La capacité de reconnaître des différences, parfois extrêmement ténues, entre chacune des têtes de bétail qui compose son troupeau, implique pour le berger Peul un long apprentissage. D'un berger devenu "expert" dans l'art de savoir lire des différences qui échappent à d'autres bergers moins expérimentés, l'on peut dire qu'il a le ganndal, le savoir. L'aptitude à saisir de menues différences entre les unités du troupeau sur la base de plusieurs critères (couleurs et "marques" de la robe, formes et dimensions des cornes, etc..) relève d'un ganndal qui, certes est très valorisé mais qui ne suffit pas à faire de l'homme qui a une telle aptitude, un véritable "savant". En revanche, la capacité à découvrir sous l'ensemble des traits qui font de tel ou tel individu une entité singulière, des formes d’agencements de signes au travers desquelles peuvent se lire les marques d'un destin, vaut à ce découvreur une réputation d'une toute autre nature. L'homme qui jouit d'une telle réputation est considéré comme une sorte de visionnaire du monde invisible, un Siltigui, et se trouve tout à la fois craint et respecté. On dira de celui qui a atteint ce stade de ganndal qu’il sait le sifa. C'est le sifa comme mode spécifique de vision et de savoir qui constitue dans la culture peule l'idéal intellectuel et éthique. Cet idéal n'est pas à proprement parler un idéal individuel. Chaque famille, chaque segment de lignage, chaque groupe local, chaque tribu, cherche à se valoriser en se prévalant du patrimoine de richesse que détient son groupe en matière de ganndal. Ce patrimoine est jalousement gardé et l'on prend toutes sortes de mesures pour empêcher les groupes rivaux de se l'approprier. / Learning to recognize the differences, sometimes extremely fine, between each head of cattle in his herd is a long process for the Fula cowherd. The man who has become an "expert" in telling differences that other, less experienced cowherds overlook is said to have ganndal, knowledge. The ability to notice tiny differences between cows by using several criteria (the color of the coat and "marks" on it, the shape and size of horns, etc.) is a form of ganndal that, though valued, does not suffice to turn the cowherd into a "true scholar". On the other hand, the ability to discover, under the set of traits identifying an individual cow, patterns that can be used to read the "signs" of fate endows the cowherd with a quite different reputation. The man with such a reputation is considered to be a sort of seer of the invisible, a siltigi; he will be both feared and respected. The cowherd who has attained this degree of ganndal is said to know sifa. Sifa, a specific form of vision and knowledge, constitutes in Fula culture an intellectual and ethical ideal. Strictly speaking, this is not an individual ideal. Every family, lineage segment, local group or tribe seeks to enhance its status through the heritage of ganndal to which it lays claim. This heritage is jealously kept with all sorts of measures being taken to keep rival groups from seizing it.

Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Private Law / unrestricted

The study will investigate a design intervention that attempts to respond to the condition of spatial indeterminacy in the Sammy Marks precinct of Pretoria, where this condition is heavily pronounced in the form of disused public squares, inactive edges and inner-block voids. The study suggests that developing these spaces as cultural interfaces can provide a foothold for emergent city life and cultural activities. The specific project intervention will take the form of a theatrical interface that will serve as a platform for public interactive theatre events and a theatre school. The client is the State Theatre, in collaboration with the Department of Public Works. The site of the intervention is located in close proximity to the State Theatre. An investigation of the site and its surrounding context will generate opportunities for specific intervention. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Architecture / unrestricted

Much criticism has been directed at the physical educators in most of our public schools regarding their methods of determining pupil marks for participation in physical education classes. This criticism has come from many sources. It has come from physical educators, educators, pupils, and the general public. This study is important in a number of ways. First, the leading physical educators of Utah are making an effort at the present time to gain the same recognition for physical education as is given to the academic subjects in the high schools of the state. The cause for which these physical educators are striving might possilby be struck an "acute blow" should this study reveal that the factors used by the male physical educators consist purely of attendance and conformity to rules and regulations. Second, the results of this study should reveal the specific marking factors used by the authorities reviewed, and the male directors concerned in this study. This information would then show what both authorities and directors use as a basis for determining pupil marks. Third, the comparisons drawn in this study between those factors used by the directors and those factors used and advocated by certain accepted leaders in the field should show vital information as follows: (1) where the male directors in our high schools get the marking factors upon which they mak, and (2) whether or not certain leaders in the field of physical education are influencing the choice of marking factors used by the physical educators in our high schools. Fourth, the results of this study should be of importance to the state Department of Public Instruction. This department should be able to determine from these results whether or not the male physical educators in the various high schools of the State are using the marking factors as advocated by the State Course of Study for Physical Education in the Secondary Schools of Utah. Fifth, the administrators in the high schools of Utah could use these results to determine how closely their directors are using marking factors which confrom to the aims and objectives of education in general.

Cup marks are often described in historical records as belonging to the fairies of Swedish folklore, hence going under the name “fairy mills” or “elf mills” (in Swedish älvkvarn). The name derives from the belief that the fairies used the cups as their mills for grinding seed. There are many different theories as to what the original purpose behind the creation of the cup marks are, but the only thing that we know is that humans began creating them during the Stone Age and continued doing so throughout the Bronze Age and maybe even during the earlier years of the Iron Age. The purpose of this paper is to compare the theories concerning the creation of the cup marks with the later traditions surrounding the fairy/elf mills to see if there are any connections. The fairies were small, underground humanlike creatures who, if disturbed by humans, would “blow” a sickness upon them. To get rid of the sickness one method was to visit a fairymill and sacrifice a small item, usually a coin or needle, and to grease the fairy mill in order to become friendly with the fairies again so that they would lift the sickness. One theory is that the use and meaning of the cup marks went through a change between the Neolithic era and the Bronze Age, going from having a more ritual and ceremonial meaning to a more common one where they would be used by the ordinary people as well. This theory, along with others, has proven insightful in the discussion and may very well be a piece in the overall picture concerning the cup marks and their possibly different meanings through time. Dalarna in Sweden represents the line between the cup mark rich lands to the south, and the northern parts where cup marks barely exist. Dalarna itself does only contain about 20 cup mark locations and yet the fairy traditions are described as strong there. It has been shown that naturally formed rocks and potholes (“giant's kettle” if translated directly from Swedish) could have played a big role, presenting the conclusion that not only the cup marks were associated with fairies, widening the definition of a fairy mill.

Non-visual trade marks represent a relatively new phenomenon in the field of trade marks, through which entrepreneurs try to differentiate their goods or services in an original way from the goods or services of their competitors. These include four types of non-traditional trade marks, which as such cannot be perceived visually, but through human senses other than sight: sound, olfactory, taste and tactile trade marks. Although these non-visual trade marks may face many barriers to registration, the thesis, because of its limited scope, focuses on the criterion of representation on a trade mark register, as this requirement raises specific issues due to their non-visual nature. The aim of the thesis is therefore to assess non-visual trade marks in terms of their capability to be adequately represented on a trade mark register in the EU. The thesis is divided into 3 chapters. The first chapter focuses on the definition of non- visual trade marks, their purpose, functions and also defining features, especially on the requirement for representation of trade marks on a trade mark register. The second chapter first deals with the development of international efforts to partially harmonize the requirements for representation of non-visual trade marks and subsequently with the genesis of legislation at...

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 1978. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Bibliography: leaves 104-111. / by Nathan Hawley. / Ph.D.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND LINDGREN. / Bibliography: leaves 138-141. / by James Douglas Walker. / M.S.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Almost every geographical wine producing area has a generic marketing organisation in the form of a wine route organisation or similar organisation that aspires to create a favourable perception of their area in the minds of wine consumers. In their efforts to try and escape the growing commoditising of wines, wine producers recently intensified their efforts to differentiate themselves from other offers by increasingly certifying more wine as wine from a specific geographical area, launching competitions that embrace terroir as the defining factor for quality and increasing the number of demarcated areas. It was the purpose of this study to examine whether the South African consumer assigns a high degree of relevance to the certification of origin as an influencing factor when purchasing wine. As a starting point, a literature study was conducted to establish the current state of knowledge regarding the relevance of certification of origin of wine in wine marketing. The literature review also provided the framework for designing a survey conducted among South African wine consumers. The data gathered via an online questionnaire was analysed by employing both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The analysis showed that certification of origin of wine plays a secondary role in influencing consumers when faced with a purchasing decision on its own. However, as part of the regional composite variable, which consists of variety, region and wine style, it plays a major role in influencing consumers (McCutcheon, Bruwer & Li, 2009: 229). In accordance with other studies conducted among South African wine consumers (Von Arnim, 2008: 58), the specific wine variety emerged as the most important factor influencing consumers. It was also found that consumers with a high involvement and interest in wine assign a higher degree of relevance to certification of origin of wine than consumers with a low involvement. The findings of this research report are based on respondents who mainly reside within the Western Cape and the demographic profile of respondents shows that mostly male respondents completed the online questionnaire. The findings are therefore tentative due to the geographical and demographical limitations. This research report is of value to academic researchers, wine marketing professionals and generic marketing organisations such as wine route organisations.