O principal objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar técnicas de solução para equações não lineares. Especificamente, consideramos equações compostas por funções elementares, dentre elas polinomiais, racionais, trigonométricas, exponenciais e logarítmicas, e por operações algébricas de soma, subtração, multiplicação, divisão, potência e raiz. Exploramos técnicas de resolução analítica e numérica. Como não existem fórmulas resolventes de extensão geral, a técnica analítica consiste em aplicar operações elementares que nos levam a equações equivalentes (que têm a mesma solução) até que se consiga uma equação simples, de fácil resolução. Os métodos numéricos abrangem um conjunto maior de equações e obtêm uma aproximação para a solução por meio de um processo que gera uma sequência de aproximações. Entre os métodos numéricos estudados estão Bissecção, de Newton, das Secantes e do Ponto Fixo (ou Iteração Linear). Recursos Computacionais como calculadora, planilha eletrônica e o software Maxima foram utilizados com objetivo de automatizar os cálculos, tornando essa tarefa mais rápida, e também buscando extrair informações adicionais do processo de resolução como criar tabelas e traçar gráficos. Realizamos testes numéricos com equações de diversos graus de dificuldade. Observamos as vantagens, as desvantagens e as limitações de cada método e de cada recurso. / The goal of this work is to present solution techniques for nonlinear equations. Specifically, we consider equations compounded of elementary functions, among them polynomials, rational, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic, and of algebraic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, power and root. We explore analytical and numerical resolution techniques. Since there are no general resolvent formulas, the analytic technique consists of applying elementary operations that lead to equivalent equations (which have the same solution) until a simple and easily to solve equation is obtained. Numerical methods cover a larger set of equations and obtain an approximation to the solution by a process which generates a sequence of approximations. Among the numerical methods we studied Bisection, Newton, Secant and Fixed Point (or Linear Iteration) methods. Computational resources such as calculator, spreadsheet and the software Maxima were used in order to automate calculations, making this task faster, as well as seeking for additional information from the resolution process, such as creating tables and graphics. We perform numerical tests, with equations of varying degrees of difficulty. We note the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of each method and resource.

O principal objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar técnicas de solução para equações não lineares. Especificamente, consideramos equações compostas por funções elementares, dentre elas polinomiais, racionais, trigonométricas, exponenciais e logarítmicas, e por operações algébricas de soma, subtração, multiplicação, divisão, potência e raiz. Exploramos técnicas de resolução analítica e numérica. Como não existem fórmulas resolventes de extensão geral, a técnica analítica consiste em aplicar operações elementares que nos levam a equações equivalentes (que têm a mesma solução) até que se consiga uma equação simples, de fácil resolução. Os métodos numéricos abrangem um conjunto maior de equações e obtêm uma aproximação para a solução por meio de um processo que gera uma sequência de aproximações. Entre os métodos numéricos estudados estão Bissecção, de Newton, das Secantes e do Ponto Fixo (ou Iteração Linear). Recursos Computacionais como calculadora, planilha eletrônica e o software Maxima foram utilizados com objetivo de automatizar os cálculos, tornando essa tarefa mais rápida, e também buscando extrair informações adicionais do processo de resolução como criar tabelas e traçar gráficos. Realizamos testes numéricos com equações de diversos graus de dificuldade. Observamos as vantagens, as desvantagens e as limitações de cada método e de cada recurso. / The goal of this work is to present solution techniques for nonlinear equations. Specifically, we consider equations compounded of elementary functions, among them polynomials, rational, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic, and of algebraic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, power and root. We explore analytical and numerical resolution techniques. Since there are no general resolvent formulas, the analytic technique consists of applying elementary operations that lead to equivalent equations (which have the same solution) until a simple and easily to solve equation is obtained. Numerical methods cover a larger set of equations and obtain an approximation to the solution by a process which generates a sequence of approximations. Among the numerical methods we studied Bisection, Newton, Secant and Fixed Point (or Linear Iteration) methods. Computational resources such as calculator, spreadsheet and the software Maxima were used in order to automate calculations, making this task faster, as well as seeking for additional information from the resolution process, such as creating tables and graphics. We perform numerical tests, with equations of varying degrees of difficulty. We note the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of each method and resource.

Focalisé sur le groupe phytoplanctonique des diatomées, ce travail de thèse a permis d'étudier l'impact du réchauffement climatique et de l'acidification des océans afin d'appréhender la réponse de ce taxon au changement climatique actuel. L'augmentation de la pCO2 atmosphérique depuis la première révolution industrielle est à l'origine de l'augmentation de la concentration en carbone inorganique dissous (DIC) dans l'océan de surface, et donc d'une acidification des océans à laquelle s'ajoute un réchauffement de l'océan de surface conduisant finalement à l'extension des zones oligotrophes très stratifiées et pauvres en sels nutritifs. Différentes approches in situ et au laboratoire ont donc été utilisées lors de ce travail de thèse afin de mieux comprendre la place des diatomées dans une province oligotrophe et d'apprécier ensuite leur réponse à un réchauffement et une acidification dans un «chémostat oligotrophe», limité en phosphate. / Specifically orientated on the diatoms' phytoplanktonic group, this work tryed to understand the impact of warming and ocean acidification on diatoms and aimed at understand the taxon's response to the ongoing climate change. Amospheric pCO2 increase since the first industrial revolution lead to the augmentation of dissoveld inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration in the surface ocean, and thus to the ocean acidification, accompanied by an ocean surface warming leading finally to the extension of oligotrophic areas well stratified and nutrient depleted. Different in situ and lab techniques were used in order to better understand the diatom role in oligotrophic system and their response to warming and acidification in an oligotrophic chemostat, limited by phosphate.

Diploma thesis "Kant's Categorical Imperative and Its Critique by Nineteenth Century Philosophers" deals with a question of Kant's fundamental principle known as the Categorical Imperative or Moral Law. The aim of this work is at first to discuss two other moral principles because of their great impact on Kant seeking the moral principle. These are Hume's moral code called Moral sense and Rousseau' moral views relating to the freedom of individuals. Secondly, to find out how both moral theories did inspire Immanuel Kant. It is necessary to explain strengths of Kant's Formula of the Categorical Imperative especially to emphasise its objectivity and universality. Then the purpose is to show Kant's influence on moral thinking in the nineteenth century. It is necessary to mention philosophers such as Johan Gottlieb Fichte and Bernard Bolzano who focused on critique of the Categorical Imperative.

Title: Verification of the effect of Ventolin Inhaler N in athletes without a diagnosis of asthma. Thesis' objective: The main objective of this Thesis is to determine whether the medicament Ventolin Inhaler N affects the performance of athletes without a diagnosis of asthma. Specifically, it is about how this medicament influences the parameters in aerobic and anaerobic zone, spirometric parameters and total performance. The other objective is to verify if any of the adverse events of Ventolin Inhaler N appears before the load. Methods: The descriptive analysis method for obtaining information about the issue is used in this Thesis. A test up to a vita maxima on a treadmill according to the protocol of Bunce, spirometric measurement and an answer sheet for the evaluation of subjective feelings immediately after the test is used for the research. Test was realized using a method repeated measurement, each tested person passed the test twice, once using the Ventolin Inhaler N and once without it. Results were recorded into tables and analyzed in SPSS programme using statistical methods. Results: The medicament Ventolin Inhaler N affects the performance of athletes without a diagnosis of asthma. The Ventolin influences the spirometric parameters measured before the test (FEV1, FVC), the spirometric...

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:56:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SUELLEN IOCHUCKI.pdf: 6944983 bytes, checksum: ba58e93c2b6c033ab9341effdee604c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work presents an approach to trigonometry content using Geogebra and Maxima programs. It provides a road map of how trigonometry can be worked in the classroom divided into stages . It proposes applications of trigonometry in different areas of knowledge and suggests the introduction of the approach of periodic functions by trigonometric polynomials . It is a qualitative and exploratory research . Its relevance is justified because it allows the teacher to look at the process of teaching and learning significantly to the student. During the development of research, the approach of trigonometry content was the history of mathematics and the use of software. The use of computing resources was an important ally to scientific knowledge, as well as the use of applications for the contextualization. / Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem sobre o conteúdo de Trigonometria utilizando os programas Geogebra e Maxima. Traz um roteiro de como a Trigonometria pode ser trabalhada em sala de aula dividido em etapas. Propõe aplicações da Trigonometria em diferentes áreas do conhecimento e sugere a introdução da aproximação de funções periódicas por polinômios trigonométricos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória. A sua relevância justificase por possibilitar ao professor olhar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de forma significativa ao aluno. Durante o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, a abordagem do conteúdo de trigonometria ocorreu pela história da matemática e com a utilização de softwares. A utilização dos recursos computacionais mostrou-se importante aliada ao saber científico, assim como a utilização de aplicações para a contextualização do tema.

Drivgods utgör ett hot mot dammsäkerheten vid vattenkraftsverk eftersom det ökar risken för blockering av kraftverkens utskov vilket i sin tur kan resultera i överströmning av dammen och dammbrott. Fram till idag har drivgods inte ansetts vara ett problem i Sverige. Flera allvarliga drivgodsincidenter utomlands i kombination med en prognostiserad ökning av flödesintensiteter och översvämningstillfällen i Svenska vattendrag har dock lett till ett ökat intresset hos Svenska dammägare. Det saknas idag tillförlitliga metoder för prognostisering av potentiella drivgodsmängder vid extremflöden, vilket försvårar planering av preventiva åtgärder. Denna studie har som mål att utveckla specifika metoder för automatiserad kvantifiering och geografisk analys av drivgods. En modell har utvecklats i ArcGIS Modelbuilder för (i) avgränsning och klassificering av riskområden längs ett vattendrag baserat på identifierade riskfaktorer för drivgods-bildning, (ii) kvantitativ estimering av trädvolym utifrån höjdrasterdataset framtagna från LIDAR punktmoln, och (iii) identifiering av trädindivider baserat på lokalisering av lokala maxpunkter i en digital ytmodell skapad från laser-data. I syfte att utvärdera metodens tillämpbarhet samt undersöka förekomsten av eventuella geografiska mönster i utbredningen av potentiella drivgodskvantiteter appliceras modellen på utvalda dammanläggningar längs med älven Ljungan i Sverige. Modellens noggrannhet i uppskattningen av trädindivider valideras i en fältkontroll. Resultaten indikerar en mycket god överrensstämmelse mellan modellerade och fältkontrollerade värden på trädantal, dock med något underestimerade modellerade värden. Ett större antal träd som riskerar att falla i älven identifierades vid högre vattenflöden som ett resultat av en generellt större geografisk omfattning på översvämmade ytor. Stora vegetationsvolymer identifierades främst i riskområden med en stor andel höga träd men även i riskområden med ett stort antal träd. I vissa riskområden erhölls större relativa vegetationsvolymer trots ett betydligt mindre relativt antal träd vilket antyder att både trädhöjd och trädantal styr vegetationsvolymers storlek. Resultaten av utförda statistiska och geografiska analyser förbättrar överblicken över drivgodsets volym och geografiska fördelning längs vattendrag vilket i sin tur även leder till en bättre förståelse för drivgodsproblemets magnitud för specifika dammanläggningar. Den automatiserade metoden genererar reproducerbara resultat som är jämförbara mellan olika dammanläggningar och vattendrag över tid. Metoden har stor potential för framtida drivgodsanalyser då den erbjuder möjligheten att identifiera riskområden och estimera drivgodskvantiteter inom dessa. / Floating debris poses a threat to dam safety at hydropower dams as it increases the risk of spillways becoming blocked, which can in turn result in dam overflow and failure. Until now it has not been considered a problem in Sweden. However, the occurrence of several major international incidents, together with a projected future increase in streamflow intensities and flood events in Swedish rivers has raised the interest of Swedish dam owners. Presently there is a lack of robust methods for forecasting potential magnitudes of floating debris in extreme streamflow scenarios, which limits planning of preventive measures. This study aims to develop explicit methods for automated quantification and geographical analysis of floating debris. A model is developed in ArcGIS Modelbuilder for (i) identification and classification of risk areas along a river based on identified risk factors for floating debris formation, (ii) quantitative estimation of vegetation volume from elevation raster datasets derived from LIDAR point clouds, and (iii) identification of trees within risk areas based on locating local maxima in a digital surface raster derived from laser-data. In order to evaluate the applicability of the method as well as to investigate the existence of geographical patterns in potential floating debris quantities, the model is applied on selected dam facilities along the Ljungan River in Sweden. The accuracy of modeled tree amounts is validated in a field study. The results indicate high correlation between modeled number of trees and ground truth data, though modeled values are slightly underestimated. A greater number of trees at risk of falling into the river were identified during higher streamflow events as a result of larger areas being flooded. Large volumes of vegetation were identified in risk areas with a high proportion of tall trees as well as in risk areas with a large number of trees. In some risk areas, greater relative vegetation volumes were obtained despite a significantly smaller relative number of trees. This suggests that vegetation volume as a factor depends both upon the number of trees as well as tree height. The results of performed statistical and geographical analyses provide a better overview of floating debris distribution along rivers, leading to a better understanding of potential magnitudes of the problem for specific dam facilities. The automated method generates reproducible results that are comparable between different dam facilities and rivers over time. The method has significant potential for future floating debris analyses as it offers the possibility to identify risk areas and estimate floating debris quantities within them.

Ce travail de thèse est une contribution à l’analyse de santé structurale de la caisse de véhicules militaires terrestres à roues. Appartenant à la gamme 20 - 30 tonnes, de tels véhicules sont déployés dans des contextes opérationnels variés où les conditions de roulage sont sévères et difficilement caractérisables. De plus, faisant face à la concurrence, la fonction mobilité des véhicules est acquise auprès de fournisseurs et n’est plus développée par Nexter Systems. De ce fait, la définition complète de cette fonction n’est plus connue. S’appuyant sur ce contexte, l’objectif principal de la thèse est d’aborder l’état de santé de la structure porteuse par approche probabiliste, afin de maitriser les techniques de calcul permettant la prise en compte de l’aléa intrinsèque des chargements liés à la diversité d’emploi des véhicules militaires terrestres. En particulier, les stratégies les plus pertinentes pour propager les incertitudes de roulage au sein d’un modèle mécanique d’un véhicule terrestre sont définies. Ces travaux décrivent comment il est possible d’exploiter une grandeur d’intérêt au sein du véhicule dans un objectif d’évaluation de la fiabilité par rapport à un critère de dommage donné. Une application sur un démonstrateur entièrement conçu par Nexter Systems illustre l’approche proposée. / This thesis is a contribution to the structural health analysis of the body of ground military vehicles. Belonging to the 20 - 30 tons range, such vehicles are deployed in a variety of operational contexts where driving conditions are severe and difficult to characterize. In addition, due to a growing industrial competition, the mobility function of vehicles is acquired from suppliers and is no longer developed by Nexter Systems. As a result, the complete definition of this function is unknown. Based on this context, the main objective of this thesis is to analyze the health of the vehicle body using a probabilistic approach in order to control the calculation techniques allowing to take into account the random nature of loads related to the use of ground military vehicles. In particular, the most relevant strategies for propagating uncertainties due to the terrain within a vehicle dynamics model are defined. This work describes how it is possible to manage an observation data measured in the vehicle for the purpose of assessing the reliability with respect to a given damage criterion. An application on a demonstrator entirely designed by Nexter Systems illustrates the proposed approach.

One of today’s financial trends is securitization. Evaluating Securitization risk requires some strong quantitative skills and a deep understanding of both credit and market risk. For international securitization programs it is mandatory to take into account the exchange-rates-related risks. We will see the di˙erent methods to evaluate extreme variations of the exchange rates using the Extreme Value Theory and Monte Carlo simulations. / Värdepapperisering är en av dagens finansiella trender. Att utvärdera vär-depapperisering risk kräver starka kvantitativa kunskaper och en förståelseför både kredit- och marknadsrisk. För internationell värdepapperisering ärdet obligatoriskt att hänsyn tas till valutarisker. Vi kommer att se de olika metoder för att utvärdera extrema variationer i valutakurser med hjälp av extremvärdesteori och Monte Carlo-simuleringar.

Objetivos: El presente estudio tiene por objetivo determinar el efecto hepatoprotector de la almendra de semilla de Cucúrbita máxima, sobre los marcadores del daño hepático en ratas con intoxicación por paracetamol. Materiales y métodos: tipo de estudio analítico, experimental, transversal y prospectivo; se empleó 48 ratas Holtzman machos adultos de 2 meses de edad, con peso de 225 ± 24.7g. Se utilizaron las almendras de semillas de Cucurbita maxima (zapallo macre), la almendra se obtuvo retirando el epispermo y la cutícula que rodea el endospermo de la semilla, obteniéndose la almendra del zapallo, el cual fue triturado en mortero y suspendido en agua destilada. Las ratas fueron distribuidas de forma aleatoria en seis grupos (n=8). Los cuales recibieron los siguientes tratamientos, por diez días, vía peroral: grupos I y II: suero fisiológico 10mL/kg; grupo III: silimarina 100mg/kg; grupo IV: 50mg/kg; grupo V: 300mg/kg y grupo VI: 800mg/kg de suspensión de almendra de semilla, Cucurbita maxima. Al sexto día de tratamiento los grupos del II al VI recibieron paracetamol a 400mg/kg vía peroral, con una hora de diferencia del tratamiento anterior, hasta completar los diez días. Principales medidas de resultados: En suero sanguíneo se determinó aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), alanina aminotransferasa (ALT), proteínas totales, albúmina sérica, bilirrubina directa, indirecta y total; y especies reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), este último también se evaluó en el homogenizado de hígado. Además, se realizó el estudio histopatológico del hígado para identificar signos de necrosis y signos de regeneración. Resultados: la suspensión de la almendra de semilla de Cucurbita maxima (zapallo macre) ejerce un efecto hepatoprotector, esto se evidencia en los indicadores enzimáticos (ALT y AST), albúmina, proteínas totales y TBARS en hígado. Histopatológicamente, se observó signos de necrosis con la administración solo de paracetamol y en el grupo tratado además con la suspensión de semillas se mostró una restauración de las lesiones histopatológicas inducidas por paracetamol. Conclusiones: La almendra de semilla de Cucurbita maxima (zapallo macre) ejerce un efecto hepatoprotector.