, the environment team, the legislation, the civil society performance, the NGOs, the District Attorney, the insecurity of licensed agents, as well as assessing the consequences of those interferences when planning is being developed, having the implantation of a shore structure designed to nautical support in view Marine. This is a qualitative and quantitative research concerning data collection. As to the means, it is bibliographical, exploratory, descriptive, historical and dialectic. One can observe the presence of the studied items in the Saco da Ribeira reurbanization case study, which focus the Golden Port Marine implantation. The achieved objectives allow the urbanist, through the science of possible obstacles, to find ways to overcome them, as a greater number of Marines become adopted as vectors of sustainable urban development. / Debater os esportes náuticos traz à mente imagens de beleza, ação e liberdade. Marinas permitem associar essas imagens ao desenvolvimento urbano, sendo equipamentos urbanos que trazem consigo enorme conjunto de benefícios turísticos, econômicos e sociais à região onde se implantam. O Brasil, com mais de 8500 km de costas e clima tropical, não conta com estruturas náuticas em número correspondente ao enorme potencial que se apresenta. Este trabalho buscou lançar reflexões que conduzam a esta realidade. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivos, identificar os principais conhecimentos multidisciplinares sobre a maritimidade nacional e as estruturas de apoio náutico; demonstrar as condições necessárias à sua implantação e as diversas interferências possíveis, os recursos disponíveis, o tema ambiental, a legislação, a atuação da sociedade civil, as ONGs, o Ministério Público, as obrigações do Estado e a insegurança dos agentes licenciadores; avaliar as conseqüências destas interferências quando se desenvolve o planejamento visando à implantação de uma estrutura de orla destinada ao apoio náutico - Marina. A pesquisa foi quali-quantitativa na coleta de dados e interpretação que buscou sempre uma conexão com o objeto de estudo. Quanto aos meios, ela foi bibliográfica, exploratória, descritiva, histórica e dialética. A presença dos itens estudados pode ser encontrada no estudo do caso da reurbanização do Saco da Ribeira em Ubatuba, focando ali a implantação da Marina Golden Port. Os objetivos alcançados permitem que através da ciência dos possíveis obstáculos, o urbanista possa encontrar meios de superá-los, passando a adotar em maior número, as marinas como vetores de desenvolvimento urbano sustentável.