L’objet de cette thèse est d’expliquer le lien entre utilisation de marques et activités innovantes. Le premier chapitre décrit les principaux aspects juridiques des marques et passe en revue la littérature en économie et gestion s’y rapportant. Le second chapitre analyse comment et pourquoi les firmes utilisent les marques et comment celles-ci s’intègrent dans leurs activités innovantes. À travers une approche théorique et empirique, nous montrons que les marques sont utilisées en lien avec les innovations prenant place à l’interface du marché, principalement les innovations de produit et de marketing. Le troisième chapitre étudie les interactions entre marques et brevets dans la protection de l’innovation. Nous montrons que selon les caractéristiques du marché ils peuvent se complémenter ou se substituer l’un à l’autre. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous explorons les schémas d’utilisation de marques par les universités et leur lien avec les activités de recherche de ces institutions. / This thesis aims at explaining the link between trade mark use and innovative activities. The first chapter describes the main legal aspects of trade marks and reviews existing literature in economics and management relating to them. The second chapter analyses how and why firms use trade marks and how they integrate them in their innovative activities. Through a theoretical and empirical approach, we show that trade marks are used in relation to innovations which are at the interface of the market, mainly product and marketing innovations. The third chapter then studies the interrelated effect of trade marks and patents in the protection of innovation. We show that depending on market characteristics, they may complement or substitute each other. In the fourth and final chapter, we explore the patterns of trade mark use by academic institutions, and investigate how these relate to their research activities.

During his sojourn on earth man leaves traces behind. Subsequent generations can follow these traces through research in order to find out more about his forebears. The term document can be interpreted much wider than referring to written material so that different types of material can serve as source from which this knowledge can be drawn. Pictorial sources is one subsection underneath which photographic material in turn resorts. This study looks at the use of historical photographs as source from which the cultural historian can draw information .. Historical photographs are often merely seen and used as illustration material while they are sources in own right. It is the only source which captures and eternalises a moment in time visually. Unfortunately it is still a human with all his faults and deficiencies who stands behind the camera. That means that although the photograph as source is generally speaking very reliable and objective, historical criticism still has to be applied. To err is human, over and above wilful misrepresentation. Furthermore there are certain pitfalls and limitations inherent to the photograph. At the Sammy Marks Museum just east of Pretoria, a large collection of photographs has been preserved which shows the everyday life of the Marks family over a long period of time. By examining these photographs a clear picture can be formed of the everyday life of a well-to-do Victorian family in the Transvaal during the period 1890 to 1920. The actual images captured by the camera tell the story of these people's weal and woe like words cannot do. No source can be all-revealing .on its own. The photographs and the information drawn from them, are supported and confirmed by references and quotations from the personal correspondence of the family of which much has also been preserved. It is kept at the University of Cape Town. The biography of Sammy Marks by Richard Mendelsohn (Cape Town, 1991) as well as other literary sources has been studied and applied. The study also contains a broad background sketch of the period and its spirit. By making comparisons between the findings about the lives of Sammy Marks and his family and what is known generally about the people of the time, one can see to what degree they conformed or differed. The development of photography itself is also. briefly discussed. The historical photographs which were preserved by the Marks family, serve as example of how valuable such photographs are for our knowledge and the eventual reconstruction of the past. Without them the task of the physical restoration of the house, outbuildings and garden to their original shape would have been much more difficult. At the same time and even more important, they breathe life into the house through the information they contain about the people who used to inhabit it. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 1996. / gm2014 / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted

This essay was written as an attempt to trace, capture and convey parts of the underlying and intrinsic movement of an ongoing film practice. In a subjective and searching manner the text revolves mainly around the themes of time, film, poetry, nature, memory and the imagination — the pivot being the idea of the continuous splitting of the present as a trait common to both cinema and the human mind.

[pt] O trabalho visa o estudo das marcas de posição sob a perspectiva da distintividade adquirida pelo uso do conjunto marcário, composto por elemento não distintivo em local singular e específico. Para tanto, serão reunidos fundamentos na doutrina e na jurisprudência pátria que conduzam à admissão desta forma de apresentação para fins de reconhecimento e registro das marcas de posição sob o argumento do secondary meaning. / [en] The work aims at the study of position marks from the perspective of the distinctiveness acquired by the use of the trademark set, composed of a non-distinctive element in a singular and specific location. Therefore, fundamentals will be gathered in the doctrine and in the national jurisprudence that lead to the admission of this form of presentation for the purposes of recognition and registration of position marks under the argument of secondary meaning.

[pt] Esta pesquisa visou compreender o processo de desenvolvimento da profissionalidade de professores em exercício no segundo segmento do ensino fundamental da educação básica, referenciados por seus pares. O objetivo foi identificar, em suas trajetórias, marcos provocadores de mudanças na prática desses professores, na perspectiva do desenvolvimento de uma autonomia e de uma posição de reconhecimento profissional. Para tal, os 16 profissionais selecionados se encontravam na fase da diversificação da vida profissional, proposta por Huberman tendo de 7 a 25 anos de tempo de serviço, sem especificidade de área e pertencente à diferentes redes de ensino públicas (municipal, estadual e federal) e privada, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram produzidos através de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os professores indicados pela técnica de snowball, onde os entrevistados indicavam outros participantes de sua rede de conhecimento por identificarem neles alguns dos descritores que contribuem para a caracterização da profissionalidade docente, em acordo com os apontados pelos estudos de Roldão e Nóvoa. No decorrer do processo de investigação evidenciaram-se diferentes dimensões formativa, da trajetória, dos espaços e contextos, da prática, dos conhecimentos e das relações que interferem de forma diferenciada no desenvolvimento profissional, em acordo com os marcos vivenciados. Diante disso, conclui-se que o desenvolvimento da profissionalidade não ocorre de forma sequencialmente organizada, vai sendo modificado de acordo com os fatos, escolhas e ações que compõem cada trajetória, não cabendo uma conceitualização objetiva, pois esta se tensionaria com a diversidade de experiências. Porém, os marcos nas trajetórias destes professores forneceram indícios para uma reflexão acerca do processo continuum de formação e corroboram para o reconhecimento e valorização docente. / [en] This research aimed to understand the process of professionality development of teachers in practice in the second segment of basic education of basic education, referenced by their peers. The purpose was to identify, in their trajectories, milestones that provoke changes in the practice of these teachers, in the perspective of the development of their autonomy and professional recognition. To this end, the 16 selected professionals were at a stage of diversifying their professional life, proposed by Huberman, having 7 to 25 years of service, without specific area and belonging to different education networks: public (municipal, state and federal) and private, in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The data were produced through semi-structured interviews with teachers indicated by the snowball technique, where the interviewees indicated other participants from their network, in which they identified some of the descriptors that contribute to the characterization of teacher s professionality, pointed out by the studies of Roldão and Nóvoa. During the investigation process, different dimensions (formative, trajectory, spaces and contexts, practice, knowledge and relationships) were evidenced, that interfere in a different way for the professionality development, in agreement with the experienced milestones. Therefore, it is concluded that the development of professionalism does not occur in a sequentially organized way, it is being modified according to the facts, choices and actions that make up each trajectory, without an objective conceptualization - as it would tension with the diversity of experiences. However, the milestones in the trajectories of these teachers provide evidence for reflection on the continuing training process and corroborate for the recognition and valuation of teachers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:34:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Moreira Valente Barbas.pdf: 3080773 bytes, checksum: 5224fe793510ae5cce0c2781893d8c66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-05 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The scenario of tough competition, typical of any market economy, stimulates the creativity of its players when building brand identities. The search for signs that separate from the traditional model based on a visual static mark, classified as a sole design, word or mixed mark is increasingly common. Law cannot remain idle in witnessing this scenario, since those new distinctive signs have their own particularities that are not contemplated by the Brazilian Industrial Property Law. The protection of the consumer market, of free competition and even of the owners private property of the signs themselves depend necessarily on having clear answers from the Law regarding the issue. Otherwise, the trademark system may become unstable. Therefore, this work aims at defining basic concepts regarding the theme and analyzing the main legal issues related to nontraditional marks, having international experiences on the matter as a basis. / O cenário de acirrada competição típico de qualquer economia de mercado estimula a atividade criativa de seus participantes quando da construção de identidades marcárias. É cada vez mais constante e comum a busca por sinais que fogem ao modelo tradicional de marca visual estática, figurativa, mista ou nominativa. Estes sinais recebem o nome geral de marcas não tradicionais . O Direito não pode aí quedar-se inerte, uma vez que estes novos sinais distintivos têm peculiaridades próprias que fogem, em boa medida, à sistemática determinada pela Lei de Propriedade Industrial. Logo, a proteção do mercado consumidor, da livre concorrência e mesmo da propriedade privada dos titulares dos sinais passam necessariamente por uma obtenção de respostas claras do Direito neste tema, sob pena de instabilizar-se o sistema marcário. Esta obra tem o objetivo de delinear conceitos básicos sobre o tema das marcas não tradicionais e analisar as principais problemáticas jurídicas envolvidas, baseando-se em experiências internacionais na matéria.

Little attention is paid to the civil remedies available when infringement of a trade mark or the right to goodwill occurs. Yet, for the owners of ~uch rights, these remedies are of much greater importance than theoretical considerations regarding the nature of the rights or what constitutes their infringement. This thesis analyses the civil remedies for trade mark infringement granted by the South African Trade Marks Act 194 of 1993. In the South African context, any consideration of civil remedies is rendered problematic by the attempted graft of English remedies onto a legal system with a different common-law background. It is, therefore, essential first to trace the English origin and application of these remedies, and then to determine whether each remedy is acceptable in terms of the South African common law. This is necessary, as our courts have previously rejected or adapted English remedies which were unknown to our common law but which Parliament introduced in legislation. The remedies of interdict (or injunction) in final and interlocutory form, compensatory damages, reasonable royalties, and delivery up are analysed from a substantive law and a procedural perspective. The procedural innovation of an inquiry as to damages is also considered. In respect of each remedy, (1) the English roots and development of the remedy are traced; (2) differences of approach in two other Commonwealth jurisdictions, Australia and Canada, are highlighted; (3) the development of the South African equivalent is detailed; and (4) suggestions for the future implementation of the remedy in South Africa are made. In the penultimate chapter, our common law and legislation (including the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996 ) are measured against the requirements of the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Recommendations for the effective utilization of each remedy in South Africa are then made. They include suggestions for legislative amendment in respect of delivery up and an inquiry as to damages, and the introduction of statutory damages as an further civil remedy. / Mercentile Law / LL. D. (Laws)

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Almost every geographical wine producing area has a generic marketing organisation in the form of a wine route organisation or similar organisation that aspires to create a favourable perception of their area in the minds of wine consumers. In their efforts to try and escape the growing commoditising of wines, wine producers recently intensified their efforts to differentiate themselves from other offers by increasingly certifying more wine as wine from a specific geographical area, launching competitions that embrace terroir as the defining factor for quality and increasing the number of demarcated areas. It was the purpose of this study to examine whether the South African consumer assigns a high degree of relevance to the certification of origin as an influencing factor when purchasing wine. As a starting point, a literature study was conducted to establish the current state of knowledge regarding the relevance of certification of origin of wine in wine marketing. The literature review also provided the framework for designing a survey conducted among South African wine consumers. The data gathered via an online questionnaire was analysed by employing both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The analysis showed that certification of origin of wine plays a secondary role in influencing consumers when faced with a purchasing decision on its own. However, as part of the regional composite variable, which consists of variety, region and wine style, it plays a major role in influencing consumers (McCutcheon, Bruwer & Li, 2009: 229). In accordance with other studies conducted among South African wine consumers (Von Arnim, 2008: 58), the specific wine variety emerged as the most important factor influencing consumers. It was also found that consumers with a high involvement and interest in wine assign a higher degree of relevance to certification of origin of wine than consumers with a low involvement. The findings of this research report are based on respondents who mainly reside within the Western Cape and the demographic profile of respondents shows that mostly male respondents completed the online questionnaire. The findings are therefore tentative due to the geographical and demographical limitations. This research report is of value to academic researchers, wine marketing professionals and generic marketing organisations such as wine route organisations.

Darbo tema – skyrybos principai ir jų taikymas XIX a. autorių J. S. Dovydaičio ir M. Akelaičio rašytiniuose tekstuose. Lietuvių kalbos skyrybos sistema nėra ištirta ir aprašyta, todėl labai svarbu išsiaiškinti, kokia skyryba vyravo tuo metu, kai dar nebuvo konkrečių skyrybos taisyklių. Darbe analizuojami XIX a. tekstų skyrybos vartojimo principai, tiriama skyrybos sistemos istorinė raida, aiškinami dėsningumai, kurių pagrindu formavosi dabartinės skyrybos normos. Ištyrus vientisinio sakinio skyrybą J. S. Dovydaičio ir M. Akelaičio apysakose, galima teigti, kad bejungtukių vienarūšių sakinio dalių, išplėstinių prepozicinių pažyminių ir postpozicinių išplėstinių priedėlių skyryba tirtuose tekstuose buvo nuosekli. Vis dėlto kitais atvejais vientisinio sakinio skyryba dar įvairavo. Atlikus sudėtinio sakinio analizę, paaiškėjo, kad šalutinių dėmenų skyryba M. Akelaičio tekste jau buvo nusistovėjusi (paprastai skiriama taip, kaip dabar), o J. S. Dovydaičio tekste ryškių dėsningumų nepastebėta. Sujungiamuosius sudėtinio sakinio dėmenis apysakų autoriai paprastai skiria, išskyrus atvejus, kai skyrybos ženklas nededamas prieš jungtukus ir, o, bet. Pastebimos ryškios bejungtukių sudėtinio sakinio dėmenų skyrybos tendencijos; svarbu tai, kad skyrybos ženklas pasirenkamas atsižvelgiant į šių dėmenų semantinius santykius (išvardinimas, aiškinimas, apibendrinimas ir kt.). M. Akelaičio tekste tiesioginės kalbos ir citatų skyryba daugeliu atvejų sutampa su šiandien galiojančiomis skyrybos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The theme of the work is The Principles and Application of Punctuation in the Written Texts of the 19th Century Authors J.S. Dovydaitis and M. Akelaitis. The punctuation system of Lithuanian language has not been studied and described and it is very significant to study the punctuation that has prevailed at the time when there was no set rules. This work analyses the principles of punctuation in the 19th century, the historical development of punctuation system; and explains the tendencies that served as a basis for the rules of the modern punctuation system. The analysis of the simple sentence in the above mentioned texts has revealed that the punctuation of asyndetic homogeneous parts of the sentence, extended prepositive attribute and postpositive extended apposition has been already consistent. However in other cases the punctuation of the simple sentence has been varied. The analysis of the composite sentence has revealed that the punctuation of the subordinate clauses had been settled in the works by M. Akelaitis (in most cases the punctuation corresponds to the modern punctuation); whereas the text of J. S. Dovydaitis does not manifest many regularities. The authors separate the compound components of the complex sentence by punctuation marks, except for the conjunctions ir, o, bet (and, but) where punctuation marks are not used. One can observe distinct punctuation tendencies in the asyndetic complex sentences; the punctuation mark is selected according to the... [to full text]

Christian life today has been influenced by countless influences from the external world. Although these external factors have a significant bearing on the church of Christ, the greatest challenge however manifests itself from within the latter. Where the core doctrine of the church constitutes issues of theological and Christian importance, they seem to slowly dissipate and the practices of the secular world seem to take ownership of the church of Christ. The Reformed church has within its confines the three marks of the church whose sole purpose is to ensure that the church of God remains and continues to be the true church of Christ. These Three Marks are: (a) the proclamation of the Word; (b) the correct administration of the sacraments, and (c) the correct exercise of discipline. Among the three marks, discipline acts as a catalyst that enables the survival and proper continuance of the other two marks and thus the true church of Christ. These Three Marks prescribe the basic fundamentals of the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa (URCSA) as a Reformed Church and thereby serve as a primary tool for this church. Discipline, therefore, forms an intrinsic part of this church. However, as a controlling mechanism, its influence and/or instillation appears to be neglected. This quagmire may very well be attested to the overemphasis of democracy (of/or relating to majority rule doctrine) in preference to theocracy (God as the ultimate authority in our lives), where even matters of high religious stature are being compacted to human decision-making processes. These influences needless to say are key in the regression and/or progression of Christian life and life in general. However, their inclusion within the Christian doctrine should not be cumbersome to the latter. The Christian way of life and doctrines should be holistically adhered to without fear or favour. The main purpose behind the formation of these marks by the Reformed church was to sustain the true church of Christ and the only way to ensure this sustainability, was to be consistent in exercising these marks. The church therefore has an obligation towards God and its members to be consistent in carrying out its mandate from God through the scriptures as the creator and father of the church and the world at large. The premonition that forms the basis of this research is that within the three prevalent marks of the church, there appears to be certain discrepancies in that they are not all carried out in unison and are not consistent with each other. With the over-emphasis of one above the other, the church of God could be heading towards vanity, and all its efforts could be fruitless. It is also my conviction that the starting point for rolling out these three marks lie with the leadership of the church by the General Synod, Regional Synods, Presbyteries, Ministers and their church councils. If found that any of these key adherents are not protagonists of these marks, then they would have neglected their God-entrusted responsibilities and their accountability towards the entire community of believers. It is in this regard that this research seeks to implement a litmus test of where the URCSA stands in terms of executing its mandate with relation to the three marks of the church viz; proclaiming the word, administering the sacraments and more importantly, exercising exercising discipline as these marks form the sinew that binds the entire church together. The church of Christ as an entity is engaged in service, which is not to be haphazard in nature, but must be structured. This service begins with serving God, serving one another and finally serving the world at large. This will ensure that the church of God maintains its holiness. For this holiness to be ensured, the church of God has to be open to discernment and allow God take charge of His church. Such uncertainties can be verified only by looking into discipline as the sinew that brings these three marks together. The reason for this approach is that, the first two marks are prescriptive with more parameters than discipline has, whereas discipline can be easily influenced. It is to the benefit of this task that much attention be given to discipline as the last mark of the three, as it is prone to abuse, because it relies mainly on human behaviour, attitude and/or approach to the Christian life. Therefore, the purpose of this dissertation is to outline the possible disintegration of discipline as the sinew that binds the three marks of the Reformed Church in general and URCSA in particular within the Southern Synod. important to note that discipline in the lower strata of the church is carried out religiously without question. The notion that prompted this topic is that contrarily, those who occupy the highest echelons of the church (leadership in the church, ministers and evangelists) do not appear to be enjoying the same reception regarding discipline. The challenge that faces the URCSA is how to maintain equal treatment of the three marks of the true church in a democratic society in the light of the service of God, one another and the world. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th.(Systematic Theology)