From a survey of media reports and other documentary sources, illicit drug trafficking and trade seems to be a prevalent problem in South Africa today. Drugs are being shipped undetected in containers, which poses a significant threat to maritime security. The drug trade is also having a negative impact upon one of South Africa's valuable resources, abalone. It appears that there is a substantial nexus between the poaching of abalone and the illicit drug trade in South Africa. Abalone is considered to be a delicacy in the East and research shows that a substantial amount of drugs in South Africa has originated from the illicit trade of abalone. v This dissertation will examine illicit drug trafficking and trade with particular reference to the maritime industry which facilitates this illicit trafficking and trade through ineffective security measures governing containerisation; and also through the abalone trade. A survey of media reports, articles, reviews, Institute for Security Studies papers, books and the World Drug Report 2012 set the scene of illicit drug trafficking and trade in South Africa as being prevalent and damaging to the country's security measures. A review of South Africa's domestic legislation and the international conventions to which it is party is necessary to determine whether the law governing illicit drug trafficking and trade is adequate to address the issues highlighted above. The focus of this dissertation will then shift to wards the issues surrounding implementation and enforcement of these laws. The enforcement and implementation of the law seems tainted by corruption, lack of skills and morale and inexperience and therefore these issues need to be addressed in order to fully combat illicit drug trafficking and trade in South Africa's maritime industry. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

In this day and age of europeanisation and internationalisation of all aspects of society, including law, the topic of medieval maritime law has attracted increasing interest.  Regulating sea shipping, which is characterised by the connection between different ‘nations’, sea law is intrinsically international.  Or is it?  The existence of a common medieval maritime law has often been presumed, but is researched thoroughly for the first time in this study. By analysing the developing and spread of the written sea laws across Northern Europe and by comparing the contents of the different maritime regulations, as well as the legal practice in five Northern European towns (Lübeck in Northern Germany, Reval (Tallinn) in Estonia, Danzig (Gdansk) in Poland, Kampen in the Netherlands and Aberdeen in Scotland) by using the examples of shipwreck, jettison and ship collision, the author has aimed to determine whether it is accurate to speak of a common law of the sea in medieval Northern Europe on the level of the books of law, their contents and the practice of the law at the town courts. Research has proven that there was no uniformity on any of these levels, despite occasional similarities between the laws and the judgements passed by the courts.  There was no single law compilation available throughout Northern Europe at any time during the Middle Ages, there were no common regulations in the written laws and there was  no uniform legal practice in the towns of Northern Europe. The divergence between the five towns handled in this study could largely be explained by the different role each of the towns played on the European stage.

Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 1990. / Thesis Advisor(s): Evered, Roger D. Second Reader: Coy, Craig P. "June 1990." Description based on signature page. DTIC Identifier(s): Coast Guard operations, law enforcement, management strategy, theses. Author(s) subject terms: Coast Guard strategy; Coast Guard strategic management; Coast Guard strategic management, law enforcement. Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-89). Also available online.

No description available.

"Mémoire présenté à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maître en droit (LL.M.)". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 15% des mémoires de la discipline. / Bien qu'en apparente amélioration, l'état de la sécurité maritime n'est pas aussi reluisant que ne le laissent croire les statistiques en la matière. Une série d'accidents ayant culminé avec le naufrage de l'Erika le long des côtes françaises en décembre 1999 témoignent que des failles persistent, notamment dans son système juridique. Ces failles renvoient essentiellement à l'application et au contrôle déficients des règles juridiques existantes en la matière, voire leur évitement par les acteurs y associés. Or, le susdit naufrage démontra que cette déficience n'est pas le propre de certains intervenants isolés, traditionnellement identifiés comme responsables de tous les maux dans le transport maritime, qu'il s'agisse d'armateurs « laxistes » ou d'États de pavillons « de complaisance », mais bel et bien d'un réseau entier d'acteurs. Cette « chaîne » d'acteurs responsables de l'application des règles de la sécurité maritime se révéla, en fait, particulièrement compromise dans le cas de l'Erika et des failles furent décelées dans chacune de ses composantes; allant des chantiers navals ayant construit ou réparé le navire, jusqu'aux autorités portuaires l'ayant inspecté/détenu, en passant par les propriétaires du navire, ses gestionnaires, financiers, assureurs, sociétés de classification, son État de pavillon, affréteur, capitaine et son équipage, pour ne nommer qu'eux. Ainsi, l'affaire de l'Erika révéla l'existence - et l'étendue véritable - de ce qu'il fut convenu de désigner comme une « chaîne de responsabilité » dans le domaine de la sécurité maritime. C'est, donc, cette chaîne d'acteurs et, le cas échéant, les mesures (légales et autres) élaborées en vue de sa responsabilisation accrue et de l'amélioration de sa fiabilité et, par extension, de celle du régime juridique de la sécurité maritime tout entier (en vue d'une mise en oeuvre plus efficiente des règles y afférentes), que l'on se propose d'étudier. Pour ce faire, l'on procède à partir de ce que l'on peut convenir de considérer comme étant la dualité fondamentale du concept de sécurité maritime (« maritime safety »), renvoyant, d'une part, à la sécurité des navires (« ship safety ») et, d'autre part, à la sécurité de leur exploitation et des opérations de transport (« shipping safety »). Dans l'étude de la sécurité des navires, il sera d'abord question des règles portant sur la conception, la construction, l'entretien et la répélration de ces derniers. Après un bref aperçu du cadre d'élaboration de ces règles -lui-même sans assises sûres - et de leur contenu, une analyse des acteurs chargés de leur application lors de chacune desdites opérations fera ressortir les nombreuses failles en la matière. L'on s'attardera, en second lieu, aux divers contrôles conditionnant cette sécurité, et en l'occurrence au régime de certification, d'inspections et de sanctions présent dans le domaine. L'imperfection de ce régime transparaîtra notamment de la prolifération de ces contrôles. Traditionnellement réservés aux sociétés de classification et aux États du pavillon (à la lumière du droit international), ceux-ci, jugés défaillants, en sont venus à être également exercés par les États du port et une demi-dizaine d'acteurs individuels. Il sera, donc, question de la nature et l'étendue de ces contrôles et des initiatives et développements propres à chacun. S'agissant, cette fois, de l'exploitation des navires, il sera question de la sécurité autant dans la gestion corporative maritime qu'en matière d'équipage des navires. S'agissant de gestion corporative, après une analyse de l'organisation du métier et des fonctions d'armateur, l'on s'attardera sur les pratiques mêmes de gestion au sein de l'industrie et les tentatives de régulation et d'assainissement de ces dernières (au niveau international). La sécurité en matière d'équipage, renverra, quant à elle, à la compétence de celui-ci et à ses conditions de travail - qu'elles aient trait aux rapports individuels ou collectifs - ainsi qu'aux initiatives d'amélioration de ces dernières présentes, ici aussi, au niveau international. Un bref aperçu de la controverse entourant la responsabilité du capitaine du navire suite à des accidents en mer s'ensuivra. Il sera, enfin, question des (principales) opérations de transport maritime, en l'occurrence les opérations portuaires et de navigation, mais aussi la 'fin' de ces opérations et la pratique dite du recyclage des navires. Pour ce qui est des opérations portuaires, des failles dans la sécurité transparaîtront autant au niveau des infrastructures, des services que du personnel des ports. Pour ce qui est des opérations de navigation, l'on traitera d'abord des développements affectant la sécurité dans la navigation en eaux intérieures, s'agissant des diverses aides à la navigation et services de trafic maritimes offerts par les autorités côtières, ainsi que des carences du système international de navigation en haute mer. Il sera, enfin, question de la pratique du recyclage des navires où des initiatives de la part de l'industrie ont récemment vu le jour en matière de sécurité suite à une conscientisation accrue des implications que cette pratique pouvait comporter en la matière (particulièrement du point de vue environnemental). Cette recherche est à jour en date du 30 août 2002. / Although supposedly improving, the present state of maritime safety is not as enviable as the statistics on the subject might show. A series of accidents culminating in the sinking of the Erika near the french coast on december 1999 prove that many failings persist, particularly in its legal regime. These failings essentiaIly have to do with the deficient application of the existing rules and even their avoidance by the actors involved in this field. The above-mentioned sinking showed that this deficiency and avoidance is not to be associated with a few isolated actors, traditionaIly identified as being responsible for all the problems in maritime transportation, be it 'irresponsible' shipowners or Flag States 'of convenience', but that it is to be found throughout the entire chain of actors involved in the application of the nonns relating to maritime safety. In fact, all of these actors were found to bear sorne degree of responsibility or blame for the events leading up to the Erika tragedy; from the shipbuidmg or shiprepair yards all the way up to the various port State administrations which inspected and/or detained the ship, including the ship's owners, managers, bankers, insurers, classification societies, Flag State, charterer, captain and crew, to name a few. Therefore, the Erika matter revealed the existence - and true extent - of what has come to be known as the "chain ofresponsibility" in maritime safety. It is this chain of actors and the various measures (legal and other) that have been taken to ensure its improvement and, by definition, the improvement of the legal regime of maritime safety as a whole - in view of a better application of nonns - that we attempt to analyze. In this respect, we proceed from what can be identified as the fundamental duality of the concept of maritime safety, namely ship safety and shipping safety. In analyzing ship safety we first refer to the rules having to do with the design construction, maintenance and repair of ships. Following a brief overview of the context in which these rules are drafted - itself fraught with uncertainties - and their content, a study of the actors involved in their application during each of these operations reveals the failings in this field. We then analyze the various types of controls existing in view of ensuring that this safety is maintained and in particular the certification, inspection and sanctions regime. The defects in this regime emanate from the proliferation of these diverse controls. Traditionally reserved to classification societies and flag states (as prescribed by international law), these controls are now as weIl being exercised by various port states and about half a dozen individual actors. The nature and extent of these controls is therefore analyzed as well as the various initiatives and developments relating to each. As for shipping safety, this has to do as much with the various conditions of operation of a ship as with the transport operations themselves. The conditions of operation of a ship essentially refer to the safety of its management as well as that relating to the crew. Regarding safety of management, following an overview of the nature and present-day functions of the shipowner, we study the various management practices through the industry as weIl as the recent attempts (at the international level) to regulate and improve these. As for safety matters relating to crew, these refer as much to the crew' s competence as to their working conditions aboard the ship - that they refer to their individual or collective rights - including the efforts - in the international scene as well - to regulate and improve these. A brief overview of the responsibility of the ship' s captain in the event of an accident at sea follows. The (main) transportation operations, name1y port and navigational operations as well as the regime prevailing when these 'end', namely the practice of ship recyc1ing, are, finally, analyzed. Regarrding port operations, deficiencies in safety emanate as much through port infrastructures, services as well as personnel. As for navigational operations, we first analyze the various developments relating to safety in national waters, namely navigational aids as well as vessel traffic services offered by coastal States, and then explore the failings of the international navigational system in the high seas. We finaIly, refer to the practice of ship recyc1ing where initiatives have recently been taken by the industry to improve safety matters foIlowing a better awareness of the potential implications of the practice as relates to safety (and in particular environmental) matters. This research is current as of August 30th, 2002.

La dématérialisation est une opération liée à une technologie consistant à remplacer un support matériel tangible par un procédé électronique. Par exemple le connaissement dématérialisé est détaché de son support matériel historique à savoir le papier. Le passage de la frontière numérique implique des changements et soulève des questions intéressantes, que la thèse se propose d’examiner sous l’angle du droit maritime. À travers une approche interdisciplinaire, les concepts sont clarifiés pour procéder à une qualification du document numérique et montrer les variations et les similitudes terminologiques autour des notions de document original, de copie, de signature électronique, d’archivage, d’intégrité et d’authenticité ; proposés par la Loi type sur le commerce électronique et la Loi type sur la signature électronique. Le statut du document électronique est analysé, en évaluant conjointement sa valeur probante et informationnelle. Confrontant les principes à la pratique, la thèse prend la mesure du débat sur la dématérialisation des titres négociables. Compte tenu des incertitudes, controverses et contradictions relevées, on souligne la nécessité d’une réforme homogène et transversale pour mieux encadrer les pratiques de numérisation et ainsi permettre une véritable reconnaissance de la dématérialisation du document valant titre de propriété. Il convient de rappeler que le point de vue proposé est basé sur le droit de tradition civiliste, en particulier le droit Français et Africain, étant donné la place centrale que l’écrit occupe sur le terrain probatoire. La qualification technique et juridique du document électronique et la copie numérique passe nécessairement par l’examen des notions de support et de langage informatique. En l'occurrence, on observe que si ces notions sont communes à la technique et au droit, elles n’y sont pas exactement comprises de la même manière. On ne manquera pas de souligner les convergences et les divergences à cet égard et la nécessité cruciale de clarifier le sens que l’on donne aux concepts lorsqu’on touche à une question technique comme la dématérialisation ou la preuve des actes juridiques. Si la dématérialisation a posé des difficultés par le passé, c’est à cause du support de l’écrit et de la notion d’orignal électronique. Dans le contexte d’aujourd’hui, le support est inopérant face au concept d’équivalence fonctionnelle. L’original n’est pas une notion tributaire du papier ou du support électronique : un original peut désormais être un écrit électronique revêtu d’une signature électronique, les notions classiques d’écrit et de signature ayant été adaptées en ce sens par le législateur. / Dematerialization is a technology-based surgery that involves replacing a tangible physical medium with an electronic process. For example, the dematerialized bill of lading is detached from its historical material medium, namely paper. The passage of the numerical border involves changes and raises interesting questions, which the thesis offer to look from the angle of maritime law. Through an interdisciplinary approach, the concepts are clarified in order to qualify the digital document and show terminological variations and similarities around the concepts of original document, copy, electronic signature, archiving, integrity and authenticity; proposed by the Model Law on Electronic trade and the Model Law on Electronic Signature. The status of the electronic document is analyzed, jointly assessing its probative and informational value. Confronting the principles with practice, the thesis takes the measure of the debate on the dematerialization of negotiable securities. In view of the uncertainties, controversies and contradictions noted, the need for a homogeneous and transversal reform is emphasized in order to better regulate the digitization practices and thus allow genuine recognition of the dematerialization of the document holding the title of ownership. It should be recalled that the point of view proposed is based on the right of civil law tradition, in particular French and African law, given the central place that writing occupies on the evidentiary ground. The technical and legal qualification of the electronic document and the digital copy necessarily require an examination of the notions of support and computer language. In this case, we observe that if these notions are common to the technique and the law, they are not exactly understood in the same way. We will not fail to emphasize the convergences and divergences in this respect and the crucial need to clarify the meaning that we give to concepts when we touch on a technical question such as the dematerialization or proof of legal acts. If the dematerialization posed difficulties in the past, it is because of the medium of writing and the concept of moose electronic. In the context of today, support is ineffective in the face of the concept of functional equivalence. The original is not a notion dependent on the paper or the electronic medium: an original can now be an electronic writing with an electronic signature, the classical notions of writing and signature having been adapted in this sense by the legislator.

The trade of shipping is necessarily international in nature. Courts and international bodies often express the need to ensure international consistency in matters of maritime law. However, it has been an extremely difficult goal to achieve. Many countries have refused to be party to international conventions that seek to ensure comity. Some have enacted laws that reflect part but not all of those conventions, or seek to improve the protection offered by the conventions. The domestic law of each country also adds its own flavour to shipping law as recognised and applied by the courts in that jurisdiction. In 1974 Australia enacted the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) (TPA), heralding a new era in corporate and commercial law. However, its impact on maritime law on Australia has only been felt over the last 10 – 15 years. It is potentially relevant to many areas of maritime law, including carriage of goods by sea, cruise ships, and towage. This thesis explores the encroachment of the TPA on a number of different areas of shipping law, using the few case examples on offer and extrapolating the impact that the TPA may have. It also considers the extent to which the TPA is stymied by simple contractual agreements to litigate or arbitrate in a non Australian forum, despite the TPA’s status as a mandatory statute within Australia. Raised at various points in the thesis is the possibility of law reform, which is a complex compendium of issues overlaid with a moral dimension – does shipping, as an industry, deserve to be exempted from the operation of the Act which sets a high standard of corporate behaviour? If so, how could that reform be shaped? In the meantime, what steps can the shipping industry take to work within the legal framework of the TPA?

No description available.

Taiwan is an island surrounded by ocean, where its unique geographical location has placed Taiwan the role of the Asian maritime hub. Heavy traffic is around the surrounding water with thousands of ships passing through each day. The prosperous shipping industrial bring economic benefits, nevertheless, it also enhances the risk of marine pollution. Facing the potential marine environmental impact incurred by shipping, it is imperative to review the current inspection system and related policies designated to the prevention of ship pollution. Currently in Taiwan, Port State Control (PSC) is implemented by the harbor bureaus, who enforce the regulations articulated by PSC. The objectives of PSC are to protect human life and cargo safety at sea, and to prevent the pollution from ships. Due to the lack of dedicated units and personnel, there are no frequent ship inspections and thus less effective PSC operations. In addition, without any appropriate vessel to navigate off coast, the harbor bureaus cannot perform investigations on board for the ships sail around Taiwan waters. It is therefore possible that the ships discharge waste oil and sewage into the sea intentionally or negligently, and cause marine environmental pollution and impact marine ecology. The study has identified the inadequate capacity for maritime enforcement in Taiwan. To improve the current situations, it is necessary to refer to law enforcement experiences from developed countries. After careful review the related literatures, the study has also interviewed several domain experts and presented the results using the SWOT table. In addition, a multi-objective programming (MOP) model has been formulated to suggest the allocation strategies of inspection resources based on the objectives of cost and performance. Finally, the study has analyzed the historical events, enforcement capacities, equipment, laws, and policies, and has proposed the comprehensive suggestions to overcome the current problems and thus improve the supervision of oil pollution from ships. The goals of marine environmental protection and sustainable marine ecology are therefore achievable.

Maritime law enforcement is the fundamental issue for the national security as well a great component for the social and economic stability. This is the trend of international society, especially on the aspects of the highly advancement of scientific technology and the upward surge of human right. People become non-passive on the carrying-out of .law enforcement without contortion and actively conform to the quality and standard of laws by the institutional performance. It is noted that people have serious considered their individual rights, especially to the limitation or prohibition of their rights after the release of 535 th solution by the grand justice. It is the obligation of law maker or practitioner to carefully examining people¡¦s right. Coast Guard Administration of Executive Yuan is the sole institution responsible for maritime law enforcement. Its maritime law enforcement scope consists of internal waters, the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone, the continental shelf and the high seas. The CGA enforce the laws and conform to not only the nation, but also the international jurisdiction rights. The present study has identified following issues for the improvement of current maritime law enforcement; 1) a lack of proper laws for authoring the coast guard administration on maritime enforcement, 2) a need to revising and formulating the laws related to the tasks of the coast guard institution, 3) a proper law to integrate, reform and unify or amend the laws or acts among the different government departments. 4) the unfitness of the function of 535 th solution to meet with the maritime law enforcement, 5) the problem of penalty and fine on the prohibited waters, 6) the future direction and its capacity for international and cross-channel activities related to cut-down the domestic criminal cases. These issues are imperatively needed to improve the governmental effectiveness on the development of resources and manpower in order to enhance the capability of coast guard institution to apprehend smugglers and arrest sneaking people. Furthermore, the laws shall be able to provide the power to maintain fishery resources, protect sea environment, and perform the safe and rescue on the sea. Thus, the nation can be in competitive pace with the international advanced countries in regard to the law system.