The project is a local cultural center located in Gulou area in the old city center of Beijing, China. This urban intervention establishes a series of harmonious relationships between the city and the architecture, between the urban and the autonomous and between the old and the new . The pattern of the city's fabric, the local traditions, and the basic ways of life serve to guide the spatial organization and the development of architectural elements. The building is dematerialized. Paintings and diagrams are abstracted from the physical reality of the building. Drawings and models are made to further present the spatial orders and conditions. The containment of the architecure has always drawn as much attention from me as on the building itself. This thesis is more about searching for the intangible contained by physical elements. / Master of Architecture

In recent years the concept of dematerialization has had an effect on design professions that rely on materiality for its manifestation. This process has diminished the unique characteristics of design, but through the investigation of making as integral part of the design process, the creative identity and status of design can be strengthened again. This dissertation proposes a parallel process which integrates the act of making into the conventional design process, to address both the material and immaterial qualities of a space. The focus of the study is to investigate and determine a new spatial language as the digital and physical realms are merging together to create the concept of a cybrid space. The Boukunde archive holds opportunity for this investigation to express the new character of a cybrid space. Characteristics of both the paper archive and a digital archive are extracted to inform and define the re-representation of the archive in its contemporary context. Paper at present does not yet have a clearly defined spatial language in the built environment therefore through the exploration of this unconventional material in an innovative way, creates the opportunity for a new interaction and experience. Paper becomes a symbol of the old paper archive that has been re-interpreted in the cybrid archive where this new space embodies qualities of both the physical realm and the digital realm that are experienced in novel ways. The paper installation becomes the visual link in the space which captures the essence of the architectural drawing archive. / In onlangse jare het die konsep van dematerialisering 'n invloed op die ontwerp beroepe gehad. Hierdie proses het die unieke eienskappe van ontwerp onderdruk, maar deur die ondersoek van die Research Through Making metodiek as integrale deel van die ontwerpproses, kan die kreatiewe identiteit en status van ontwerp weer versterk word. Die doel van die verhandeling is om weg te beweeg van konvensionele ontwerp prosesse, deur die proses van maak te versterk sodat die materi?le en nie-materi?le eienskappe meer geintegreer kan word in die ruimtelike uitkoms. Die fokus van die studie is om ondersoek in te stel en te bepaal wat die nuwe ruimtelike taal is wanneer die digitale en fisiese ruimtes geintegreer word in een nuwe ruimte, as deel van die cybrid konsep. Die Boukunde argief hou geleentheid vir hierdie ondersoek om die nuwe karakter van 'n cybrid ruimte te ondersoek en uit te beeld. Papier tans het nie 'n duidelike ruimtelike taal in die bou omgewing nie en dus deur die verkenning van hierdie onkonvensionele materiaal op 'n innoverende manier, skep dit geleentheid vir 'n nuwe ruimtelike toepassing en ervarring. Papier word 'n simbool van die ou papier argief asook die estetiese en funksionele voorstelling van die cybrid argief. Die nuwe ruimte vergestalt eienskappe van beide die fisiese and digitale ryke en die papier installasie word die visuele verbinding in die ruimte wat die essensie vna die argitektoniese tekening argief vas vang. / Mini Dissertation (MInt (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Architecture / MInt (Prof) / Unrestricted

Nous sommes en train de passer rapidement à un nouvel environnement caractérisé par l’internationalité, la dématérialisation et la célérité. Ces caractéristiques ne sont pas sans effet. Le monde change autour de nous grâce à l’avènement de la technologie et à l’intégration des outils électroniques dans toutes nos activités. L’Internet devient un outil indispensable à utiliser et à intégrer dans nos activités, notamment les activités commerciales. Le commerce international cède de plus en plus la place au commerce électronique. Le développement du phénomène universel de l’Internet et l’émergence du commerce électronique provoquent naturellement des situations conflictuelles à dimension internationale. Face à l’impossibilité de recourir à la justice étatique, le recours au règlement dématérialisé était donc nécessaire, ce qui favorise le développement logique des ODR, notamment l’Arbitrage Électronique. Nonobstant, le recours à ce mode de résolution soulève des problématiques parfois techniques, mais il pose surtout de nombreuses problématiques juridiques, justement à cause de la nature de l’environnement juridique. Surmonter ces problématiques à travers la mise en place d’un environnement favorable au développement de l’Arbitrage Électronique est donc indispensable. Une chose est sûre, si l’Arbitrage Électronique fait appel à l’environnement technique et à l’environnement juridique, et que le processus peut apparaître à première vue complexe, il en est autrement, toutes les problématiques techniques et juridiques traitées ne sont pas insurmontables. / We are moving quickly to a new environment characterized by global dematerialization and celerity. These features are not without effect. The world around us is changing with the advent of technology and the integration of electronic tools in all our activities. The Internet is becoming an indispensable tool to use and integrate in our business, including commercial activities. International trade gives more room to the electronic commerce. The development of the universal phenomenon of the Internet and the emergence of electronic commerce naturally provoke conflicts even to international extend. Faced with the impossibility of using state justice, the use of paperless settlement was necessary, which promotes the logical development of ODR including Electronic Arbitration. Nevertheless, the use of this resolution mode sometimes raises not only technical issues, but many legal ones as well. This is precisely due to the nature of the legal environment. Overcoming these issues through the establishment of an environment fitting the development of Electronic Arbitration is necessary. For sure, if Electronic Arbitration uses technical and legal environment, and though the process may appear complex at first sight, all legal and technical issues dealt with in this thesis are, however, overcome.

Le banal objet manufacturé a pris une place de plus en plus importante sur la scène artistique depuis son irruption, via le geste de Marcel Duchamp en 1913. De 1913 à aujourd’hui, cet objet pose problème : 1/car il est à la fois objet quotidien et objet d’art ; 2/ car exposé, il est soumis à un dispositif communicationnel qui tout à la fois en montre le sens et en génère ; 3/ car plus l’objet se réduit plus le discours tissé autour est important. Le sens qu’il revêt au long du siècle change et une évolution se dessine : plus l’objet tend à s’abstraire, à se numériser plus il va revenir sous la forme du discours et de la communication nous donnant à voir quelque chose d’irréductible, ce que l’homme dépose en lui de fondamentalement humain. Envisagé sous les angles esthétique, anthropologique et institutionnel, l’objet, apparemment simple, nous montre son indéniable complexité. Il est fonctionnel, utile, décoratif parfois, objet d’art plus rarement et en lui se fixe quelque chose du sujet qui l’utilise, le regarde, le crée. L’objet, comme paradigme de la communication humaine, suit, induit, en tout cas entérine les progrès et les régressions de la société. Et l’objet d’art, dans les dispositifs d’exposition de plus en plus prégnants, interactifs et sophistiqués, est un révélateur essentiel pour une meilleure saisie du présent. / The mundane and manufactured object has taken an increasing place on the artistic scene since its irruption, by the act of Marcel Duchamp in 1913. From 1913 to nowadays, this object is problematic: 1/ because it is both an everyday thing and a piece of art; 2/ because, when it is exhibited, it is submitted to a device of communication which simultaneously reveals and creates the meaning; 3/ because more the object is reducing itself, more the discourse about it is important.Throughout this century, the meaning of the object has changed and an evolution is discernable: more the object is abstracting or digitizing itself, more it exists by the discourse and the communication. This gives us to see an irreducible thing, a fundamentally human leftover.Analysed by aesthetic, anthropologic and institutional perspectives, the object, apparently simple, reveals its clear complexity. It is functional, useful, sometimes decorative, and more rarely a piece of art; and something of the subject, who uses, peers, creates its, sets in itself. The object, as a paradigm of the human communication, follows, induces, endorses at any rate progresses and regressions of society. In increasingly significant, interactive and sophisticated exhibitions’ devices, the piece of art is an essential indicator for a best understanding of the present time.

"Mémoire présenté à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit des affaires (LL.M)" / Le commerce international ne cesse de se développer avec l'évolution des technologies de l'information de nos jours. Le crédit documentaire, qui est un instrument de règlement du prix de prestations commerciales entre un vendeur exportateur et un acheteur importateur, fait partie du domaine touché par l'évolution électronique. C'est la raison pour laquelle la Chambre de commerce international de Paris a adopté récemment le Guide sur le crédit documentaire informatisé (eRUU), supplément aux règles et usances uniformes (les RUU 500) appliqué aux crédits documentaires. Le crédit documentaire doit être basé sur une grande confiance et une énorme sécurité. Ainsi, la fraude nuit au principe de l'autonomie de la lettre de crédit et détruit le besoin de sécurité qu'elle engendre. Les divergences relatives à certains critères de la fraude et la délimitation des obligations de la banque dans la vérification des documents sur support papier sont assez complexes pour les commerçants internationaux et pour les banques. Et même si la dématérialisation des documents a tendance à diminuer la fraude en la matière, le crédit documentaire dématérialisé serait encore loin d'être réalisé sans difficultés, avec l'émergence directe des tiers dans l'opération. Son analyse exhaustive doit donc continuer sur le plan doctrinal. La délimitation du devoir de la banque dans la recherche de cette fraude électronique, et dans le paiement des documents électroniques deviendrait aussi discutable que celle dans le crédit documentaire traditionnel. Les banques devraient, entre autres, être sensibilisées sur la nécessité de prendre dans les meilleurs délais certaines dispositions, pour permettre à la clientèle des entreprises d'effectuer des présentations ou des réceptions électroniques des documents de la lettre de crédit en conformité avec le règlement eUCP. / The international trade does not cease developing with the evolution of information technology nowadays. The documentary credit, which is an instrument of payment of the price of commercial services between an exporting salesman and an importing purchaser, is part of the field touched by the electronic evolution. This is why the international Chamber of Commerce of Paris recently adopted the Guide on the computerized letter of credit (eRUU), supplement to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit (RUU 500). The letter of credit must be based on a great confidence and an enormous safety. Thus, the fraud harms the principle of the autonomy of the letter of credit and destroyes the need for safety which it generates. The divergences relative to certain criteria of the fraud and the delimitation of the obligations of the bank in the checking of the documents on paper medium are complex enough for the international tradesmen and the banks. And even if the dematerialization of the documents tends to decrease the fraud on the matter, the dematerialized credit on security would be still far from being carried out without difficulties, with the direct emergence of the thirds in the operation. Its exhaustive analysis must then continue on the doctrinal level. The delimitation of the duty of the bank in the search for this electronic fraud, and in the payment of the electronic documents would become as debatable as that in the traditional documentary credit. The banks would have to be somewhat sensitized on the need for making certain provisions as soon as possible, to allow companies' customers to carry out presentations or electronic receptions of the documents of the letter of credit in conformity with the eUCP.

This project explores the juxtaposition of classical and contemporary architectural forms as they coexist within Richmond City’s urban fabric. It is an assessment and understanding of how the built environment can reinforce transitions between old and new in ways that both integrate architectural differences and embrace historical identity. Richmond, and a large part of Virginia in general, has been shaped by the historical events of its existence. The sights of the city reveal a clash of the old and new. It is a city where newer developments and traditional elements have been trying to co-mingle. The design incorporates a contemporary architectural language that joins with the building’s historical surroundings without breaking the balance of the composition.

O Estado, para obter recursos com o objetivo de financiar suas atividades, recorre ao mercado por meio de dois mecanismos: a obtenção de empréstimos individualizados e o lançamento de títulos públicos. Na realidade atual, a dívida mobiliária alcança volume muito superior ao da contratual, tendo em vista algumas vantagens do mecanismo dos títulos públicos. Entre essas vantagens, pode-se citar um universo maior de potenciais compradores, a possibilidade de execução de política monetária, a maior facilidade de controle, o menor custo de negociação e escrituração. Fenômeno também observado nas últimas décadas, em escala mundial, é de que os títulos públicos sejam emitidos de modo escritural e eletrônico. Nesse contexto, não pode ser aplicado a esses valores o ferramental teórico e normativo dos títulos de crédito. Com efeito, se a doutrina tradicional considerava os papéis emitidos pelo Estado como uma espécie desses títulos, tal constatação não mais se sustenta, em especial diante da completa inexistência de um suporte documental dos ativos eletrônicos. As características e institutos próprios dos títulos de crédito, como a cartularidade, a literalidade, o endosso e o aval não são compatíveis com a realidade negocial que hoje conforma os títulos públicos. Um conceito jurídico que pode explicar a natureza atual dos títulos públicos e permitir o regramento das operações que os envolvem é o de instrumento financeiro. Desenvolvido no âmbito do ordenamento comunitário europeu, esse conceito não se encontra perfeitamente delimitado no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, mas nada impede a sua construção em sede doutrinária. Tomando por base a noção de instrumento financeiro, o foco da normatização deixa de ser cada título considerado em si, para recair sobre o mercado em que eles são negociados. Assim, ganha relevo o estudo da estrutura institucional desses mercados, bem como das principais operações que neles são travadas. Tais operações incluem a emissão e a oferta inicial, a negociação secundária, o resgate, a rolagem da dívida, bem como eventuais renegociações e alterações unilaterais nas características dos títulos. Para o desenvolvimento de mercados líquidos e eficientes, algumas condições são imprescindíveis, como, por exemplo, a existência de graus mínimos de estabilidade, previsibilidade e segurança, de uma imagem sólida e confiabilidade das instituições participantes, em especial dos entes estatais emissores etc. Além disso, todo o arcabouço normativo deve ser construído levando-se em consideração os interesses de cada grupo de agentes econômicos envolvidos, como forma de tornar atrativa para estes a alocação de recursos na aquisição de títulos públicos. / When the State needs to obtain resources in order to finance its activities, it resorts to the market through two main mechanisms: individual loans or public securities. Nowadays, the debt securities total amount is much higher compared to the debts founded on individual loans, due to some advantages of the technology of public securities. Among such advantages, it can be mentioned a larger universe of potential buyers, the possibility of implementing monetary policy, the easier control, and the lower costs of trading and bookkeeping. In recent decades, it has also been noticed that the public bonds are worldwidely issued in both book-entry and electronic ways. In this context, the theoretical and normative tools regarding negotiable instruments can not be applied to these bonds anymore. Indeed, if the traditional doctrine used to consider the public bonds as negotiable instruments, such understanding can no longer take place, specially taking into account the complete absence of any supporting documentation of electronic assets. The peculiar characteristics and rules related to the negotiable instruments, such as the need of the document to enforce the rights, the respect to the terms of the document, the endorsement, and the guaranty are no longer compatible with the present reality of public bonds. A legal concept that can explain the current nature of the public securities and allows the regulation of operations envolving them is the financial instrument. Developed under the European Community law, this concept is not well defined in the Brazilian legal system yet, but nothing prevents its development in our doctrine. Based on the concept of financial instruments, the focus of regulation is no longer each title considered itself, but the markets in which the financial instruments are traded. Thus it becomes important to study the institutional structure of such markets, as well as the leading operations that are performed in the markets scope. Such operations include the issuance and the initial offering, the secondary trading, the redemption, the debt rollover, the renegotiations of the bonds, and the unilateral changes of their characteristcs. In order to develop efficient and liquid markets, certain conditions are essential, such as the existence of minimal degrees of stability, predictability and security; a solid image and reliability of the participating institutions, in particular of the public issuing bodies etc. Moreover, any regulatory framework should be built taking into consideration the interests of each economic agents groups involved, in order to make the allocation of resources in government securities attractive for them.

O presente estudo, alinhado às recentes tendências doutrinárias e aos anseios dos setores econômicos, visa avaliar as práticas mercantis e o ambiente normativo brasileiro para ponderar sobre a necessidade e possibilidade de substituição do papel por documentos eletrônicos na criação de títulos de crédito, realizando uma avaliação da desmaterialização no âmbito dos títulos de crédito em geral para, em seguida, direcionar o foco da avaliação sobre a desmaterialização da Cédula de Crédito Bancário. A estrutura jurídica dos títulos de crédito surge com a finalidade econômica de propiciar um mecanismo simples, rápido e seguro de circulação de riquezas, tendo sido construída ao redor do papel da cártula de modo que no presente trabalho são apresentadas ponderações sobre a aptidão do documento eletrônico, concebido a partir das inovações tecnológicas verificadas nas últimas décadas do século XX, para instrumentalizar um título de crédito apto ao atendimento da finalidade econômica que fundamentou sua criação. Em sua essência, os títulos de crédito são documentos cuja criação dá origem a uma nova obrigação, a obrigação cambiária a qual tem suas condições e características descritas no próprio documento que lhe serve de suporte material. Desde a sua origem na Idade Média, o papel desempenha a função de suporte material do título de crédito, a ponto de a própria circulação dos direitos decorrentes da obrigação cambiária confundir-se com a circulação física da cártula, de modo que a avaliação dos impactos jurídicos oriundos da transição do suporte material desta obrigação para um meio incorpóreo é o tema central deste trabalho. / In accordance with the latest doctrinal trends and economic sectors´ concerns, this work aims to evaluate the Brazilian market practices and legal environment in order to consider about the necessity and the possibility of the adoption of computer-based documents, instead of paper-based documents, in the creation of negotiable instruments. The evaluation is conducted through the review of the dematerialization process regarding the negotiable instruments in general to then direct the focus on the Bank Credit Note dematerialization. The negotiable instruments legal concept arises together with the economic purpose of providing a simple, fast and safe mechanism of circulation of wealth and having been built around the paper-based documents. Considering that, this work intends to analyze the computer-based documents characteristics designed by the technological innovations occurred in the last decades of the twentieth century, in order to confirm their ability to create negotiable instruments able to fulfill the expected economics purposes. In their essence, the negotiable instruments are documents whose creation gives rise to a new obligation, which has its conditions and characteristics content in the document. The paper-based document acts as the vehicle of negotiable instruments since its origin in the Middle Ages and the circulation of wealth has been based on the physical delivery of the paper-based document. The assessment of the legal impacts arising from the substitution of the physical paper-based documents of the negotiable instruments for an intangible vehicle is the central theme of this work.

La dématérialisation est une opération liée à une technologie consistant à remplacer un support matériel tangible par un procédé électronique. Par exemple le connaissement dématérialisé est détaché de son support matériel historique à savoir le papier. Le passage de la frontière numérique implique des changements et soulève des questions intéressantes, que la thèse se propose d’examiner sous l’angle du droit maritime. À travers une approche interdisciplinaire, les concepts sont clarifiés pour procéder à une qualification du document numérique et montrer les variations et les similitudes terminologiques autour des notions de document original, de copie, de signature électronique, d’archivage, d’intégrité et d’authenticité ; proposés par la Loi type sur le commerce électronique et la Loi type sur la signature électronique. Le statut du document électronique est analysé, en évaluant conjointement sa valeur probante et informationnelle. Confrontant les principes à la pratique, la thèse prend la mesure du débat sur la dématérialisation des titres négociables. Compte tenu des incertitudes, controverses et contradictions relevées, on souligne la nécessité d’une réforme homogène et transversale pour mieux encadrer les pratiques de numérisation et ainsi permettre une véritable reconnaissance de la dématérialisation du document valant titre de propriété. Il convient de rappeler que le point de vue proposé est basé sur le droit de tradition civiliste, en particulier le droit Français et Africain, étant donné la place centrale que l’écrit occupe sur le terrain probatoire. La qualification technique et juridique du document électronique et la copie numérique passe nécessairement par l’examen des notions de support et de langage informatique. En l'occurrence, on observe que si ces notions sont communes à la technique et au droit, elles n’y sont pas exactement comprises de la même manière. On ne manquera pas de souligner les convergences et les divergences à cet égard et la nécessité cruciale de clarifier le sens que l’on donne aux concepts lorsqu’on touche à une question technique comme la dématérialisation ou la preuve des actes juridiques. Si la dématérialisation a posé des difficultés par le passé, c’est à cause du support de l’écrit et de la notion d’orignal électronique. Dans le contexte d’aujourd’hui, le support est inopérant face au concept d’équivalence fonctionnelle. L’original n’est pas une notion tributaire du papier ou du support électronique : un original peut désormais être un écrit électronique revêtu d’une signature électronique, les notions classiques d’écrit et de signature ayant été adaptées en ce sens par le législateur. / Dematerialization is a technology-based surgery that involves replacing a tangible physical medium with an electronic process. For example, the dematerialized bill of lading is detached from its historical material medium, namely paper. The passage of the numerical border involves changes and raises interesting questions, which the thesis offer to look from the angle of maritime law. Through an interdisciplinary approach, the concepts are clarified in order to qualify the digital document and show terminological variations and similarities around the concepts of original document, copy, electronic signature, archiving, integrity and authenticity; proposed by the Model Law on Electronic trade and the Model Law on Electronic Signature. The status of the electronic document is analyzed, jointly assessing its probative and informational value. Confronting the principles with practice, the thesis takes the measure of the debate on the dematerialization of negotiable securities. In view of the uncertainties, controversies and contradictions noted, the need for a homogeneous and transversal reform is emphasized in order to better regulate the digitization practices and thus allow genuine recognition of the dematerialization of the document holding the title of ownership. It should be recalled that the point of view proposed is based on the right of civil law tradition, in particular French and African law, given the central place that writing occupies on the evidentiary ground. The technical and legal qualification of the electronic document and the digital copy necessarily require an examination of the notions of support and computer language. In this case, we observe that if these notions are common to the technique and the law, they are not exactly understood in the same way. We will not fail to emphasize the convergences and divergences in this respect and the crucial need to clarify the meaning that we give to concepts when we touch on a technical question such as the dematerialization or proof of legal acts. If the dematerialization posed difficulties in the past, it is because of the medium of writing and the concept of moose electronic. In the context of today, support is ineffective in the face of the concept of functional equivalence. The original is not a notion dependent on the paper or the electronic medium: an original can now be an electronic writing with an electronic signature, the classical notions of writing and signature having been adapted in this sense by the legislator.

Le commerce international ne cesse de se développer avec l'évolution des technologies de l'information de nos jours. Le crédit documentaire, qui est un instrument de règlement du prix de prestations commerciales entre un vendeur exportateur et un acheteur importateur, fait partie du domaine touché par l'évolution électronique. C'est la raison pour laquelle la Chambre de commerce international de Paris a adopté récemment le Guide sur le crédit documentaire informatisé (eRUU), supplément aux règles et usances uniformes (les RUU 500) appliqué aux crédits documentaires. Le crédit documentaire doit être basé sur une grande confiance et une énorme sécurité. Ainsi, la fraude nuit au principe de l'autonomie de la lettre de crédit et détruit le besoin de sécurité qu'elle engendre. Les divergences relatives à certains critères de la fraude et la délimitation des obligations de la banque dans la vérification des documents sur support papier sont assez complexes pour les commerçants internationaux et pour les banques. Et même si la dématérialisation des documents a tendance à diminuer la fraude en la matière, le crédit documentaire dématérialisé serait encore loin d'être réalisé sans difficultés, avec l'émergence directe des tiers dans l'opération. Son analyse exhaustive doit donc continuer sur le plan doctrinal. La délimitation du devoir de la banque dans la recherche de cette fraude électronique, et dans le paiement des documents électroniques deviendrait aussi discutable que celle dans le crédit documentaire traditionnel. Les banques devraient, entre autres, être sensibilisées sur la nécessité de prendre dans les meilleurs délais certaines dispositions, pour permettre à la clientèle des entreprises d'effectuer des présentations ou des réceptions électroniques des documents de la lettre de crédit en conformité avec le règlement eUCP. / The international trade does not cease developing with the evolution of information technology nowadays. The documentary credit, which is an instrument of payment of the price of commercial services between an exporting salesman and an importing purchaser, is part of the field touched by the electronic evolution. This is why the international Chamber of Commerce of Paris recently adopted the Guide on the computerized letter of credit (eRUU), supplement to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit (RUU 500). The letter of credit must be based on a great confidence and an enormous safety. Thus, the fraud harms the principle of the autonomy of the letter of credit and destroyes the need for safety which it generates. The divergences relative to certain criteria of the fraud and the delimitation of the obligations of the bank in the checking of the documents on paper medium are complex enough for the international tradesmen and the banks. And even if the dematerialization of the documents tends to decrease the fraud on the matter, the dematerialized credit on security would be still far from being carried out without difficulties, with the direct emergence of the thirds in the operation. Its exhaustive analysis must then continue on the doctrinal level. The delimitation of the duty of the bank in the search for this electronic fraud, and in the payment of the electronic documents would become as debatable as that in the traditional documentary credit. The banks would have to be somewhat sensitized on the need for making certain provisions as soon as possible, to allow companies' customers to carry out presentations or electronic receptions of the documents of the letter of credit in conformity with the eUCP. / "Mémoire présenté à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit des affaires (LL.M)"