L’objectif général de la thèse est de contribuer à l’amélioration de nos connaissances sur les métamorphoses de la neige sèche et sur sa description physique, à l’échelle microscopique (grains de glace et pores) et macroscopique (couche de neige). Dans un premier temps,la méthode d’homogénéisation basée sur les développements asymptotiques à échelles multiples est appliquée à la physique des métamorphoses de la neige sèche. On présente ainsi les descriptions macroscopiques équivalentes du transport de vapeur et de chaleur dérivées à partir de la description de la physique à micro-échelle. On considère à l’échelle des grains la diffusion, la conduction, et la convection forcée, couplées aux changements de phase (sublimation et déposition). Dans un second temps, les propriétés effectives de transport impliquées dans les descriptions macroscopiques (conductivité thermique effective, coefficient effectif de diffusion de vapeur et perméabilité intrinsèque) sont estimées à l’aide d’images 3D de neige couvrant toute la gamme de masse volumique et de types de neige. Enfin, on s’intéresse au suivi temporel des métamorphoses. Les liens entre la microstructure et les propriétés effectives d’une couche de neige sont mis en évidence au cours d’une métamorphose de gradient de température en utilisant des images 3D.On présente ensuite une cellule cryogénique que nous avons mise au point pour le suivi grains à grains par tomographie des évolutions d’un échantillon de neige au cours des métamorphoses, et qui s’utilise à température ambiante. / The main objective of the thesis is to improve our knowledge about dry snow metamorphismand its physical description, at the microscopic (ice grains and pores) andmacroscopic (snow layer) scales. First, the homogenization method of multiple scaleexpansions is applied for the first time to the physics involved in dry snow metamorphism.This way, we present the equivalent macroscopic descriptions of heat and vaportransfers derived from the physical description at micro-scale. We consider at the grainscale diffusion, conduction, and forced convection, coupled to phase changes (sublimationand deposition). Second, the effective properties of transport arising in the macroscopicdescriptions (effective thermal conductivity, effective coefficient of vapor diffusion, andintrinsic permeability) are estimated from 3D images of snow spanning the whole range ofdensity and snow types. Finally, the monitoring of metamorphism with time is considered.The relationship between the microstructure and the effective properties of a snow layerare investigated during temperature gradient metamorphism using 3D images. We presentthen a new cryogenic cell that we developed to monitor the grain to grain evolution of asnow sample by time-lapse tomography during the metamorphism, and which operates atroom temperature.

CAPES / Na indústria do petróleo existe um grande interesse no entendimento dos fenômenos de formação de hidratos já que eles podem danificar a tubulação, colocar vidas em risco e diminuir a produção de óleo e gás pelo bloqueio da linha. Ou seja, conhecer os fenômenos associados à formação de hidratos reflete diretamente no custo operacional da indústria petrolífera. Diversos grupos de pesquisa já propuseram diferentes modelos para predizer o crescimento de hidratos na interface líquido-gás e na parede das tubulações de produção de petróleo em águas profundas. Entretanto, os modelos baseados unicamente na transferência de calor não foram adequados para explicar os dados experimentais pois os consumos de água e gás não eram considerados. Assim, esta dissertação tem como objetivo desenvolver um modelo, matemático e numérico, que permita prever o crescimento dos hidratos de metano e de dióxido de carbono na parede da tubulação por meio das equações de conservação de massa e energia de forma acoplada. Como nenhuma solução analítica é possível, foi utilizado o método numérico dos volumes finitos com o esquema totalmente implícito. A verificação da implementação computacional foi realizada utilizando um modelo de dissociação de hidratos existente na literatura. A partir dos resultados numéricos, foi avaliado como as condições termodinâmicas, a porosidade e a condutividade térmica do hidrato, o diâmetro da tubulação e a disponibilidade de gás influenciam na taxa de crescimento de hidrato. Como principais resultados, verificou-se que a porosidade e a disponibilidade de gás representaram grande importância no cálculo da taxa de crescimento da camada de hidrato. / The study of the clathrate-hydrate formation processes in pipelines is very important to the oil and gas industry because these structures can stop production and it represents a safety risk due to the pressure build-up in the pipelines. Several research groups have proposed different models to predict how a hydrate film grows. However, the models based only on heat transfer could not explain satisfactorily the experimental data because the water and gas consumption were disregarded. So, in order to predict the hydrate growth phenomenon in tube wall, the current work presents a mathematical and numerical model for the coupled mass and energy balance problem for CO2 and CH4 hydrates. As a result of the coupling equations, no analytical solution is possible. So, a computational algorithm has been proposed based on the finite volume method and fully implicit scheme. The verification of the code was conducted through a dissociation model which has been presented by the literature. Although, its validation was not possible since no experimental data is currently available. The hydrate growth rate was evaluated by studying the influence of the thermodynamic conditions, the hydrate porosity and thermal conductivity, the pipe diameter and the gas availability. As a result, it has been noticed that the hydrate porosity and the gas availability had great influence in the hydrate growth rate.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Civil Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2014 / The current problems of orifice, nozzle and Venturi flow meters are that they are limited to turbulent flow and the permanent pressure drop produced in the pipeline. To improve these inadequacies, converging-diverging (C-D) tubes were manufactured, consisting of symmetrical converging and diverging cones, where the throat is the annular section between the two cones, with various angles and diameter ratios to improve the permanent pressure loss and flow measurement range. The objective of this study was firstly to evaluate the permanent pressure loss, secondly to determine the discharge coefficient values for various C-D tubes and compare them with the existing differential pressure flow meter using Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, and finally to assess the performance of these differential pressure flow meters. The tests were conducted on the multipurpose test rig in the slurry laboratory at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids were used to conduct experiments in five different C-D tube flow meters with diameter ratios (β) of 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7, and with angles of the wall to the axis of the tube (θ) of 15°, 30° and 45°. The results for each test are presented firstly in the form of static pressure at different flow rates. It was observed that the permanent pressure loss decreases with the flow rate and the length of the C-D tube. Secondly, the results are presented in terms of discharge coefficient versus Reynolds number. It was found that the Cd values at 15° drop earlier than at 30° and 45°; when viscous forces become predominant, the Cd increases with increasing beta ratio. The Cd was found to be independent of the Reynolds number for Re>2000 and also a function of angle and beta ratio. Preamble Performance of a symmetrical converging-diverging tube differential pressure flow meter Finally, the error analyses of discharge coefficients were assessed to determine the performance criteria. The standard variation was found to increase when the Reynolds number decreases. The average discharge coefficient values and their uncertainties were determined to select the most promising C-D tube geometry. An average Cd of 0.96, with an uncertainty of ±0.5 % for a range of Reynolds numbers greater than 2,000 was found. The comparison between C-D tubes 0.6(15-15) and classical Venturi flow meters reveals that C-D 0.6(15-15) performs well in turbulent range and shows only a slight inaccuracy in laminar. This thesis provides a simple geometrical differential pressure flow meter with a constant Cd value over a Reynolds number range of 2000 to 150 000.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The modelling of heat and mass transfer between the air and soybean seeds in moving bed dryers is based on the application of mass and energy balances equations for both solid and fluid phases (two phases model). In the development of these equations, some classic hypotheses are assumed, such as flat air velocity profiles and constant physico-chemical parameter along the bed, among others. The main goal of this thesis was to discuss the validity of these assumptions in concurrent moving bed dryer modelling. For so much, several equations of bed porosity and air velocity distribution were considered and compared with experimental data. This study verified that non-flat fluid velocity profiles are significant in beds with reason dT /dp = 13, 3. The equation that best represented the experimental data was the Fahien e Stankovich (1979) equation. This equations was incorporated to the two phases model. Through comparisons between the experimental data and the simulated responses it was possible to verify the significant influence of the air velocity distribution in the drying process. The influences of some physico-chemical parameters of the model were also analyzed through sensitivity studies using experiment design and derivative methods using the code DASPK 3.0. The model presented large absolute sensitivity to the perturbations of the parameter specific heat of the dry air (Cpf ). This means then that small variations in the value of this parameter have strong influence in the results obtained by the model. / A modelagem da transferência de calor e massa entre o ar e sementes de soja em secadores de leito deslizante é baseada na aplicação das equações de balanço de massa e energia para as fases sólida e fluida (modelo a duas fases). No desenvolvimento destas equações, algumas hipóteses clássicas são assumidas, tais como perfil plano de velocidade do ar e parâmetros físico-químicos constantes ao longo do leito, dentre outras. O principal objetivo desta dissertação foi discutir a validade destas considerações no modelo do secador de leito deslizante com escoamentos concorrentes. Para tanto, diversas equações de distribuição de porosidade do leito e de velocidade do fluido foram consideradas e comparadas com dados experimentais. Este estudo verificou que perfis não planos de velocidade do ar são significativos em leitos com razão dT /dp = 13, 3. A equação que melhor representou os dados experimentais foi a equação de Fahien e Stankovich (1979), sendo a mesma incorporada ao modelo a duas fases. Através de comparações entre dados experimentais e respostas simuladas foi possível verificar a influência significativa da distribuição da velocidade do ar no modelo de secagem. As influências de alguns parâmetros físico-químicos do modelo também foram analisadas através de estudos de sensibilidade por planejamento de experimento e pelo método das derivadas usando o código DASPK 3.0. O modelo apresentou maior sensibilidade absoluta à perturbação do parâmetro calor específico do ar seco (Cpf ). Isto significa então que pequenas variações no valor deste parâmetro têm forte influência nos resultados obtidos pelo modelo. / Mestre em Engenharia Química

The thesis deals with the testing and optimization of hydrodynamic conditions of the electrochemical detector, which consists of a flow cell containing the electrochemical sensor with an array of electrodes. The flow cell includes a rotating disc-shaped component, which allows radial flow of analytes along the sensor electrodes. This principle imitates the rotating disk electrode, with the difference that here the electrodes are immobile. Hydrodynamic phenomena in this case are similar to RDE. Therefore, the theoretical part of my work deals with hydrodynamics and mass transfer for the well-described case of rotating disk electrode. It was found that in the current set-up under certain conditions, an analyte flowed back from the output cell channel to the sensor, even at the laminar flow. This causes a nonlinear response of the electrodes and their low reproducibility. The solution is to reduce the distance between the rotation component and the electrodes surface and reduce flow speed of analyzed liquid towards the sensor. A novel type of sensor with annular electrodes was designed and tested. It showed four times higher conversion rate of the analyte compared with the originally used AC9 electrochemical sensor having electrodes in the form of full circles lying on a circumference of a common circle. Based on calculations, conversion of the analyte on the plane electrode can be increased up to 100% when using this annular sensor, adjusting flow cell and reducing of the input flow rate. The detector was connected to the liquid chromatograph and its function was tested on two substances - ascorbic acid and dopamine. For the current detector these parameters were set: dynamic range, linearity, noise, detection limit, time constant and the temperature range at which the detector can be operated.

Concilier patrimoine et amélioration de la performance énergétique du bâti ancien est un défi pour de nombreux centres historiques. La Communauté d’Agglomération du Grand Cahors, qui finance ce travail de thèse à travers une convention CIFRE, a souhaité s’attaquer à cette problématique en valorisant des isolants bio-sourcés. Le choix du matériau et du système d’isolation sont essentiels car ils influencent à la fois la performance hygrothermique de la paroi, la qualité de l’air intérieur, le coût et l’empreinte carbone de la rénovation. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes focalisé sur la performance hygrothermique de la paroi afin d’assurer que la mise en place d’une isolation par l’intérieur ne soit pas source de dégradations futures de la paroi. Pour cela, nous avons confronté différents outils et méthodes tels que la caractérisation physique des matériaux, une instrumentation in-situ dans deux appartements du centre ancien de Cahors et des simulations hygrothermiques alliant différents outils numériques. / Improving the energy efficiency of buildings is essential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate against climate change. Historic dwellings represent a large part of the French building stock that needs to be refurbished. In the city center of Cahors, France, the old medieval dwellings are considered as valuable cultural heritage and internal insulation is often the only insulation technique that can be used when the architectural value of the exterior façade is to be preserved. This PhD thesis, funded by a CIFRE agreement with the Communauté d’Agglomération du Grand Cahors, studied the suitability of bio-based materials for the internal insulation of historical dwellings in urban area. The selection of the insulation material and the system is crucial because of its impact on the hygrothermal performance of the wall, the indoor air quality, the financial cost, and the carbon footprint of the refurbishment solution. In this study we focused on the hygrothermal performance of the walls to provide a reliable risk assessment in order to avoid hygrothermal failure. Due to the complexity of the problem and the lack of needed data, we ran a multi-scale study including both experimental (laboratory characterisation and building monitoring) and numerical modelling methods.

Atualmente, o tipo de propelente para produtos em aerossol mais usado no mundo é uma mistura de hidrocarbonetos leves (butano e propano - sendo o primeiro em maior proporção). Parte de seu processo de produção é a dessulfurização do butano líquido, através de adsorção em leito fixo usando peneiras moleculares 13X. A literatura científica não apresenta muitas publicações sobre o tema e considerando que a técnica de adsorção é fortemente dependente de dados experimentais para seu maior entendimento, é objetivo deste trabalho estudar este processo através do equilíbrio de adsorção, das curvas de ruptura e do desenvolvimento de um modelo matemático que represente o funcionamento de uma coluna de adsorção de leito fixo a temperatura constante. Obtiveram-se dados sobre o equilíbrio de adsorção por meio de ensaios em banho finito comparando-se a interação de diferentes compostos de enxofre com a peneira molecular 13X e o efeito da temperatura. Utilizou-se a técnica de cromatografia gasosa como método analítico para obtenção dos teores de compostos sulfurados e de hidrocarbonetos. O modelo de Langmuir apresentou bom ajuste aos dados experimentais. Avaliando-se a interação dos componentes sulfurados com a zeólita 13X, identificou-se diferenças significativas, sendo a maior em ordem decrescente: etil-mercaptana, n-propil-mercaptana e terc-butil-mercaptana, respectivamente. A dinâmica do processo de adsorção foi estudada através da obtenção das curvas de ruptura em leitos em escala laboratorial e piloto. Avaliaram-se as influências da variação da concentração de entrada da n-propil-mercaptana e da velocidade do fluido em leito fixo recheado com zeólitas 13X, mantendo os demais parâmetros constantes. Conforme esperado o aumento da concentração inicial reduz o tempo de ruptura, aumenta a quantidade total adsorvida pelo leito e não altera o comportamento da zona de transferência de massa (ZTM). Analisando-se a elevação da velocidade, nota-se também uma diminuição no tempo de ruptura e um aumento da ZTM. O modelo matemático apresentado considera os balanços de massa microscópicos aplicados ao leito, os fenômenos de transporte de massa com modelo de dispersão axial e transporte por convecção da fase líquida para a superfície da partícula e as isotermas de adsorção. As equações diferenciais parciais resultantes foram adimensionalizadas e resolvidas empregando-se o método de diferenças finitas, implementado por código Matlab®. A partir da simulação matemática das condições experimentais obtiveram-se os parâmetros de dispersão axial e de transferência de massa que possibilitaram uma boa reprodução do tempo de ruptura quanto do perfil da zona de transferência de massa para os experimentos em escala laboratorial e piloto. / Currently, the kind of propellant for aerosol products most widely used in the world is a blend of light hydrocarbons (butane and propane - the first in greater proportion). Part of the production of propellant is the desulfurization of liquid-phase butane by molecular sieves 13X in a fixed bed. The scientific literature concerning the adsorption of the mercaptans using zeolite are scarce and considering that the adsorption technique is strongly dependent on experimental data for its better knowlegde, the aim of this work was to study this process by adsorption equilibrium, the breakthrough curves and the development of a mathematic model, simulation and comparison with the operation of a fixed-bed pilot and laboratory-scale column. Adsorption equilibrium parameters were obtained using finite bath experiment and comparing the interaction of different sulfur compounds with molecular sieve 13X and the temperature effect. It was used the gas chromatography as an analytical method in order to obtain the levels of hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds. The Langmuir model well fit the experimental data. Significant differences were identified in the interaction of the sulfur components with zeolite 13X. The major interactions of the sulfur components are in decreasing order: ethyl-mercaptan, n-propyl-mercaptan and terc-butyl-mercaptan. The dynamic of the adsorption process was studied by obtaining the breakthrough curves in laboratory and pilot scale. It was investigated the influence of the initial concentration of n-propyl mercaptan and the fluid velocity in a fixed bed packed with zeolite 13X keeping the other parameters constant. As it was expected, as the inlet sulfur concentration increases the break point time decrease, and enhances the total amount adsorbed by the bed. Analyzing the increase in velocity on the breakthroug profile, it was noted that also decreases the break point time and causes a greater decline of the curve resulting in greater ZTM and anticipating the bed saturation time. The model equations account the mass balance applied in the flowing liquid phase in the column, transport phenomena as the effect of axial dispersion and convection from liquid phase to the adsorbent surface and adsorption isotherm. Finite difference method was used to solve the dimensionless general partial differential equations and it was implemented by Matlab® software. From mathematical simulation of experimental conditions it were obtained the axial dispersion parameters and mass transfer coefficient which allowed a fair agreement in predicting break point time and the mass transfer zone profile.

Orientador: Rodnei Bertazzoli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T06:46:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Spitzer_Marcos_D.pdf: 1019872 bytes, checksum: 57974ac02038eb53169c99987a119811 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O método de oxidação eletroquímica foi aplicado a soluções aquosas contendo cloranfenicol (CAP) e outros compostos orgânicos. Para isso, utilizou-se um anodo de óxido condutor, comercial, tipo DSA®, de composição 70TiO2-30RuO2 e um anodo de diamante dopado com boro (DDB) tipo comercial. Cada anodo foi instalado em um reator tipo filtro-presa, em escala de bancada, para processamento de 2 a 3 L de solução em modo de batelo-reciclo. Inicialmente, nos reatores construídos foram realizados estudos voltamétricos, em modo hidrodinâmico. Sobre um catodo de aço inoxidável, antes da evolução de H2, observou-se a redução do grupo NO2 do CAP a HO-NH- a pH=5, e em potenciais anódicos, sobre o DSA®, observou-se o início reação de evolução de O2 a partir de 1 V vs. ECS e que a presença de CAP reduz as correntes de evolução de O2. Sobre o DDB, o CAP é oxidado a partir de 0,6 V resultado na passivação do anodo. A partir de 2,2 V observa-se o início da evolução de O2 sobre o DDB, resultando na eliminação do filme passivador. Em seguida, eletrólises exaustivas foram realizadas, em modo galvanostático, com ambos os anodos, dentro da região de evolução de O2. Cinéticas de pseudo-primeira ordem foram observadas dos decaimentos ds CAP sobre o DSA®, na faixa de 50 a 180 mA cm-2, e sobre o DDB, na faixa de 10 a 30 mA cm-2. Os decaimentos da demanda química de O2 (DQO) e do carbono orgânico total (COT) também apresentaram essa cinética quando as reações de oxidação sobre o DDB tornavam-se controladas pelos processos de transporte de massa. A partir de eletrólises de soluções de K2SO4 com o DDB observou-se a geração de H2O2. Os números adimensionais Sherwood (Se), Reynolds (Re) e Schmidt (Sc) foram determinados a partir de dados de transporte de massa obtidos a partir de cinéticas da degradação do CAP em função da vazão. No reator composto de DSA® observou-se um regime de fluxo laminar a baixo de Re = 2000 e um regime de fluxo turbulento acima desse valor, como esperado para um reator de placas paralelas. No reator de DDB, devido o aumento da área da secção transversal do compartimento entre eletrodos, há uma elevação de turbulência da face do anodo, impedindo a formação de um regime de fluxo laminar bem definido. Utilizando um efluente real contendo fenóis e derivados, foram aplicadas valores apropriados de densidade de corrente (Jap) para aumento dos valores de eficiência de corrente e diminuição dos índices de consumo energético. Aplicando-se um perfil exponencial de Jap (t) obteve-se um rendimento de corrente médio de 95 % e um consumo de 23,5 kWh por kg de O2. Com isso foi possível propor um método de operação de reatores de DDB para elevação dos índices de eficiência. De modo geral, os anodos de Ti/70TiO2-30RuO2 e de DDB ótimos desempenhos para a eletroxidação de cloranfenicol (CAP) e outros compostos orgânicos e para redução da DQO e do COT / Abstract: Electrochemical oxidation was used as a method for organic pollutant degradation in aqueous media. In the technique was used in solutions containing chloramphenicol (CAP) and phenolic compounds. A commercial DSA® type anode, of composition 70TiO2-30RuO2, and a boron-doped diamond anode (BDD) were used. Each anode was mounted in a filter-press type reactor connected to a recirculating flow system with 3 L of capacity. Initially, voltammetric studies were carried out with electrochemical reactors operating in hydrodynamic mode. On the DSA® type anode O2 evolution reaction was observed after 1 V vs. SCE and the current densities for O2 evolution decreased when chloramphenicol was present in solution. On stainless steel cathode, before H2 evolution, reduction of NO2 group to HO-NH- group was observed for CAP molecule, at pH = 5. On DDB, the anode was passived with an organic film at potentials from 0.6 V. Current responses on DDB anode were restored after anodic treatments within O2 evolution range of potentials. On BDD, O2 evolution took place after 2.2 V vs SCE. Galvanostatic experiments were carried out within the range of potentials for O2 evolution. Pseudo-first order kinetics were observed for CAP concentration decay on the DSA® anode, when current densities (Jap) were ranged from 50 to 180 mA cm-2, and from 10 to 30 mA cm-2 on DDB anode. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) showed linear concentration decays when the oxidation reactions were controlled by charge transfer process and it showed exponential decays when these reactions were controlled by mass transfer process. H2O2 production on DDB anode was investigated as function of Jap. Dimensionless numbers and their mass transfer figures of merit were studied from mass transport data of CAP decays as function of several flow rates. In the reactor composed by DSA® anode, a laminar flow was observed below Reynolds (Re) equal 2000 and a turbulent flow was observed above this value. In the BDD reactor, the transition between laminar and turbulent flow was not observed. Using a real effluent composed by phenols and derivates, appropriate values of Jap was applied on DDB reactor to increase the anodic efficiency and to reduce the energy consumption per kg of O2. Applying an exponential profile of Jap in galvanostatic experiments, an anodic efficiency of 95% was reached, corresponding to an energy consumption of 23,5 kWh per kg of O2. From these results an operation method of BDD reactors arose in order to increase the performance of this electrochemical device. Good performances were observed when DSA® and BDD anodes were used in electrochemical oxidation of chloramphenicol and other organic pollutants, especially in BDD case / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Há a necessidade de prevenir formação de gelo nas asas e nos estabilizadores de aeronaves, pois as formas de gelo podem causar a degradação do desempenho aerodinâmico, o aumento de peso, bem como dificuldades de controle e manobra que, em casos críticos, leva a uma diminuição da margem de segurança operacional. Quando as aeronaves atravessam nuvens com gotículas de água sub-resfriadas, ou seja, em equilíbrio metaestável, o crescimento de gelo ocorre nas superfícies não protegidas. Usualmente, os sistemas antigelo térmicos de aerofólios são projetados, desenvolvidos e certificados com o auxílio de programas de simulação numérica. O presente trabalho visa desenvolver e implementar um modelo matemático para prever a transferência de calor e massa no escoamento bidimensional bifásico em torno de aerofólios de uso aeronáuticos, equipados com sistema de antigelo térmico operando em regime permanente. Em condições de formação de gelo, é necessário aquecer o bordo de ataque e controlar a temperatura da região protegida para que não ocorra formação de gelo. O sistema de aquecimento compensa os efeitos do resfriamento imposto principalmente pelos mecanismos acoplados de evaporação e transferência de calor por convecção, que são causados pelo escoamento do ar carregado de gotículas sub-resfriadas e pelo escoamento da água líquida residual. O modelo deverá estimar a distribuição de temperaturas de superfície e o coeficiente de transferência de calor com precisão ao uso em aplicações aeronáuticas. O presente trabalho implementou novos submodelos para: 1) estimar a molhabilidade da superfície do aerofólio por meio de um modelo matemático para caracterizar o escoamento da água líquida residual na padrão de filme e de filetes; 2) avaliar o comportamento dinâmico e térmico da camada-limite laminar e turbulenta por meio de análises integral e diferencial, que considera efeitos do gradiente de pressão, da transição laminar-turbulenta, da transpiração e da não uniformidade de temperatura da superfície e 3) estimar o início e o término da região de transição laminar-turbulenta. O presente trabalho seguiu um processo de desenvolvimento de código numérico que: verificou os resultados de cada submodelo separadamente para depois implementados no modelo do antigelo; validou os resultados da simulação de desempenho do sistema antigelo com os novos submodelos implementados. Os resultados obtidos foram considerados satisfatórios para o modelo do antigelo que utilizou os submodelos de ruptura de filme e formação de filetes pelo critério da Energia Mecânica Total Mínima, de camada-limite diferencial compressível e de previsão da transição laminar-turbulenta por correlações algébricas, que consideraram efeitos do gradiente de pressão e do nível de turbulência ao longe. / It is required to prevent ice accretion on wings and horizontal stabilizers because it may cause aerodynamic performance degradation, weight increase, flight control difficulties and, in critical cases, may lead to operational safety margins reduction. When aircraft flies through clouds containnig supercooled water droplets, which are in metastable equilibrium, ice will form in all non-protected surfaces. Usually, anti-ice protection systems are designed, developed and certified with a support from a numerical tool. The present describes the development and implementation of a mathematical model for prediction of heat and mass transfer in two-phase flow around airfoils, which are equipped with thermal anti-ice system and operating in steady state regime. Under icing conditions, it is necessary to heat and control the temperature of the airfoil surface at leading edge region to prevent ice formation. The heating system balances the evaporative cooling effects, which are caused by the coupled heat and mass convection transfer, imposed by the air flow loaded with supercooled water droplets and the runback water flow around the airfoil. The present work implemented submodels to: 1) estimate airfoil surface wetness factor by adopting a liquid water film flow model as well as a rivulet formation and flow model; 2) evaluate laminar and turbulent boundary layers with pressure gradient and laminar-turbulent transition over nonisothermal and permeable airfoil surface by implementing differential boundary layer analysis and 3) predict the onset position and length of laminar-turbulent transition region. The present paper followed a validation and verification process during the numerical code development. All sub-models results were verified separately against experimental data before their inclusion in anti-ice model.The results of anti-ice model with selected submodels were validated against reference cases. The results were considered suficiently accurate when solving the film breakdown and rivulets formation by total mechanical energy method, compressible boundary layer by differential analysis and laminar-turbulent transition prediction by algebraic correlations, which considered pressure gradient and freestream turbulence level.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur la modélisation et la caractérisation des transferts de chaleur et de masse dans les parois multicouches des bâtiments à ossature bois. Un code instationnaire permettant de simuler les transferts de chaleur et de masse dans une lame d'air en géométrie bidimensionnelle, qui est un élément de la paroi multicouches, a été développé et validé. Les validations numériques en régimes transitoire et stationnaire ont porté sur la totalité des modes de transfert (conduction, écoulement en convection naturelle et forcée, rayonnement entre surfaces, transfert massique et condensation surfacique). Ensuite, ce code intégrant la présence d'une lame d'air dans la paroi a été couplé au code Transpore développé au LERFOB. Ce dernier traite rigoureusement les transferts dans les matériaux solides hygroscopiques. Pour la validation expérimentale du code complet couplé, une cellule expérimentale a été construite et instrumentée pour étudier le comportement hygrothermique des parois étudiées. Cette cellule, régulée thermiquement et hygroscopiquement en température et en humidité relative, a été mise en place au CRITT BOIS d'Epinal. Des comparaisons entre les résultats expérimentaux et numériques sont également présentées et discutées. De nombreuses campagnes de caractérisation thermique sur divers matériaux (isolants à base de fibres de bois, bois massifs, ...) ont également été menées. L'influence de la température et de l'humidité sur la conductivité thermique et la chaleur spécifique a été largement analysée / This thesis focuses on modeling and characterization of heat and mass transfer in a wooden building envelope. A code which simulates unsteady heat and mass in an air layer in two-dimensional geometry, which is part of the multi-layer wall, was developed and validated. Numerical validations that include all transfer modes were achieved for unsteady and steady states regimes (conduction, convection, surface-to-surface radiation, mass transfer and surface condensation). Then, the code developed for the air layer at the LEMTA was coupled to the code Transpore used at the LERFOB. The latter one deals with the transfer in hygroscopic solid materials. For the experimental validation of the fully coupled code, an experimental cell was constructed and instrumented to study the hygrothermal behavior of the studied walls. This cell which is thermally and hygroscopicly controlled was set up at the CRITT BOIS. Comparisons between the experimental and numerical results are presented and discussed. Besides, several experiments of thermal characterization of various materials (insulators containing wood fibers, solid wood ...) were also conducted. The influence of temperature and moisture on thermal conductivity and specific heat was largely investigated