• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 85
  • 69
  • 25
  • 20
  • 16
  • 8
  • 6
  • 4
  • 4
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 282
  • 61
  • 43
  • 41
  • 30
  • 23
  • 23
  • 19
  • 16
  • 15
  • 14
  • 13
  • 12
  • 11
  • 11
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
161

A escrita na formação de um pesquisador: marcas de reformulação textual em versões de texto / The role of writing in a researchers training: marks of textual revision in text versions

Suelen Gregatti da Igreja 29 May 2017 (has links)
Por meio da análise de versões de textos redigidas por um mesmo sujeito ao longo de um período de onze anos, o quanto podemos compreender a respeito das vicissitudes envolvidas na aprendizagem da escrita do texto acadêmico? Essa pergunta norteou a investigação que deu origem à presente tese cujo objeto voltou-se ao percurso de escrita de um pesquisador em formação. Seu objetivo geral foi, a partir da análise de marcas de reformulação textual em versões de texto, discutir as particularidades do papel da escrita na formação de um pesquisador, papel esse intrinsicamente relacionado com a própria formação em curso. Tomando a psicanálise de orientação lacaniana como nosso principal arcabouço teórico, procuramos dar a ver como o pesquisador estabeleceu relação entre sua palavra e a palavra do outro, nas versões que escreveu para os textos que vieram a ser dois relatórios de iniciação científica, uma dissertação de mestrado e uma tese de doutorado. Com isso, quisemos dar a ver quais foram os pontos de virada pelos quais o pesquisador passou, em diferentes momentos de sua formação, para conseguir construir um lugar próprio para enunciar (RIOLFI; ALAMINOS, 2007). Nossa tese é aquela segundo a qual, por meio da análise das marcas visíveis e invisíveis de formulação textual (GRÉSILLON, 2007), podemos empreender construções em análise (FREUD, 1937) que nos permitem calcular, em nível cognitivo, como o pesquisador está superando os obstáculos epistemológicos que entravam sua reconstrução do conhecimento da modalidade científica (BACHELARD, 1996) e, em nível subjetivo, como, por meio das operações de alienação e separação (LACAN, 1964), colocou-se, emocionalmente, em posição de poder a vir construir novo conhecimento. Com relação aos objetivos específicos tivemos: 1) Analisar as marcas de reformulação textual em versões de texto redigidas por um pesquisador em formação; 2) Analisar, em versões de texto redigidos por um pesquisador em formação, a dinâmica do ultrapassamento de obstáculos epistemológicos em momentos que podem ser qualificados de pontos de virada (RIOLFI; ALAMINOS, 2007); e 3) Estudar a influência que as intervenções realizadas por terceiros (o orientador e colegas de grupo de pesquisa) em versões de texto têm no processo de escrita de textos acadêmicos. A análise de versões de textos permitiu concluir que o ultrapassamento dos obstáculos epistemológicos está ligado à possibilidade de o pesquisador em formação alterar a relação que estabelece com o conhecimento. Para tanto, ele precisa submeter suas impressões iniciais a uma rede simbólica, reformulando o que escreveu. / By means of the analysis of text versions written by the same person over eleven years, what can be comprehended about the vicissitudes related to the learning of the academic text writing? This question directed the investigation that resulted in this thesis which focus is the writing path of a researcher in training. Its general objective was, through the analysis of marks of textual revision in text versions, discuss the particularities of writing in the training of a researcher, being writing intrinsically related to the training ongoing. Taking Lacanian psychoanalysis as our main theoretical framework, we attempted to demonstrate how the researcher stablished a relationship between his own words and the others in the text versions that became two undergraduate research reports, a master dissertation and a PhD thesis. Thus, we intended to demonstrate the turning points by which the researcher passed though in different moments of his training in order to construct a proper place to express himself (RIOLFI; ALAMINOS, 2007). Our thesis is that though the analysis of the visible and the invisible signs of textual formulation (GRÉSILLON, 2007) it is possible to undertake constructions in analysis (FREUD, 1937) that allow us to calculate, cognitively, how the researcher is overcoming the epistemological obstacles that impede his knowledge reconstruction of the scientific modality (BACHELARD, 1996) and, subjectively, how, through the operations of alienation and separation (LACAN, 1964), the researcher put himself, emotionally, in order to be able to construct new knowledge. With regard to the specific objectives, we had: 1) Analyze the marks of textual revision in text versions written by a training researcher; 2) Analyze, in text versions written by a training researcher, the dynamic of overcoming the epistemological obstacles in moments that can be considered turning points (RIOLFI; ALAMINOS, 2007); and 3) Study the influence the interventions made by others (the supervisor and research group colleagues) in text versions had in the writing process of academic texts. The analysis of text versions allowed us to conclude that the surpassing of the epistemological obstacles is related to the possibility of the training researcher changing the relation he stablishes with knowledge. In order to do so, he needs to submit his initial impressions to a symbolic net, reformulating what had written.
162

A manifestaÃÃo da evidencialidade nas dissertaÃÃes acadÃmicas do portuguÃs brasileiro contemporÃneo / The manifestation of the evidenciality in the academic dissertations of the Brazilian Portuguese contemporary

ClÃudia Ramos Carioca 29 November 2005 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A evidencialidade à uma categoria lingÃÃstica utilizada como estratÃgia que permite a manipulaÃÃo das informaÃÃes quanto à fonte do conhecimento e ao grau de (des)comprometimento do produtor com essa fonte. No intuito de investigar a manifestaÃÃo dessa categoria na construÃÃo das dissertaÃÃes acadÃmicas no portuguÃs brasileiro contemporÃneo, objetiva-se: a) rediscutir o estatuto da evidencialidade como categoria lingÃÃstica; b)analisar as relaÃÃes entre modalidade e evidencialidade; c) verificar as estratÃgias utilizadas no uso das marcas de evidencialidade no trabalho cientÃfico de grau, do tipo dissertaÃÃo; d) identificar, descrever e analisar as marcas lingÃÃsticas evidenciais no trabalho cientÃfico de grau do tipo dissertaÃÃo; e) relacionar o uso de evidenciais com estratÃgias para efeito de (des)comprometimento na construÃÃo textual. Ao identificar e interpretar as marcas evidenciais na construÃÃo dos textos acadÃmicos, a pesquisa busca contribuir para a explicitaÃÃo dos efeitos de sentido vinculados à veiculaÃÃo das informaÃÃes de forma estratÃgica, jà que essas marcas sÃo utilizadas com propÃsitos diversificados, como por exemplo: recurso ao chamado âargumento de autoridadeâ, atenuaÃÃo da responsabilidade em relaÃÃo ao que à dito, modalizaÃÃo no contÃnuo entre a certeza e a nÃo-certeza, sinalizando que algo nÃo està sendo dito de forma categÃrica e sugerindo um grau de (des)comprometimento em relaÃÃo à verdade da proposiÃÃo, como tambÃm um posicionamento crÃtico em relaÃÃo à fonte da informaÃÃo, permitindo uma correta avaliaÃÃo do conteÃdo assimilado pelo leitor, dentre outros. A anÃlise, orientada por pressupostos funcionalistas, conta com uma dimensÃo teÃrica, voltada para a rediscussÃo dos limites conceituais entre as categorias modalidade e evidencialidade, e uma dimensÃo analÃtica, que, em constante diÃlogo com a teoria, investiga, qualitativa e quantitativamente, o uso de marcas da evidencialidade na dissertaÃÃo acadÃmica, trabalho que à requisito para a obtenÃÃo do tÃtulo de mestre. A escolha do gÃnero para a constituiÃÃo do corpus justifica-se pela suposiÃÃo de que esse à um dos gÃneros textuais que apresenta maior quantidade de informaÃÃo cuja fonte nÃo à o prÃprio autor, o que condiciona o uso das marcas de evidencialidade na relaÃÃo observÃvel com o grau de (des)comprometimento do produtor relativamente à informaÃÃo veiculada. A obtenÃÃo das 290 ocorrÃncias para esta pesquisa concretizou-se a partir da organizaÃÃo de um corpus constituÃdo por dez dissertaÃÃes acadÃmicas da Ãrea de CiÃncias Humanas, das quais se utilizaram, como material de anÃlise, a introduÃÃo e a conclusÃo. Os resultados obtidos verificaram os efeitos de sentido associados ao uso de meios de expressÃo evidencial na construÃÃo da argumentaÃÃo em dissertaÃÃes, comprovando que a evidencialidade no discurso acadÃmico, em particular no corpus coletado, à mais utilizada para promover um baixo comprometimento, tendo o verbo como o meio lingÃÃstico mais utilizado e as noÃÃes evidenciais inferencial e citativa como as mais freqÃentes. / Evidentiality is a linguistic category used as a strategy to deal with information, considering the producerâs source of knowledge and his extent of (un)commitment to this source. In order to investigate the manifestation of this category in the construction of academic dissertations written in contemporary Brazilian Portuguese, this work aims to: a) rediscuss the status of the evidentiality as a linguistic category; b) analyse the relationship between modality and evidentiality; c) verify the strategies used to indicate evdentiality in scientific works such as dissertations; d) identify, describe and analyse linguistic marks of evidentiality in such works; e) relate the use of evidentials to strategies of (un)commitment in the production of a text. Though the identification of evidentiality marks in academic texts, this work aims to contribute to explicit the sense effects related to the strategic transmition of information, since these marks are used with different purposes, like: use of the authority argument, reduction of responsibility in relation to what is being said; certainty/uncertainty modalization, suggesting that something is being said in a non-categorical way, suggesting a certain degree of (un)commitment in relation to the truth of the proposition, as well as showing a critical position in relation to the source of information, allowing a correct evaluation of the content taken in by the reader; among other purposes. The analysis, based on functionalist presuppositions, rediscusses the conceptual limits between modality and evidentiality. It investigates, in terms of both quality and quantity, the use of evidentiality marks in academic dissertations. This genre was chosen due to the supposition that it is one of the textual genres whose source of information is mostly not the author himself. This fact influences the use of evidentiality marks in relation to the degree of the producerâs (un)commitment to the information provided. The 290 ocurrencies were collected from a corpus which comprises 10 academic dissertations in Humanity Studies. Only the introduction and the conclusion sections of these Works were considered. The results showed that the sense effects are associated to the use of evidentiality expressions in the kind of argumentation process in dissertations. This proves that the evidentiality in the academic discourse, particularly in the corpus collected, is used especially to assure a lower degree of commitment, being the verb the linguistic means most chosen to express this, and the inferential and quotative evidentiality notions as the most frequent ones.
163

Entre aspas : uma análise das funções metaenunciativas das aspas em editoriais dos jornais Agora São Paulo e Folha de S. Paulo

Barros, Marcelo Fleuri de 18 February 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:45:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Fleuri de Barros.pdf: 1610510 bytes, checksum: 8098f322cf088ed87c7568acd1f7a9ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Language is originally heterogeneous and, consequently, the discourse is as well, considering that there is no original discourse, since all discourses come from other discourses that interact with and influence each other. The journalistic discourse, in turn, is no exception, on the contrary, it is possible to perceive several voices trespassing it, which proves its heterogeneous character. As a recurring resource that highlights the heterogeneity into the news text, among other uses, the quotes can mark the otherness, the discourse of others in the construction of texts in order to characterize distance between the utterer and the utterance of the words put in quotation marks to preserve the journalistic objectivity. Quotation marks are also used when the utterer wants to highlight a word or expression used in his discourse that is strange to his linguistic repertoire. It is also possible that the utterer wants to demonstrate that the word between quotation marks is being used in a different context than the usual one, giving it a different meaning. There is also the ironic aspect that can also be evidenced by the quotation marks. Regardless of the reasons the quotation marks are used, in most situations they feature a metaenunciative trait on the quoted words, creating an expectation of interpretation whose responsibility is attributed predominantly to the reader. Considering this metaenunciative character, the purpose of this work is to analyze the quotation marks in that aspect in the opinionated news texts called editorials. We will analyze 133 editorials from the newspapers Agora São Paulo and Folha de S. Paulo. Another of our goals is to observe how the editorials build up meanings within the texts, considering the profile of readers of each newspaper. To do so, we make use of the theory of Authier-Revuz, classifying the uses found for the non-coincidence of saying . / A linguagem é originariamente heterogênea e, consequentemente, o discurso também o é, haja vista que não há discurso original, todos discursos são provenientes de outros discursos que dialogam entre si, influenciando uns aos outros. O discurso jornalístico, por sua vez, não foge à regra, ao contrário, nele é possível perceber um traspassamento de diversas vozes, o que comprova seu caráter heterogêneo. Recurso recorrente e que evidencia a heterogeneidade no texto jornalístico, as aspas têm, entre outras utilidades, marcar a alteridade, o discurso do outro na construção dos textos de forma a caracterizar distância entre as palavras do enunciador e o enunciado posto entre aspas, visando preservar a objetividade jornalística. As aspas também são usadas quando o enunciador quer evidenciar que uma palavra ou expressão utilizada em seu discurso é estranha a seu repertório linguístico. Também é possível que o enunciador queira demonstrar que a palavra aspeada está sendo usada num contexto diferente do usual, atribuindo-lhe um sentido diferente. E há, ainda, o aspecto irônico que também pode ser evidenciado pelas aspas. Independentemente dos motivos pelos quais são usadas, as aspas, na maioria das situações, imputarão um caráter metaenunciativo às palavras que marcam, gerando uma expectativa de interpretação cuja responsabilidade é atribuída predominantemente ao leitor. Considerando esse caráter metaenunciativo, é finalidade deste trabalho analisar as aspas sob tal aspecto, em textos jornalísticos opinativos, os editoriais. Analisaremos 133 editoriais de cada jornal, a saber: Agora São Paulo e Folha de S. Paulo, sendo que outro de nossos objetivos é observar como se constituem os editoriais na construção dos sentidos dos textos, tendo em vista o perfil dos leitores de cada jornal. Para tanto, nos utilizaremos da teoria de Authier-Revuz classificando os usos encontrados de acordo com as não-coincidências do dizer .
164

Passage à l’écriture, écriture du passage : sur les traces d’adultes migrants en ateliers d’écriture / Transition to writing, writing in transition : on the textual journey of adult migrants in writing workshops

Matheu, Nathalie 19 December 2018 (has links)
Depuis une vingtaine d’années, la didactique de l’écrit enrichit ses réflexions et ses pratiques par les recherches menées notamment en sciences du langage et en génétique textuelle (Fabre, 1990 ; Doquet, 2011 ; Chiss, 2012). Ces travaux, qui envisagent l’écriture dans sa dynamique scripturale, s’interrogent sur la façon dont se construit l’écriture en acte (Fénoglio & Chanquoy, 2007). En effet, après les travaux de J. Derrida (1967) et de J. Goody (1977/1979), qui ont destitué l’hégémonie de la pensée logocentriste, nous ne pouvons plus réduire l’écriture à un code second, comme double représentation de la pensée et du langage qui l’oralise. L’écriture, par ses fonctions spécifiques, tisse des liens étroits avec la mémoire, à la fois par l’activation anamnésique et par l’usage averti des artefacts hypomnésiques (instrument graphique et support). Ce double jeu de la mémoire (anamnèse et hypomnèse), qui répond à celui de l’écriture, permet le passage au scriptural en orchestrant une chaîne qui, de façon symbolique, réunit voix et écriture et ouvre ainsi des espaces d’inscription du sujet écrivant. Cette réflexion épistémologique a nourri l’élaboration de séquences didactiques expérimentales favorisant le passage à l’écriture d’adultes migrants, sous la forme d’ateliers d’écriture, qui s’inscrivent dans l’introduction didactique des Arts du Langage (Meschonnic, 1982 ; Auger & Pierra, 2006 ; Aden, 2008) dans des contextes d’enseignement-apprentissage de français langue seconde (FLS). Ce dispositif a permis de construire un corpus de 74 textes manuscrits, recueillis en observation participante, en contexte associatif. L’analyse qualitative des données, en mobilisant les outils théoriques et méthodologiques de l’analyse du discours et de la génétique textuelle, s’est organisée autour d’une triple mise en perspective des notions de passage et d’écriture. L’examen des traces graphiques permet en effet de mettre au jour (1) les stratégies d’entrée des scripteurs dans l’écriture en FLS, (2) les retours sur le déjà écrit, notamment par le biais des ratures, qui donnent à voir une dialogisation interne (Bres, 1988) inhérente à la mise en écriture et (3) l’émergence des souvenirs reconstruisant le parcours migratoire, créant ainsi une écriture du passage. / For the last twenty years, writing pedagogy has been enriched in reflection and practice by research, most notably, from linguistics and genetic criticism (Fabre, 1990; Doquet, 2011; Chiss, 2012). These studies, which consider writing within its scriptural dynamic, have examined the construction of the act of writing (Fénoglio & Chanquoy, 2007). In light of the contributions of J. Derrida (1967) and J. Goody (1977/1979), who dismissed the hegemony of logocentric thought, writing can effectively no longer be reduced to a secondary code, a dual representation of thought and the language that gives voice to it. With its specific functions, writing is intertwined with memory, both through anamnesic activation and the informed use of hypomnesic artifacts (writing instruments and media). The double memory game (anamnesis and hypomnesis), which contributes to the process of writing, enables the transition to the written mode by orchestrating a chain that, in a symbolic way, links voice and writing and thus opens inscriptional spaces for the writing subject. This epistemological refection supported the development of experimental instructional sessions, which took the form of writing workshops, designed to support migrant adults’ transition to writing. The workshops were implemented as part of a broader introduction to the language arts (Meschonnic, 1982; Auger & Pierra, 2006; Aden, 2008) in contexts of teaching and learning French as a second language (FSL). This arrangement allowed for the construction of a corpus of 74 textual manuscripts, collected by means of participant observation in the context of volunteer work. The qualitative analysis of data, examined through the application of theory and methods from discourse analysis and textual genetics, was organized around a three-pronged approach to the notions of transition and writing. The examination of graphic marks makes it possible to uncover (1) the initial strategies of FLS writers, (2) their reconsideration of previously written text, notably by means of deletions, which reveal inner dialogism (Bres, 1988) inherent to the production of writing, and (3) the emergence of memories that reconstruct the migrant experience, and which constitute writing in transition.
165

Underskott vid gränsöverskridande fusioner : Utgör de svenska reglerna en inskränkning i etableringsfriheten?

Brinck, Tobias January 2010 (has links)
This Bachelor’s thesis focuses on those terms that, from a Swedish perspective, have to be fulfilled to entitle deduction for definitive losses in a cross-border merger situation. The thesis analyses one of the ten rulings from the Swedish Supreme Administrative Court which were published in 2009.The ruling is analysed in the light of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the merger directive and the Court of Justice rulings in Marks & Spencer and Lidl. The purpose is to examine if the Swedish rules concerning cross-border mergers is compatible with the EU-law. The Swedish rules concerning mergers are found in chapter 37 in the Swedish income tax act. To enjoy the rights of the rules in chapter 37 the merger needs to be qualified. The criterion in 11 § stands out as a clear obstacle for the deduction of losses and is therefore examined thoroughly. It states that the transferor company needs to be taxable for some kind of activity in Sweden immediately before the merger. That criterion is not fulfilled if the company is situated in another member state. In the Marks & Spencer case, the Court of Justice stated that a rule which hinders deduction for losses which is considered to be definitive could be a possible breach of the freedom of establishment. The Swedish rules concerning qualified mergers in chapter 37 in the Swedish income tax act was questioned in the case RÅ 2009 ref 13. The criterion stated in § 11 was discussed first by the Swedish tax board and then by the Swedish Supreme Administrative Court as a possible breach of the freedom of establishment. It is in my opinion clear that when a loss is definitive the loss should be entitled to deduction, thus the 11 § could therefore constitute a breach of the freedom of establishment.
166

Resan till naturen och förlorade minnen : En analys av Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives

Jonas, Leo-Jacques January 2012 (has links)
Filmen Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives (2010) presenterar ett antal scener som är till synes orelaterade till filmens övergripande handling. Filmens titel antyder att dessa scener möjligen kan vara minnen ur titelkaraktärens tidigare liv, emellertid finns det ytters lite underlag för en sådan tolkning i själva filmen. Syftet blir därmed att närmare undersöka dessa scener, att söka tematiska kopplingar mellan dessa scener och filmen som helhet, samt att försöka komma fram till hur dessa scener kan ses arbeta med minnen.Laura U. Marks bok, The Skin of the Film (2000), har valts som underlag för den följande analysen i förhoppning att de tankar som läggs fram där skall kunna nyttjas för att tolka och diskutera de nämnda scenerna i filmen. I arbetet nyttjas därtill den metod som förespråkas av det hermeneutiska vetenskapsidealet för att erhålla kunskap.Arbetet visar på att filmen inte nödvändigtvis söker att gestalta minnen utan kan ses locka åskådaren till att minnas genom att presentera bilder som bäst förstås genom kroppslig inlevelse i bilden, kort sagt; filmen söker att aktivera åskådarens minne genom bilder med haptiska kvaliteter. Detta görs samtidigt som filmen ständigt återkommer till samma tema; resan till naturen. Åskådaren får alltså både bevittna filmens karaktärers resa och lockas till att själv uppleva detta utifrån sina egna minnen. Naturen är dock inte nödvändigtvis resans mål, filmen ses snarare försöka föra åskådaren till ett visst sinnestillstånd.
167

Underskott vid gränsöverskridande fusioner : Utgör de svenska reglerna en inskränkning i etableringsfriheten?

Brinck, Tobias January 2010 (has links)
<p>This Bachelor’s thesis focuses on those terms that, from a Swedish perspective, have to be fulfilled to entitle deduction for definitive losses in a cross-border merger situation. The thesis analyses one of the ten rulings from the Swedish Supreme Administrative Court which were published in 2009.The ruling is analysed in the light of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the merger directive and the Court of Justice rulings in Marks & Spencer and Lidl. The purpose is to examine if the Swedish rules concerning cross-border mergers is compatible with the EU-law. The Swedish rules concerning mergers are found in chapter 37 in the Swedish income tax act. To enjoy the rights of the rules in chapter 37 the merger needs to be qualified. The criterion in 11 § stands out as a clear obstacle for the deduction of losses and is therefore examined thoroughly. It states that the transferor company needs to be taxable for some kind of activity in Sweden immediately before the merger. That criterion is not fulfilled if the company is situated in another member state. In the Marks & Spencer case, the Court of Justice stated that a rule which hinders deduction for losses which is considered to be definitive could be a possible breach of the freedom of establishment. The Swedish rules concerning qualified mergers in chapter 37 in the Swedish income tax act was questioned in the case RÅ 2009 ref 13. The criterion stated in § 11 was discussed first by the Swedish tax board and then by the Swedish Supreme Administrative Court as a possible breach of the freedom of establishment. It is in my opinion clear that when a loss is definitive the loss should be entitled to deduction, thus the 11 § could therefore constitute a breach of the freedom of establishment.</p>
168

The Madrigals of Gioseffo Zarlino (1517-1590): A Descriptive Analysis Of Their Musical Expression and Text Underlay

Sherrill, Barbara Ellen January 2008 (has links)
The Renaissance theorist Gioseffo Zarlino and his theoretical treatise Le istitutioni harmoniche were a vital link to the future of theory. His polyphonic music and ten text underlay rules are representative of the new music of the Venetian School, which was headed by his mentor Adrian Willaert. Examination of Zarlino's thirteen extant madrigals provides us with a direct example of these rules and the secular style of the Venetian School, who strived to elevate their secular works to that of sacred music. The style was inspired by Pietro Bembo's Petrarchan revival, in which Renaissance composers utilized medieval Petrarchan texts or wrote new texts in the Petrarchan style. The texts were set to music which was composed to express the emotions of the texts. Zarlino accomplished this through the selection of major, minor, and diminished sonorities, which began the move to major-minor tonality in the history of Western music.
169

The Confusion Doctrine; Establishing Swedish compliance with EU Law

Eriksson, Rebecca January 2010 (has links)
As a response to trade marks’ enhanced importance within trade, the EU’s interest in the area has increased by proponing a harmonization of the member states’ trade mark pro-tection so far as needed to preserve the EU’s objective of an internal market. The area is therefore regulated by an EU Directive, however allowing some national discretion. The purpose of this study was to investigate if a specific part of the trade mark protec-tion, the assessment-based confusion doctrine, corresponds on a Swedish and EU level. The aim was to locate statutory discrepancies in order to stimulate further review of the practical application of the doctrine from the analytical perspective of legal certainty. A scientifically accepted and traditional legal research method was applied when ex-amining and interpreting the sources of law. In addition, a comparative study was con-ducted between the two investigated legal systems to achieve the overall purpose. When comparing the results from the investigated sources, the legislations present a sta-tutory diversity, opening up for practical discrepancies. So was also the case with the application at the early stage of national implementation of the EU Directive. The tradi-tional national confusion doctrine, prescribing a more legal-technical assessment, did not correspond to the more flexible and contemporary EU view. Consequently, some national courts had to endure criticism for not adjusting to the EU development. Later case law however presents a very positive transition to the EU view of the confu-sion doctrine, suggesting a partial abandonment of the national legal sources of law for the benefit of EU law. Conclusion was however that despite this practical transition to EU law, statutory changes are necessary in order to safeguard the legal certainty in the way of achieving predictability.
170

Genome-wide profiling of H1 linker histone variants in mouse embryonic stem cells

Cao, Kaixiang 22 May 2014 (has links)
H1 linker histone facilitates the formation of higher order chromatin structure and is essential for mammalian development. Mice have 11 H1 variants which are differentially regulated and conserved in human. Previous research indicates that H1 regulates the expression of specific genes in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, whether individual variants have distinct functions and how H1 participates in gene regulation remain elusive. An investigation of the precise localization of individual H1 variants in vivo would facilitate the elucidation of mechanisms underlying chromatin compaction regulated gene expression, while it has been extremely difficult due to the lacking of specific antibodies toward H1 variants. In this dissertation, I have generated a knock-in system in ESCs and shown that the N-terminally tagged H1 proteins are functionally interchangeable to their endogenous counterparts in vivo. H1d and H1c are depleted from GC- and gene-rich regions and active promoters, inversely correlated with H3K4me3, but positively correlated with H3K9me3 and associated with characteristic sequence features. Surprisingly, both H1d and H1c are significantly enriched at major satellites, which display increased nucleosome spacing compared with bulk chromatin. While also depleted at active promoters and enriched at major satellites, overexpressed H10 displays differential binding patterns in specific repetitive sequences compared with H1d and H1c. Depletion of H1c, H1d ,and H1e causes pericentric chromocenter clustering and de-repression of major satellites. Collectively, these results integrate the localization of an understudied type of chromatin proteins, namely the H1 variants, into the epigenome map of mouse ESCs, and demonstrate significant changes at pericentric heterochromatin upon depletion of this epigenetic mark.

Page generated in 0.0536 seconds