Pastaruoju metu galima pastebėti tendencingą prekių ženklo reikšmės didėjimą tiek vietinėje, tiek regioninėje, tiek ir tarptautinėje prekyboje, todėl kiekvienas prekių ženklo savininkas yra skatinamas skirti vis didesnį dėmesį tinkamam savo prekių ženklo valdymui bei apsaugai. Bendrijos prekių ženklo apsaugos sistema suteikia registruotam prekių ženklui apsaugą visoje Europos Sąjungos teritorijoje. Žymeniui, galinčiam tapti prekių ženklu ir naudotis Bendrijos prekių ženklo sistemos garantuojama apsauga, yra keliami gana aukšti grafinės išraiškos ir skiriamojo pobūdžio reikalavimai. Šie reikalavimai yra tenkinamai, jei žymens grafinė išraiška yra aiški, apibrėžta, išbaigta, lengvai prieinama, suprantama, ilgalaikė ir objektyvi, o žymens skiriamasis pobūdis leidžia aiškiai identifikuoti prekių ar paslaugų kilmę. / Recently it is possible to notice the tendentious increase of trade mark’s importance in local, regional and international market, therefore every trade mark proprietor shall be motivated to pay more and more attention to proper management and protection of their trade mark. Community Trade Mark’s Protection System provides the protection for the registered trade mark within the entirely territory of the European Union. Sign, capable of being a trade mark and using the guaranteed protection of the Community Trade Mark Protection System, shall follow the high requirements of graphical representation and distinctiveness. These requirements are fulfilled provided that the graphical representation is clear, precise, self-contained, easily accessible, intelligible and objective, where the distinctiveness of the sign allows clearly identify the origin of goods and services. Community Trade Mark proprietors may be every natural or legal person, including authorities established under public law. The rights of Community Trade Mark proprietor may be divided into the following main groups: (1) exclusive rights; and (2) ownership rights to the trade mark. The exclusive rights of the proprietor allows to prohibit all third parties without the permission of the proprietor from using in the course of trade the sign, which is identical or similar to the Community Trade Mark and which may confuse a consumer. When providing the proprietor of the trade mark with the respective rights, it is... [to full text]

Le présent mémoire de maîtrise a pour objet l'analyse du droit international des marques de commerce et du droit de certains pays industrialisés en comparaison avec la législation canadienne sur les marques de commerce. Il traite également des modifications qu'il serait nécessaire d'apporter à la loi canadienne en vue de l'adoption du Protocole de Madrid, du Traité sur le droit des marques et de l'Arrangement de Nice, et de la mise en application de la Recommandation commune sur les marques notoires. Le Canada devrait aussi modifier certaines dispositions de la loi sur les marques de commerce pour la rendre plus conforme à l'Accord sur les ADPICs et à la Convention de Paris. Compte tenu des lacunes du droit international en ce qui a trait à l'utilisation de la marque, le mémoire analyse et critique cette notion en droit canadien et la compare aux tendances actuelles qui ont cours aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni. / The purpose of this thesis is to compare the Canadian legislation in trade-marks law with international trade-marks law and the law of sorne industrialized countries. It is also suggested that the implementation of the Madrid Protocol, of the Trademark Law Treaty, of the Nice Arrangement and of the Joint Recommendation Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Well-Known Marks would necessitate some amendments to the Canadian Trade-Marks Act. Moreover, some sections of the Canadian Trade-Marks Act should be amended so as to comply with the TRIPs Agreement and with the Paris Convention. U.S. and UK. approaches regarding the use of a trade-mark are also analysed, since international law does not appear to have fully addressed this issue. / "Mémoire présenté à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade LL.M. en droit des technologies de l'information"

La tesi di dottorato fornisce una ricostruzione, sotto il profilo civilistico, del ruolo di standard e certificazioni nel mercato agro-alimentare europeo. Nel primo capitolo viene ricostruita la natura delle certificazioni e la loro evoluzione da strumento di competitività delle imprese a mezzo per colmare le asimmetrie informative presenti nel mercato. Nel secondo capitolo viene analizzato il “Sistema Qualità”, nel quale sono coinvolti quattro attori fondamentali: l’ente di normazione, l’ente di accreditamento, il certificatore e, infine, l’impresa che richiede la certificazione, e sono analizzate le varie problematiche sottese al suo funzionamento. Nella terza parte si è indagata la natura giuridica del contratto di certificazione di qualità e la rilevanza delle certificazioni di qualità sotto il profilo civilistico. Infine, nella quarta parte, si sono analizzate le conseguenze giuridiche scaturenti da una certificazione non veritiera, con particolare riguardo alla possibilità o meno di configurare una responsabilità extra-contrattuale del certificatore per i danni causati a consumatori e terzi in generale a seguito del rilascio di una certificazione non veritiera. / The dissertation examines the role of certification marks in the european food- sector. The first chapter analyses the function of certification and their development from instruments of competitive advantages within firms to a tool for fulfilling the information asymmetry between business and consumer. The second chapter deals with the “Quality System”: a system which involves four players: the standardization body, the accreditation body, the certification body and, finally, the producer seeking the certification. The third chapter analyses the certification activity and the obligations of the parties of the contract. The last chapter deals with the tort liability of certification bodies.

Mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) for traits under consideration for genetic improvement is becoming more common for many aquatic species, including Atlantic salmon. The objective of the study was to map QTL associated with length, weight, shape, parr mark number and contrast in three F2 hybrid families of European and North American strains of Atlantic salmon using single nucleotide polymorphisms. GridQTL software was used to perform separate analyses for male and female linkage maps. Numerous highly significant QTL were detected for every trait. Locations of QTL differed based on age and map used. Some QTL locations for the analyzed traits were similar to those of other studies on purebred and backcross Atlantic salmon populations; however, many more QTL were detected in the hybrid F2’s. The amount of genetic variation in skin colour and pattern displayed within the transAtlantic F2 families greatly exceeded the ranges seen in nature. / NSERC Strategic Grant

As the other is indispensable for building knowledge and also for the making up of the subject himself/herself and they way he/she acts, we recognize the social character of human development, based on the historical-cultural theory, that the characteristics of each individual are formed through this constant interaction with the environment in which he/she lives. Thus recognizing children as producers of culture and assuming that they experience and internalize the world so legitimately and singularly, this study aimed to investigate the formation of children in the schooling process and approach the possible nuances and marks of them and built by them through their first school experiences. Twenty children, aged three years and a half to four and a half years, attending a pre-kindergarten I class of a public school in Uberlândia (MG), Brasil participated in this study. The construction of the corpus was made from observational visits, recorded in field notes and interviews with the teacher of the class. The goal of the inclusion of the classroom in this study was to get to know the school routine in its richness and dynamism from the view of participant observation of the explicit set of practices carried out by teachers and students, besides the set of practices which are not explicit and determine the organization of classroom. For treatment of the data constructed, we began by typing the field notes and the interview transcripts. Then, we developed a long process of coming and going in the corpus, an ongoing dialogue with theory, so as to grasp the transformation processes that were taking place and allowing the emergence of the various senses of the material. We selected excerpts and raised the issues on which they about. Then we observed the recurrence of certain issues which were grouped according to their common meanings. These recurring themes shaped categories of analysis that we organized into four thematic blocks: 1. The marks of the school, which we tried to list the ones that print the children and perpetuate in them 2. A (un) organization of daily life, which was characterized by gaps in the use of time in which children were in the institution 3. Professor - Uncle / Aunt (the common way that children address their teachers) to persecutor - and their practice, reflecting on the various positions occupied by early childhood educator and his/her practice 4. The making up of the child, which highlighted the relevance of school for the humanization of the child, for the development of higher psychological functions and access to cultural production. The profession was also the focus of our analysis from the interview with the teacher and in this sense; it is necessary and urgent to think of the context of public policy, in public notices for posts at this level of education, as well as providing effective proposals for continuing education to those already in school. Moreover, we highlight the importance of the presence of psychologist in early childhood education to contribute to the implementation of quality preschool, which balances care and education, and considers the school and its community - educators, children and their families and their concrete conditions. / Tomando como ponto de partida a imprescindibilidade do outro na construção do conhecimento e também na constituição do próprio sujeito e suas formas de agir, reconhecemos o caráter social do desenvolvimento humano, afirmando, a partir da teoria histórico-cultural, que as características de cada indivíduo são formadas por meio das constantes interações deste com o meio em que vive. Reconhecendo, assim, as crianças como produtoras de cultura e partindo do princípio de que elas vivenciam e internalizam o mundo de modo legítimo e particular, este estudou objetivou investigar a constituição da criança no processo de escolarização e aproximar-se das possíveis marcas e nuances nelas, e por elas, construídas em suas primeiras experiências escolares. Participaram deste estudo 20 crianças, com idades entre três anos e meio e quatro anos e meio, de uma turma de pré-I da educação infantil de uma escola pública de Uberlândia (MG). A construção do corpus foi realizada a partir de visitas de observação, registradas em notas de campo e de entrevista com a educadora da turma. A inserção na sala de aula estudada teve como finalidade conhecer o cotidiano escolar em sua riqueza e dinamismo, a partir da observação participante do conjunto de práticas explícitas realizadas pelos professores e alunos, além do conjunto de práticas não explícitas que constituem e determinam a organização da sala de aula. Para o tratamento dos dados construídos, começamos pela digitação das notas de campo e pela transcrição da entrevista. Em seguida, desenvolvemos um longo trabalho de ir e vir no corpus, num diálogo contínuo com a teoria, de forma a permitir a apreensão dos processos de transformação que estavam ocorrendo e possibilitando a emergência dos diversos sentidos do material. Selecionamos trechos e levantamos os temas sobre os quais eles versavam para, depois, observarmos a recorrência de determinados assuntos que nos remetiam a sentidos comuns para, então, agrupá-los. Estas temáticas recorrentes configuraram categorias de análise que organizamos em quatro blocos temáticos: 1. As marcas da escola, no qual procuramos elencar as marcas que a escola imprime e perpetua nas crianças; 2. A (des)organização do cotidiano, que foi caracterizado pelas lacunas no aproveitamento do tempo em que as crianças estavam na instituição; 3. O professor - de tio à algoz - e sua prática, que refletiu sobre os diversos posicionamentos ocupados pelo educador infantil e sua prática; 4. A constituição da criança, em que destacamos a relevância da escola para o processo de humanização dos pequenos, para o desenvolvimento das funções psicológicas superiores e para o acesso à produção cultural. A profissão docente também foi foco de nossa análise a partir da entrevista com a educadora e, neste sentido, faz-se necessário e urgente pensar-se no âmbito das políticas públicas, nos editais para preenchimento de vagas neste nível de ensino, bem como no oferecimento de propostas efetivas de formação continuada àqueles que já estão na escola. Além disto, destacamos a importância da presença do profissional de Psicologia na educação infantil de modo a contribuir com a efetivação de uma pré-escola de qualidade, que equilibre o cuidado e a educação, e considere a escola e sua comunidade educadores, crianças e suas famílias em suas condições concretas. / Mestre em Psicologia Aplicada

Traditional trade marks, such as words and figures, have for a long time constituted of visual signs. However, due to the evolution of modern technology and changing marketing methods, non-traditional trade marks have been increasing in todays highly competitive market.1 Consequently, the evolution created legal uncertainties in the European Union (EU) since in order to register a trade mark, it had to be represented graphically. This requirement was difficult to achieve for some non-traditional trade marks which were perceived through other sensed than the sight. On the 1 October 2017, requirement for graphical representation has been amended in the EU Trade Mark Regulation 2017/10012 by a technical neutral requirement which opens up possibilities for registration of European Union trade marks in a more suitable way, using generally available technology. The purpose of this thesis has been to analyse how the abolition of graphical representation and the new wider requirement will affect the registration of non-traditional trade marks in the EU. Signs which have been analysed in the frame of this thesis are: sound, olfactory, three-dimensional, colour, motion, multimedia, holograms, pattern, tactile and taste marks. Conclusively, I found that the technical neutral registration requirement has opened up possibilities for trade mark holders to register new types of marks like multimedia marks. Moreover, it has simplified the registration process for already accepted non-traditional trade marks such as hologram, motion and sound marks. However, the reform has hardly affected the registration process of colour, pattern and three-dimensional marks since their biggest challenge with the registration have been the requirement for distinctiveness. Furthermore, it is currently still not possible to register olfactory, tactile and taste marks. Though the new and flexible amendments indicate that those types of marks may be more easily registered in the future.

Submitted by PAOLA JUDITH AMARIS RUIDIAZ (paolaamaris@gmail.com) on 2018-09-11T15:08:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VFinal1-UNESP.pdf: 2019348 bytes, checksum: 41f70c63f3467fc6bec7b1d469f31b84 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Santulo Custódio de Medeiros null (asantulo@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-09-11T18:00:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 amaris-ruidiaz_pj_dr_rcla.pdf: 1960500 bytes, checksum: 3262fa50f555b1dbb008dc8d7f76da53 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T18:00:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 amaris-ruidiaz_pj_dr_rcla.pdf: 1960500 bytes, checksum: 3262fa50f555b1dbb008dc8d7f76da53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho se assume em um mundo globalizado com uma forte tendência a eliminar diferenças, com um Aparelho de Estado que mantém sua segmentaridade por meio de dispositivos culturais, econômicos e tecnológicos, produzindo práticas de vigilância e mecanismo de poder que podem se concretizar no corpo. Nesse panorama, desenha-se um enunciado - corpo-marcado -, que lança luz a marcas que podem se concretizar nos corpos em meio a diferentes dispositivos. Em especial, debruça-se sobre o dispositivo Escola e professores que nela ensinam para refletir sobre o tema "corpo e educação", propondo-se a pensar O que podem corpos que assumem suas marcas e, com elas, produzem um corpo de encontros? Para isso, assumiu uma prática cartográfica para produzir um mapa que pudesse expor, fraturar e problematizar as relações de poder que se constituem na Escola, por meio de uma experiência sensível com um grupo de professores, em meio a dois espaços de encontros, o primeiro organizado pela própria Escola, a "Aula de Trabalho Pedagógico Coletivo” (ATPC), com características institucionais; o segundo, organizado pela autora deste trabalho, um espaço de encontros junto aos professores de matemática do Ensino Fundamental e Médio, que buscava discutir as marcas desses corpos e produzir junto a seus corpos-marcados. A produção desta tese assumiu uma política de escrita híbrida, em que línguas espanhola e portuguesa fazem parte de uma mesma composição, por entender que essa forma daria vazão aos afetos que pediam passagem. Avesso a uma tentativa de representação do ocorrido, convida-se o leitor a passear em uma sequência à sua escolha por diferentes textos, que englobam discussões e reflexões sobre corpo e educação, narrativas produzidos nos espaços habitados e aforismas não explicativos. Como resultados, percebe-se que, ao criar encontros intensivos entre corpos, outro corpo é gerado, um corpo de encontros, tomado como um epicentro da experiência, em que as marcas ganham outras cores, produzindo afetos que aumentam a potência de agir no dispositivo, e que permitem a existência e o fluxo de diferenças. Em termos do corpo Educação Matemática, esta pesquisa se instala como possibilidade de criar marcas outras ao assumir uma educação matemática como prática de vida, produzida no encontro entre corpos. / This work is assumed in a globalized world with a strong tendency to eliminate differences, in a State Apparatus that maintains its segmentation by means of cultural, economic and technological devices, producing vigilance practices and a mechanism of power that can be concretized in the body. In this prospect, a formulation is drawn, a – marked-body – that sheds light on marks that can be concretized in the bodies amid different devices. In particular, it focuses on School and teachers who teach in it as a device to reflect on the theme "body and education", proposing to think What can bodies do that assume their marks and, with them, produce a body of encounters? With this purpose, a cartographic practice was adopted to produce a map that could expose, fracture and problematize the power relations that are constituted in School. This was achieved through a sensitive experience with a group of teachers among two meeting spaces, the first "Aula de Trabalho Pedagógico Coletivo" (ATPC), organized by the School itself and with institutional characteristics, and the second, organized by the writer of this work, a meeting space with the mathematics teachers of basic and secondary education, that sought to discuss the marks of those bodies and produce along with their marked bodies. The production of this thesis has had a hybrid-writing policy, in which Spanish and Portuguese are part of the same composition, understanding that in that way it would give free rein to the emotions that ask for a way, contrary to an attempt to represent what has happened. Thus, the reader is invited to venture into different ways of reading the text, which includes discussions and reflections on body and education, narratives produced in the inhabited spaces and non-explanatory aphorisms. As a result, it is perceived that, by creating intensive encounters between bodies, another body is generated, a body of encounters, taken as an epicenter of experience, in which the marks gain other colors, producing affections that increase the the power of acting on the device and that allow the existence and flow of differences. In terms of the Mathematical Education body, this research is installed as a possibility to create other marks by assuming a mathematical education as a life practice, produced in the encounter between bodies. / Este trabajo se asume en un mundo globalizado con una fuerte tendencia a eliminar diferencias, con un Aparato de Estado que mantiene su segmentación por medio de dispositivos culturales, económicos y tecnológicos, produciendo prácticas de vigilancia y mecanismo de poder que pueden concretizarse en el cuerpo. En ese panorama, se dibuja un enunciado- cuerpo-marcado-, que arroja luz a marcas que pueden concretarse en los cuerpos en medio de diferentes dispositivos. En particular, se centra en el dispositivo Escuela y profesores que en ella enseñan para reflexionar sobre el tema “cuerpo y educación”, proponiéndose a pensar ¿Qué pueden los cuerpos que asumen sus marcas y, con ellas, producen un cuerpo de encuentros? Para ello, se asumió una práctica cartográfica para producir un mapa que pudiera exponer, fracturar y problematizar las relaciones de poder que se constituyen en la Escuela, por medio de una experiencia sensible con un grupo de profesores, en medio de dos espacios de encuentros, el primero organizado por la propia Escuela, “Aula de Trabalho Pedagógico Coletivo” (ATPC), con características institucionales, el segundo, organizado por la escritora de este trabajo, un espacio de encuentros junto a los profesores de matemática de educación básica y secundaria, que buscaba discutir las marcas de esos cuerpos y producir junto a sus cuerpos-marcados. La producción de esta tesis ha tenido una política de escrita-híbrido, donde el español y el portugués son parte de la misma composición, entendiendo que de esa manera daría rienda suelta a las emociones que piden camino, contraria a un intento de representación de lo ocurrido. Así, se invita al lector a aventurarse por diferentes caminos de lectura del texto, que engloban discusiones y reflexiones sobre cuerpo y educación, narrativas producidas en los espacios habitados y aforismas no explicativos. Como resultado, se percibe que, al crear encuentros intensivos entre cuerpos, otro cuerpo es generado, un cuerpo de encuentros, tomado como un epicentro de experiencia, en que las marcas ganan otros colores, produciendo afectos que aumentan la potencia de actuar en el dispositivo y que permiten la existencia y el flujo de diferencias. En términos del cuerpo Educación Matemática, esta investigación se instala como posibilidad de crear marcas otras al asumir una educación matemática como práctica de vida, producida en el encuentro entre cuerpos.

CARREIRO, Carlos Riedel Porto. Inovações tecnológicas na sexagem, manejo reprodutivo e crescimento do pirarucu, Arapaima gigas (SCHINZ, 1822), (Actinopterygii, Arapaimidae) cultivado no Centro de Pesquisas em Aquicultura Rodolpho von Ihering (CPA) do DNOCS, Pentecoste, Estado do Ceará. 2012. 136 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2012 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-26T12:16:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_crpcarreiro.pdf: 18907754 bytes, checksum: 0908fc84040d7539c531f59a7e7ae49f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-26T12:17:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_crpcarreiro.pdf: 18907754 bytes, checksum: 0908fc84040d7539c531f59a7e7ae49f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-26T12:17:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_crpcarreiro.pdf: 18907754 bytes, checksum: 0908fc84040d7539c531f59a7e7ae49f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / The present study deals with aspects of sexing, breeding, nursery and growth of pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, presented in four chapters. The first chapter revealed historical aspects of introduction and reintroduction of pirarucu. Now, the reintroduction of pirarucu in the past decade had another purpose, which was the development of studies in research management, growth and reproduction. In the second chapter we have developed different technologies for pirarucu sex identification: ultrasound, which generated different images for male and female gonads; laparoscopy that generated clear images of the gonads, and can distinguish gonadal stages. Was a tested variation in levels of estradiol and testosterone hormones in fingerling and juvenile, not being able to use this methodology to determine the sex because there is no correlation between the concentration of hormones and the length of pirarucus. RAPD reactions were used to determine polymorphisms with sex of Arapaima gigas, indicating the need for further studys. In third chapter we studied some of the many aspects that helped the reproduction management: The rainfall showed a positive correlation with the frequency of spawn pirarucu in Ceara state, Brazil; This chapter also describes the utilization of electronic transponders; No mortality was recorded during two years study, the introduction of electronic transponders also revealed a new dynamic of courtship behavior, with resultant formation of new pirarucu couples. Another aspect described in the third chapter was the pirarucu food training, step of importance in pirarucu fish farming. There were two systems of training food – The first one use gradual transition from live food to commercial food and seconds left fingerling in parental care. The system of weaning showed lower survival rates, however, righter growth and weight. The gradual transition showed higher survival and lower growth and weight. Anesthetics were tested (chloroform and menthol); Menthol has been used successfully in adults and juveniles with administration by spray gills. The chloroform was effective anesthetics immediately after inhalation, running directly to the stage of surgical anesthesia. The fourth chapter studies were performed growth and weight of pirarucu fry and juveniles to commercial size, initially using samples with an average weight of 1g, ending after 19 months of cultivation, with an average weight of 10,000 g. / A tese trata da sexagem, reprodução, alevinagem e crescimento do pirarucu, Arapaima gigas. No primeiro capítulo foram revelados aspectos históricos da introdução e reintrodução do pirarucu nos açudes do nordeste do Brasil objetivando o desenvolvimento de pesquisas de manejo, crescimento e reprodução voltadas à produção aquícola. No segundo capítulo foram desenvolvidas diferentes tecnologias para a identificação sexual do pirarucu: ultrassom, que gerou imagens distintas para gônadas masculinas e femininas; a laparoscopia que gerou imagens nítidas das gônadas, distinguindo-se inclusive estágios de ovócitos. Testou-se ainda as variações nos níveis de estradiol e testosterona em alevinos e juvenis de pirarucu, não sendo possível a utilização deste método para determinação do sexo, em virtude de não haver correlação entre a concentração dos hormônios e o comprimento dos pirarucus. Reações de RAPD foram utilizadas buscando determinar polimorfismos entre sexo de espécimes de pirarucu, indicando a necessidade de estudos mais profundos e testes com novos primers. No terceiro capítulo foram estudados alguns aspectos do manejo reprodutivo: As precipitações pluviais apresentaram correlação positiva com a frequência de desovas do pirarucu no Ceará, sendo março o mês de maior ocorrência. Ainda neste capítulo, descreve-se a implantação de transponders eletrônicos em pirarucus; A introdução dos transponders revelou uma nova dinâmica comportamental de cortejo, com formação de novos casais. Outro aspecto foi o treinamento alimentar. Foram observados dois sistemas de treinamento alimentar – o primeiro com utilização de transição gradual de alimento vivo para ração comercial seca e o segundo com alevinos deixados nos viveiros de reprodução com cuidado parental, estes sofreram maior mortalidade apresentando ainda comprimento e peso superiores aos exemplares submetidos ao regime de transição alimentar. O regime de transição alimentar mostrou índices de sobrevivência superiores ao cuidado parental apresentando, porém, crescimento e peso inferiores. Foi testado o uso anestésicos (Mentol e clorofórmio); O mentol foi utilizado com sucesso em juvenis e adultos. O clorofórmio apresentou efeito anestésico imediato após a inalação, levando o espécime diretamente ao estágio de anestesia cirúrgica. No quarto capítulo foram realizados estudos de crescimento e peso de alevinos e juvenis até o tamanho comercial, utilizando inicialmente exemplares com peso médio de 1g, finalizando, após 18 meses de cultivo, com peso médio de 10kg.

This thesis deals with the period, which was not fully researched until now by the czech numismatists. It is a unique numismatic work fully dedicated to the tetrarchic period in czech language. Its center of gravity lies in the detailed study of the production of coins and iconography, both before the reform, in 294, and afterwards. It is also given a description of previous period of the end of the third century AD to facilitate the understanding of monetary developments and policies of the tetrarchic period. The study of the numismatic material and literature allow to deliver new opinions concerning the disintegration of tetrarchic system and of the monetary reforms from the end of the third century AD. It is discussed the problematic of using marks on coins, which are usually interpreted as an indication of nominal value. The work includes a detailed study of 1,752 gold coins of the second half of the 3rd century, which helps to clarify the vague classification of gold coins and their standards. Attached is a catalog of the Roman imperial coins from AD 284-337, which are deposited in the Charles University collection of ancient. These coins have not been published until now. Key words: Tetrarchy, Diocletian, Constantinus, nummus, monetary refroms, coinage, marks of value, XXI, Heraclea, golden...

Little attention is paid to the civil remedies available when infringement of a trade mark or the right to goodwill occurs. Yet, for the owners of ~uch rights, these remedies are of much greater importance than theoretical considerations regarding the nature of the rights or what constitutes their infringement. This thesis analyses the civil remedies for trade mark infringement granted by the South African Trade Marks Act 194 of 1993. In the South African context, any consideration of civil remedies is rendered problematic by the attempted graft of English remedies onto a legal system with a different common-law background. It is, therefore, essential first to trace the English origin and application of these remedies, and then to determine whether each remedy is acceptable in terms of the South African common law. This is necessary, as our courts have previously rejected or adapted English remedies which were unknown to our common law but which Parliament introduced in legislation. The remedies of interdict (or injunction) in final and interlocutory form, compensatory damages, reasonable royalties, and delivery up are analysed from a substantive law and a procedural perspective. The procedural innovation of an inquiry as to damages is also considered. In respect of each remedy, (1) the English roots and development of the remedy are traced; (2) differences of approach in two other Commonwealth jurisdictions, Australia and Canada, are highlighted; (3) the development of the South African equivalent is detailed; and (4) suggestions for the future implementation of the remedy in South Africa are made. In the penultimate chapter, our common law and legislation (including the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996 ) are measured against the requirements of the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Recommendations for the effective utilization of each remedy in South Africa are then made. They include suggestions for legislative amendment in respect of delivery up and an inquiry as to damages, and the introduction of statutory damages as an further civil remedy. / Mercentile Law / LL. D. (Laws)