Afin de répondre aux besoins du marché de l’acier, le procédé de cokéfaction du charbon doit s’adapter. Cependant, changer les paramètres de cokéfaction du charbon, tels que la température du four, le temps de cuisson ou la composition de la pâte à coke enfournée, peut générer un endommagement prématuré de la maçonnerie des fours. En effet, la transformation du charbon en coke s’accompagne d’une poussée sur les parois du four fortement dépendantes d’un grand nombre de paramètres. Afin d’anticiper ce problème, un projet européen nommé « Swelling PRessure In a coke oven, Transmission on oven walls and COnsequences on wall » a été mis en place. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans ce programme et vise à déterminer la poussée maximale pouvant être admise par un piédroit de cokerie lors de la pyrolyse du charbon. Pour modéliser ces structures composées de plusieurs centaines de milliers de briques, le point de vue macroscopique est le plus approprié. La maçonnerie est remplacée par un matériau homogène équivalent dont le comportement varie en fonction de l’état d’endommagement de la maçonnerie, ramené localement à un état d’ouverture des joints de mortier. Afin de détecter ces ouvertures, un critère de type Mohr-Coulomb en contraintes est utilisé. Il repose sur la comparaison des limites à rupture d’un sandwich brique-Mortier déterminé expérimentalement à haute température avec les contraintes mésoscopiques issues de la simulation. Un protocole expérimental novateur a été développé pour caractériser la tenue en traction du sandwich brique / mortier / brique jusqu’à 1000°C. Les limites à rupture issues de cet essai de traction directe ont été comparées à celles obtenues par des essais de fendage réalisés à l’université de Leoben. Les résultats sont concordants et confirment l’importance de l’état de surface avant maçonnage. Selon l’état d’endommagement considéré, les contraintes mésoscopiques sont obtenues grâce à un tenseur de localisation ou grâce à une sous-Structuration. Cette étape de sous-Structuration consiste à simuler localement une cellule à l’échelle mésoscopique en lui appliquant le champ de déplacement macroscopique obtenu grâce à la simulation. L’outil numérique a été validé par confrontation avec un cas test de référence. Pour finir, l’outil numérique développé a été utilisé pour caractériser l’influence de différents paramètres tels que la prise en compte de la thermique, la mise en compression de la structure…. Enfin, la simulation de cuissons sur des piédroits complets (sains ou initialement endommagés) a été réalisée. L’importance de l’endommagement initial est clairement soulignée par les résultats. Enfin, un nouveau modèle, appelé « deux carneaux avec poutres», est proposé pour réduire le coût de calcul. Plus complet que le modèle « deux carneaux » utilisé au CPM, il donne accès à de très bons résultats pour un coût nettement moindre que celui du piédroit complet avec homogénéisation et sous-Structuration. / To face coke and steel market requirements, the coking process has to be more flexible. Changing process parameters such as coking temperature, blend composition and cooking time can damaged coke oven battery heating wall. Indeed, the coking process generates a swelling pressure on wall which depends on a lot of parameters. To study this point, a European project named « Swelling PRessure In a coke oven, Transmission on oven walls and COnsequences on wall » has been set up. This work is a part of it and aims to determine the admissible pushing pressure for the coke oven heating walls to prevent crack formation. To model large masonries composed of numerous bricks, a mesoscopic point of view is more appropriate. Bricks and mortar are replaced by a Homogeneous Equivalent Material (HEM) whose behaviour depends on the joint state. In order to represent joint opening mechanism, a Mohr-Coulomb criterion in stress is used. This criterion compares the level of stress to the ultimate tensile or shear stress at mesoscopic scale. Ultimate stresses are obtained thanks to an experimental campaign using a new protocol developed at PRISME Laboratory. The brick-Mortar behaviour is experimentally characterised at high temperature (20°C to 1000°C). To validate the tensile test developed, a second experimental campaign using “wedge splitting tests” has been done at Leoben University. Results are similar and confirm the importance of the brick surface state. Depending on the initial damage of the structures, mesoscopic stresses are obtained by localization tensor or by sub-Modelling. The sub-Modelling step aims to simulate a local part of the masonry at the mesoscopic scale. This step aims to simulate with a mesoscopic point of view a local part of the global model. This numerical tool has been validated thanks to a literature test. Finally, the numerical tool has been used to characterise the influence of some parameters (thermal, force due to the cross tie rod,..). Next, the simulation of the whole coke oven heating wall has been performed (undamaged or initially damaged masonry). These FE simulations show the influence of initial damage on the final masonry damage. Finally, a two flues model with beams is proposed to take into account compression due to cross tie rod and to limit computational cost. It permits to obtain better results than the existing two flues model used at CPM with a lower cost compared to the whole coke oven heating wall model.

La France Métropolitaine est composée de régions à sismicité modérée mais néanmoins vulnérables aux tremblements de terre. En effet, 85% des bâtiments existants ont été construits avant l’apparition des règles de construction parasismique. Pour évaluer la vulnérabilité sismique de ces structures, il existe différentes méthodes à grande échelle telles que Hazus ou Risk-UE, non adaptées à l’échelle d’un bâtiment. Deux typologies de structures ont été étudiées dans ce travail : les structures récentes en béton armé représentatives des grands bâtiments stratégiques, et les structures en maçonnerie non renforcée, représentatives des centres villes historiques. Compte-tenu de la sismicité modérée, les structures récentes en béton armé ont un comportement linéaire élastique. Dans ce cadre, l’instrumentation d’un bâtiment, tel que la Tour de l’Ophite, est essentielle car elle permet de déterminer les vibrations ambiantes d’une structure et d’en extraire les paramètres modaux (fréquences propres, amortissements et déformées modales) qui incluent naturellement des informations sur la qualité des matériaux utilisés, leur vieillissement, leur endommagement, etc. De plus, un outil, basé sur la méthode stochastique par sous-espaces à l’aide des matrices de covariance (SSI-COV), a été développé afin de détecter au mieux les modes propres très proches (modes doubles), lors du traitement des données issues de l’instrumentation de la Tour de l’Ophite. Un modèle numérique par Eléments Finis est également proposé afin de prédire, dans le domaine linéaire, les déplacements de la Tour de l’Ophite soumise à un séisme identique à celui des Abruzzes en Italie en 2009. Pour les structures en maçonnerie non renforcée, un modèle de comportement non-linéaire des matériaux, avec une approche de type endommagement fragile, a été développé et utilisé pour la simulation numérique du comportement ductile des panneaux, remplaçant ainsi la mise en œuvre d’essais expérimentaux lourds et coûteux. A partir des travaux précédents, une méthodologie analytique d’évaluation de la vulnérabilité sismique des bâtiments existants, validée par comparaison avec le code numérique TreMuRi, est proposée et appliquée à un bâtiment. Par exemple, la généricité de notre méthodologie a permis de mener une investigation sur un matériau local, les murs en galets. / France is a country composed of moderate seismic hazard regions however vulnerable to earthquakes. 85% of existing buildings have been built before the application of paraseismic codes. Several current large-scale seismic vulnerability assessment methods are used, such as Hazus or Risk-UE, but they are inappropriate for specific building analysis. Two structure types have been evaluated in this thesis; the recent reinforced concrete structures for high strategic buildings, and the unreinforced masonry structures, for historical city centres. In view of the moderate seismic risk, recent reinforced concrete structures have an elastic behaviour. In this context, the instrumentation of a building, such as the Ophite Tower, is essential as it determines the ambient vibrations of a structure and extracts modal parameters (natural frequencies, modal shapes and damping), which naturally include information such as quality of materials, ageing, damage, etc. Moreover, as a tool based on the Covariance driven Stochastic Subspace Identification method (SSI-COV), it was developed in order to improve the detection of very close natural modes (double modes), during data processing from the instrumentation of Ophite Tower. A Finite Element numerical model (linear) was also proposed to predict the displacements of Ophite Tower under a seismic motion similar to Abruzzes earthquake (Italy, 2009). For unreinforced masonry structures, a model for nonlinear behaviour of materials with a brittle cracking approach has been developed. This is used for the numerical simulation of the ductile behaviour of panels and replaces the expensive experimental tests. From previous works, an analytical seismic vulnerability assessment method of existing buildings, validated par comparison with TreMuRi code, was proposed and applied to a building. For example, the genericity of this methodology has led to an investigation of a local material (pier walls).

The thesis aimed to examine the problem of excessive moisture in existing buildings and to design a suitable construction and technological procedure including the analysis of particular options and their economic analysis. For this purpose I chose a particular family house with excessive moisture. I elaborated basic characteristics of the building, where I described the age of all parts affected by moisture. Next I described used material, that was incorporated into the ground plan of the house. To make a complex view I described the surroundings of the building as well. Apart from that I worked out a basic reconnaissance of the bedrock, which included the analysis of radon threat analysis. Furthermore, I described the moisutre manifestations in the building and their possible causes. Based on this analysis I suggested a construction and technological procedures consisting of two solution options, which were in detail described and incorporated into the ground plan of the building. I calculated the costs of both solutions and finally the most suitable solution was chosen with a corresponding proper explanation.

L'évaluation des risques naturels et du risque sismique en particulier a pris une importance croissante pour les autorités publiques ces dernières années, entraînant une adaptation importante des outils utilisés jusqu'à présent dans l'étude de la vulnérabilité du bâti. Il est nécessaire de mieux évaluer ces risques afin de mieux y faire face. De nouvelles approches doivent être proposées pour répondre à ces objectifs dont les approches numériques font partie. Parmi les méthodes numériques développées pour tenir compte de la spécificité du bâti maçonné figurent les approches par éléments discrets comme la méthode NSCD (« Non Smooth Contact Dynamics »). Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse visent à mieux appréhender le comportement mécanique et dynamique des ouvrages maçonnés en utilisant ce type de méthode implémenté dans le code calcul LMGC90, afin d'affiner la compréhension et la caractérisation de la vulnérabilité sismique des édifices en maçonnerie. La méthodologie que nous cherchons à mettre en place vise à traiter la vulnérabilité sismique de bâtiments spécifiques ou au contraire d'ensembles de bâtiments de même typologie. / The perception and the evaluation of natural risks and more particularly of the seismic hazard have never been so important and highlighted by the authorities. This phenomenon leads to a deep adjustment of tools used up to now in the assessment of the vulnerability of buildings. New approaches as numerical approaches have to be proposed so as to best estimate the risk. Among all the numeriacl methods developed to take into account specificities of masonry buildings, approaches by discrete elements methods as the NSCD method (“Non Smooth Contact Dynamics”) seem to be particularly well adapted. This PhD thesis aims to best understand the mechanical behaviour of masonry structures by using this discrete method implemented in the software LMGC90 so as to give an accurate estmation of the seismic vulnerability of buildings. The very purpose of this work is to develop a calculation tool able to deal with the vulnerabilityof both specific and common masonry buildings.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:52:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 albertini_mm_me_ilha.pdf: 2303245 bytes, checksum: c14d533b938e84bf6737aaa9c820ad09 (MD5) / Com a expansão da Engenharia de Estruturas e os diferentes sistemas construtivos que vêm ao longo dos anos surgindo na indústria da construção civil, o Engenheiro Estrutural necessita incorporar a análise numérica como uma ferramenta de trabalho usual, de modo a manter a qualidade e a competitividade de seu trabalho, ainda que a análise dos projetos em alvenaria estrutural tenha sua modelagem bastante simples. A princípio, as ferramentas computacionais que buscam traduzir a realidade do comportamento deste método construtivo devem ser incorporadas como parte essencial ao auxílio no desenvolvimento destes projetos. Embasando-se neste princípio, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal a simulação numérica do comportamento não-linear físico de prismas, vazios e cheios com graute, de alvenaria estrutural submetidos a ações verticais. A discretização estrutural é feita por meio do Método dos Elementos Finitos, utilizando elementos prismáticos regulares parabólicos com vinte nós, simulando as partes do bloco de concreto (14 x 19 x 29 cm), as aberturas que receberão o graute e as juntas de argamassa, permitindo assim a modulação tridimensional dos prismas, bem como a introdução separada do módulo de elasticidade do concreto, do graute e da argamassa. Como parte integrante deste trabalho está a dedução do elemento finito a ser utilizado na discretização do prisma e para a consideração da não-linearidade física dos materiais utiliza-se o critério de Mohr-Coulomb, permitindo representar a diminuição da rigidez em função da ruptura do material. O programa desenvolvido foi utilizado para a simulação de vários ensaios realizados no NEPAE - Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa da Alvenaria Estrutural, cujos resultados apresentados são bastante satisfatórios. / With the expansion of the structures engineering and the different constructive systems that have been appearing as the years pass by in the industry of the building site, the structural engineer needs to incorporate the numeric analysis as an usual tool of work in a way to keep the quality and the competitiveness of his work, although the analysis of the projects in structural masonry is quite simple as modeling. At first, the computational tools that try to translate the reality of the behavior of this constructive method should be incorporate as an essential part to the aid in the development of these projects. Based on this idea, the present work main goal is the numeric simulation of the nonlinear physicist behavior of prisms, empty and full of concrete, of structural masonry submitted to vertical actions. The structural discretization is made by the Finite Elements Method, using prismatic elements with twenty joints, simulating the parts of the concrete block (14 x 19 x 29 cm), the openings that will receive the graute and the mortar joints, which allows the three-dimensional modulation of the prisms, as well as the separated introduction of the module of elasticity of the concrete block, of the concrete and of the mortar. A part of this work is the deduction of the finite element that will be used in the discretization of the prism. For the consideration of the nonlinear physics of the materials, the criterion of Mohr-coulomb will be used, permitting to represent the decrease of the rigidity in function of the rupture of the material. The developed program was used for the simulation of several rehearsals accomplished in NEPAE - Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa da Alvenaria Estrutural, whose presented results are quite satisfactory.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:53:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 felipe_as_me_ilha.pdf: 2392820 bytes, checksum: 9c6e04fef232018e3760dee715984441 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Diante do grande crescimento da alvenaria estrutural no país, muitas fábricas de blocos de concreto vieram por necessidade, buscar por otimizações do seu processo produtivo, visto que, projetos mais arrojados, acabam exigindo maiores controles de qualidade. A proposta deste estudo é melhorar a produção destes artefatos de concreto por meio de otimizações simples que reduzem o custo e garantem uma produção eficiente na fábrica. Estudar a fundo os vários parâmetros de formação de um traço de concreto seco, tais como coesão, textura, energias de adensamento e resistência à compressão axial, todos os fenômenos dependentes entre si, torna-se muito complexo se avaliado em um único trabalho. No entanto, propor um estudo que colete informações apresentadas por vários autores, facilita na otimização e criação de uma pesquisa que possa contribuir na dosagem para concretos secos, em especial, na fabricação de blocos estruturais. Neste estudo, adaptaram-se para laboratório alguns equipamentos de uso comum para confecção destes artefatos de concreto, possibilitando a correlação direta de corpos de prova cilíndricos com os blocos. Uma das adaptações é o estudo baseado na padronização da energia de compactação, proporcionada pelo equipamento para ensaios de mini-proctor, simulando assim, a máquina vibro-prensa. Outras correlações como coesão e resistência à compressão, também foram possíveis de obter no laboratório, reduzindo então, as interferências constantes no processo produtivo da fábrica, ocasião verificada em vários outros estudos. Diante do exposto, foi possível avaliar com boa segurança os resultados. O estudo foi desenvolvido em três etapas, sempre buscando a maior massa específica seca compactada da mistura de agregados, inicialmente na primeira etapa, foi utilizado somente dois agregados (areia fina e pedrisco), conforme... / Given the substantial growth of structural masonry in Brazil, many concrete block companies have seen the need to optimize their production process, since more challenging projects require greater quality control. This study proposes to improve the production of concrete artifacts by means of simple optimizations that reduce costs and ensure the company’s efficient production. Studying in depth the various parameters of the formation of dry concrete trace, such as cohesion, texture, density energy and axial compressive strength, all the particularities interdependent on one another become very complex when assessed in a single study. However, proposing a study that collects the information submitted by various authors, expedites optimizing and creating a research study which may assist in improving the dosage for dried concrete, particularly in the manufacture of structural blocks. In this study, some commonly used manufacturing equipment, such as concrete artifacts, were laboratory-adapted, enabling a direct correlation of the cylindrical specimens with the blocks. One of the adjustments is the study based on the standardization of compaction energy, provided by the mini-proctor testing equipment, thus simulating the vibro press machine. Other correlations such as cohesion and compressive strength were also obtained in the laboratory, therefore reducing the constant interferences in the plant’s production process, observed in many other studies. In this manner, it was possible to reliably assess the results. The study was conducted in three stages, always seeking the highest compressed dry specific mass of the mixture of aggregates. In the first stage, only two aggregates were used (fine sand and pebbles), commonly used at the plant. The second stage included adding the coarse sand and stone powder to correct the lack of resistance promoted by the high amount of fine sand from... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:13:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 jodas_m_me_ilha.pdf: 1356266 bytes, checksum: 018e99760788ea15eba777612fafa224 (MD5) / Fundação de Ensino Pesquisa e Extensão de Ilha Solteira (FEPISA) / As estruturas de concreto armado vêm se tornando cada vez mais esbeltas, aliadas ao menor tempo de execução das edificações e aos menores prazos de execução da fixação da alvenaria na estrutura, cada vez com mais freqüência observa-se a formação dos estados patológicos nas alvenarias. As estruturas de concreto armado apresentam progressivamente deformações mais acentuadas, fazendo com que as paredes de vedação trabalhem, oferecendo resistência a esses deslocamentos surgindo assim patologias que se apresentam na forma de fissuras na interface pilar/alvenaria. Desse modo, surge a necessidade de estudos das ligações empregadas na interface pilar/alvenaria, que têm por objetivo “solidarizar” estrutura e alvenaria, distribuindo as deformações excessivas da estrutura que se traduzem na forma de fissuras e com isso diminuir a ocorrência de patologias nas alvenarias de vedação. Para tal, foram desenvolvidos ensaios de diferentes formas de ligação da interface pilar/alvenaria de modo a avaliar a eficiência dos dispositivos empregados no mercado da construção de edifícios de São Paulo atualmente, como a tela metálica eletrosoldada. Numa primeira etapa foram realizados ensaios de arrancamento direto à tração, de modo a se estudar o comportamento do dispositivo quando submetido ao esforço de tração. Foram ensaiados também prismas de alvenaria, com diferentes dispositivos de ligação inseridos de modo a se avaliar as resistências à tração das ancoragens inseridas na junta de argamassa, e numa terceira etapa, foram realizados ensaios em pequenas paredes, para se determinar o desempenho das ancoragens na ligação de paredes e pilares de concreto armado, na situação real. / Structures of reinforced concrete are becoming more slender, associated to the short time of building construction and with the lesser periods of masonry fixation in the structure, each time with more frequency can be observed the formation of pathological state in masonry. The structures of reinforced concrete progressively presents more accentuated deformation, making masonry to work, offering strength to these displacements, creating pathology that appears like cracks in the interface of column/masonry. Thus, it is necessary to study the bonds used in the interface column/masonry, wich has as objective “join” the structure and the masonry, spreading the excessive deformations of the structure that comes up as cracks, and diminishing the occurrence of damages in the forbid masonry. In order to do this, different tests in the interface column/masonry were developed in order to evaluate the efficiency of device used in the civil construction in São Paulo, as tela metálica eletrosoldada. In the first step, pull-out tests were done to sutdy the behavior of the device when submitted to a tensile strength. Prisms were also tested, with different kinds of bond gadgets inserted in order to evaluate the resistance in a traction of devices in the anchorages inserted in the grouts, and in a third step, small walls were tested to analyze the behavior of anchorages in the bond of wall and column, in the real situation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:54:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 francisco_rr_me_fran.pdf: 1038626 bytes, checksum: 6c686a0ee53f9b270d8604283d808057 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar as primeiras sociedades antiescravistas que surgiram na cidade de São Paulo entre 1850 e 1871. A fim de compreender a natureza dessas organizações, foram estudadas as formas como elas se estruturaram e funcionaram. Para tanto, considerou-se o desempenho dos atores sociais que as compuseram, as interações e os laços estabelecidos entre eles. Da mesma forma, destacou-se o papel exercido pela imprensa, que contribuiu para dinamizar as práticas antiescravistas e configurou-se no espaço pelo qual circularam os principais membros dessas organizações / This master thesis goes on to analyze the rise of the first anti-slavery societies in São Paulo City between 1850 and 1871. As way to comprehend the nature of these organizations, it wills exam the manners they functioned and were framed. Thus, the research regards the role of the social agents who took part in the anti-slavery social network and how ties were established among them. In the same way, it will highlight the role played by the press and how it contributed to prompt the anti-slavery practices, turning into privileged space for the member of societies that struggled against slavery

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4457.pdf: 18463450 bytes, checksum: c0a25a178fa3c9a6561abc7109472ddc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This work proposes to develop a study about frame structure behaviour filled with masonry panel, for the purposes of building bracing. It aims to consider the hardening of this filling masonry in the frame which deals with the horizontal loadings analysis such as wind strength. The work starts with the historical development, depicting the fact that who started this study. Then, variables which influence the frame rigidity are shown, like: wedging, the kind of link between panel- frame, panel openings, codes and design specification. These topics describe theoretical and experimental studies that have already been carried out about the theme and the main approaches considered by the researchers. For the purpose of checking the structure stiffening increase some case study were held. The first one comprehends a simple frame, theoretical, with data and results obtained from specialized literature. The second one compares a steal frame tested on a laboratory, with a computer program modeled frame, using the same features as the real stuff. Then, the portics were analysed with different filled floors. For doing so, different available calculation methods were applied, which employ equivalent diagonal concept to consider the masonry filling contribution as a structural constituent. Bearing in mind to verify the stiffening increase when the filling masonry are considered, a real building was modeled, in this particular case Helena Building, it has 22 floors, built in São Paulo using reinforced concrete, either considering or not the filling masonry. As the research bottom line, this text allows an updating about the possibility of including the filling masonry in building projects, an evaluation of the stiffening increase that the masonry might cause, an analysis to verify the compressed diagonal model and finally it shows design criteria. / O presente trabalho propõe realizar um estudo da arte sobre o comportamento de estruturas aporticadas preenchidas com painéis de alvenaria, para fim de contraventamento de edificações. Visa considerar o enrijecimento dessa alvenaria de preenchimento no pórtico para análise de ações horizontais, como a força do vento. O trabalho inicia-se com o desenvolvimento histórico, descrevendo o fato que originou o estudo. Em seguida, apresenta variáveis que influenciam na rigidez do pórtico, como: encunhamento, tipo de ligação entre pórtico-painel, abertura em painéis, normas e considerações para projeto. Esses tópicos descrevem estudos teóricos e experimentais já realizadas sobre o tema e os enfoques mais relevantes considerados pelos pesquisadores. A fim de verificar o aumento de rigidez da estrutura foram realizados alguns estudos de caso. O primeiro trata-se de um pórtico simples, teórico, com dados e resultados obtidos na literatura especializada. A segunda análise compara-se um pórtico metálico ensaiado em laboratório, com um pórtico modelado em programa computacional, adotando as mesmas características do real. Em seguida, analisam-se teoricamente pórticos com diferentes pavimentos preenchidos. Para isso, adotaram diferentes métodos de cálculo disponíveis, que empregam o conceito de diagonal equivalente para considerar a contribuição do enchimento de alvenaria como elemento estrutural. Com propósito de comprovar o acréscimo de rigidez quando for considerada a alvenaria no preenchimento, foi modelado um edifício real, o edifício Helena, de 22 pavimentos, executado em concreto armado na cidade de São Paulo, considerando ou não a alvenaria de preenchimento. Como resultado da pesquisa, este texto permite uma atualização sobre a possibilidade de inclusão da alvenaria de enchimento no projeto de edificações, avaliar o aumento de rigidez que a alvenaria pode proporcionar, averiguar o modelo de diagonais comprimidas e, finalmente, indicar critérios para projeto.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6502.pdf: 4166416 bytes, checksum: ff381c88fdd0ab873e2762ec96c7288f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-16 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The phosphogypsum is calcium sulfate (gypsum chemical), generated as waste in industrial production of phosphoric acid, the main raw material for the production of phosphate fertilizers. Is generated on a large scale, and to produce one ton of phosphoric acid are generated many tons of phosphogypsum, depending on the composition of the phosphate rock used. In Brazil are generated annually million tons and disposed in landfill or dumpsites sites without suitable destination for the volume generated, which represents a major environmental liability and worsens, progressively, with the need for increased food production. Thus, this research aimed to determine a relationship between temperature and phosphogypsum the calcination time, to study the possibility of adapting their use in construction. For this, calcined phosphogypsum samples were produced with different combinations of temperature and time, and, then were used in the preparation of the molded specimens. These were evaluated in mechanical tests (compressive strength and tensile strength in bending) and physical (water absorption). The best combination of temperature and calcination time was 159°C and 120 minutes, results that expressed the highest mechanical resistance to bending and compression, and the water absorption index met the Brazilian standards adopted in the recommendations for blocks concrete and blocks ceramic. The scientific contribution of this work will be important not only for building, but for the sustainability of the planet, because an industrial waste that is generated in large quantities, can become raw material for the production of building components for buildings, will avoid the need of new controlled landfill sites for its disposal and also, where an industrial residue replaces a raw material, it is noteworthy that, besides the use and eliminate waste landfills, we will stop exploring the raw material replaced, prolonging the "lifespan" the same and/or preserving of areas exploration. / O fosfogesso é um sulfato de cálcio (gesso químico), gerado como resíduo na produção industrial de ácido fosfórico, principal matéria-prima para a produção de fertilizantes fosfatados. É gerado em grande escala, sendo que para produzir uma tonelada de ácido fosfórico são geradas muitas toneladas de fosfogesso, dependendo da composição da rocha fosfática utilizada. No Brasil são geradas anualmente milhões de toneladas e dispostas em aterros a céu aberto, sem destino adequado para o volume gerado, o que representa um grande passivo ambiental e que se agrava, progressivamente, com a necessidade do aumento da produção de alimentos. Assim, essa pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar uma relação entre a temperatura e o tempo de calcinação do fosfogesso para estudar a possibilidade de adequar a sua utilização na construção civil. Para isso, foram produzidas amostras de fosfogesso calcinado com diferentes combinações de temperatura e tempo, e que foram utilizadas na preparação dos corpos de prova. Estes foram avaliados em testes mecânicos (resistência à compressão e à tração na flexão) e físicos (absorção de água). A melhor combinação entre temperatura e tempo de calcinação foi 159°C e 120 minutos, resultados que expressaram as maiores resistências mecânicas à flexão e à compressão, e o índice de absorção de água atendeu às normas brasileiras adotadas nas recomendações para blocos de concreto e blocos cerâmicos. A contribuição científica deste trabalho será importante não só para a construção civil, mas para a sustentabilidade do planeta, pois um resíduo industrial que é gerado em grande quantidade, poderá se tornar matéria-prima para a confecção de elementos construtivos para edificações, evitará a necessidade de novos aterros controlados para a sua disposição e também, sempre que um resíduo industrial substitui uma matéria prima, é importante salientar que, além do uso do resíduo e eliminação de aterros, deixamos de prospectar a matéria prima substituída, prolongando a vida útil da mesma e/ou preservando áreas de exploração.