The diploma thesis discusses family communications during Mealtimes. The first part defines the basic theoretical concepts of the theory of children's speech and research associated with it, it defines preschool child development with an emphasis on language and further defines the concept of family communication and child directed speech. At the end of the theoretical part the thesis explains the importance of food/meals in family life. The theoretical part is mainly based on professional literature. The second part consists of five case studies that focus on the analysis of video communications during family meals. All families that participated on the recording signed a consent. The information was also obtained with the help of sociologically oriented survey about adult participants. All recordings were transcribed according to the CHAT system guidelines, which is part of the CHILDES database. The results are compared with the findings of the professional literature. Keywords communication, pre-school child, child directes speech, food/meals

Ce travail vise à montrer l'intérêt de valoriser des phosphates d'origine animale, après une étape de calcination qui produit des cendres minérales constituées essentiellement d'hydroxyapatite : Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. Elles constituent une matière première renouvelable, riche en phosphore. Plusieurs voies de valorisations sont examinées. La première est la fabrication d'un acide phosphorique très pur, de pureté supérieure à celui produit industriellement à partir de phosphates géologiques. Les propriétés des hydroxyapatites font que ces cendres pourraient être utilisées comme des barrières chimiques pour fixer des éléments polluants contenus dans un sol, un effluent ou une nappe. L'étude de la fixation de divers éléments polluants a montré les grandes capacités de fixation de ces matériaux. / Natural phosphorus sources are drastically decreasing, and it is necessary to find new phosphorus sources. Ashes obtained from calcination of bone meals are mainly hydroxyapatite: Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. Thus, they can be used as phosphorus-rich raw material. Several valorization ways were evaluated. Bone ashes can be used for the synthesis of a pure phosphoric acid without metallic elements, mainly cadmium and uranium. Hydroxyapatite properties suggest that bone meals ashes can be used for remediation of soils, sludge, effluents and groundwater. Experiments with different metallic elements (Cr, Pb, La...) showed the high sorption properties of this material.

A alimentação é um dos processos vitais para o ser humano e a alimentação coletiva, em especial a institucional, tem a missão educativa e social de oferecer uma refeição nutricionalmente adequada em termos qualitativos e quantitativos, bem como quanto aos aspectos sanitários. Partindo deste pressuposto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o nível de adequação dos procedimentos adotados nas etapas de preparo e distribuição de refeições servidas aos trabalhadores rurais de uma usina no município de Piracicaba, SP, com enfoque no sistema de distribuição e no recipiente térmico destinado ao armazenamento das preparações. A avaliação foi realizada a partir do emprego de uma lista de verificação de Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) e da comparação entre dois sistemas de distribuição: sistema Marmita Térmica Tradicional (MT) e sistema Hot Box (HB) com base nos parâmetros de manutenção de temperatura, contagem microbiológica, adequação à legislação e nível de satisfação do consumidor. Observou-se adequação parcial de BPF nos processos da unidade de alimentação e nutrição (70,9%). Dos 21,4% itens não conformes, 37,5% estavam relacionados ao fluxo de produção e, dos 7,7% itens parcialmente cumpridos, 22,2% estavam relacionados aos procedimentos dos manipuladores. Na avaliação da temperatura observou-se no momento do envase 70,4ºC para o sistema MT e 68,2ºC para o sistema HB e no de consumo, 34,6ºC e 50,7 ºC, indicando perda de temperatura de 35,8 ºC e 17,4 ºC, respectivamente. As análises microbiológicas apresentaram resultados satisfatórios para os alimentos no momento do envase e para o alimento disposto no sistema HB no consumo. Valores insatisfatórios (Coliformes 45ºC superior à 1.100NMP/g e Bacillus Cereus à 350.000 UFC/g) foram observados nos alimentos dispostos no sistema MT no momento do consumo. Aspectos relacionados às normas trabalhistas (qualidade e transporte do recipiente, utilização da área de vivência e as pausas/registros de descanso) encontraram-se parcialmente cumpridos no sistema MT e totalmente cumpridos no sistema HB. Na pesquisa de avaliação do sistema HB, 74% dos trabalhadores apontaram satisfação com relação a esse sistema quando comparado ao sistema MT. Em suma, concluiu-se que o sistema HB é mais eficaz quando comparado ao outro sistema, mas que, devido aos resultados encontrados em especial na lista de verificação, aplicada para a avaliação do processo produtivo, faz-se necessário uma maior adequação dos procedimentos (BPF) visando a garantia da inocuidade do alimento. / Feeding is one of man´s most important activities. Group feeding aims at providing nutritious food in qualitative and quantitative terms, as well as attending sanitary requisites. With this in mind, this paper is aimed at analyzing the adherence to good procedures during the cooking and delivery procedures of meals served to rural workers of a sugar mill located in Piracicaba, SP. The work was focused on the delivery and on thermal food containers. The evaluation was conducted by means of a Good Practices of Manufacturing (GPM) checklist and by comparing two delivery systems: Traditional Thermal Food Container (TC) and Hot Box (HB). The variables assessed were temperature conservation, microbial count, compliance to legislation and client satisfaction level. Results showed partial adherence to GPM in processes of the food and nutrition unity (70.9%). Of the 21.4 non-conformities, 37.5% were related to production flow and, of the 7.7% partially attended items, 22.2% related to food handlers procedures. Temperatures measured at the moment of placing food in containers were 70.4ºC in the TC system and 68.2ºC in the HB system, while temperatures at the moment of food consumption were 34.6ºC and 50.7ºC, indicating temperatures losses of 35.8ºC and 17.4ºC, respectively. Food microbiological analyses showed satisfactory results at the moment of placing food in containers and at food consumption for the HB system. Unsuitable results (Coliforms at 45ºC above 1.100MLN/g and Bacilus Cereus at 350,000 CFU/g) were observed in food kept in the TC system at consumption time. Aspects related to working legislation (containers quality and transportation procedures, use of the resting areas and pauses/resting appointments) were partially achieved in the TC system and fully attended in the HB system. The client satisfaction survey showed that 74% of the workers preferred the HB systems to the TC system. It can be concluded that the HB system showed to be more effective than the TC system, but, in view of the results especially verified in the production system checklist, higher adherence to the GPM is necessary to ensure food innocuity.

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Resumo: O Programa de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) tem como objetivos principais melhorar as condições nutricionais do aluno e sua capacidade de aprendizagem, procurando formar hábitos alimentares saudáveis com dinamização da economia local. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi propor inovações no cardápio do Programa de Alimentação do Escolar do Município de Piracicaba-SP, a partir da avaliação do abastecimento alimentar e das condições de produção das refeições. A pesquisa foi realizada em três etapas: na primeira foi realizado um diagnóstico geral do abastecimento alimentar do município, da Divisão de Alimentação e Nutrição da Prefeitura Municipal e dos hábitos alimentares das crianças da rede de ensino; a segunda etapa consistiu de um diagnóstico específico onde foram avaliadas a adesão e aceitabilidade de uma amostra dos cardápios atuais, utilizando-se de três metodologias tradicionais: Percentagem de Adesão, Estimativa Visual dos Restos em cada Prato e Escala Hedônica Estruturada Facial; na terceira etapa foi formulada uma proposta de inovação do cardápio para a alimentação escolar, a partir do desenvolvimento, padronização e avaliação das preparações. O levantamento de dados referentes à disponibilidade de produtos alimentícios indicou uma autosuficiência de produção apenas de verduras, milho, mandioca e banana, sendo que o abastecimento alimentar do PMAE é parcialmente regionalizado e não conta com fornecedor local. A avaliação da adesão da alimentação apontou para uma baixa adesão ao Programa, 39,32% na média geral. Nas escolas municipais (região norte e oeste) a adesão foi maior (55,88%) que nas estaduais (22,77%). Na escola da região norte onde as crianças pertencem a famílias com menores rendimentos a adesão foi mais expressiva (63,39%). A menor adesão (19,77) foi na escola estadual região sul... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Brazilian National School Meals Program has as main goals to improve student’s nutritional conditions and his/her learning capacity, through developing healthy eating habits and stimulating local economy.. The aims of this study was to propose changes in the Municipal School Meal Program’s menu, from an elementary study in four Piracicaba’s public schools and valuation of food supplay and the conditions of production the meals. The research was developed in three stages: in the first one three general diagnosis were carried out: (a) in the Municipal Food Supply, (b) within the Piracicaba Municipal of Food and Nutrition Division, and (c) the children eating habits from municipal public schools. The second stage constituted of a specific diagnosis evaluating the adhesion and acceptability of a food sample of the actual school menu. For this were used three traditional methodologies – Adhesion Percentages, Estimated Visual Leftovers and Facial Hedonic Scale. In the third stage it was developed, standardized and evaluated new preparations and formulated a new menu for the school meals. The data collected from the available food products indicated a self-sufficiency production only for vegetables, corn, cassava and bananas. The evaluation on eating adhesion showed a low adhesion to the program on average of 39.32%. The adhesion of the Municipal’s Schools located in the north and northeast of Piracicaba was higher (55.88%) than the State’s Schools (22.77%). The schools located in the north where the kids belonged to the lowest income families, the adhesion was higher (63.39%). Lower adhesion (19.77%) was found in State’s School located in the south where the children belonged to higher income families. When analyzing the acceptance using Visual Estimative of Leftovers (consumption) methodology it was observed a better acceptance (88.43%)... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below) / Orientador: João Bosco Faria / Coorientador: Maria Rita M. de Oliveira / Banca: Marina Vieira da Silva / Banca: Vera Mariza Henriques de Miranda Costa / Banca: Gilma Lucazechi Sturion / Banca: Maria Alice Rosa Ribeiro / Mestre

Older adults are living longer than ever before. By 2060, the U.S. population aged 65 or older is projected to reach 98 million. As adults age, the prevalence of chronic diseases and disabilities increases. The need for Meals on Wheels (MOW) services is growing alongside the aging population. Yet, little is known about the geographic variation of services. Little is documented about the organizational capacity of MOW organizations in terms of geography. The current policies supporting home-and community-based services, including MOW, may be insufficient to support all older adults in all types of communities. An analysis of the More Than a Meal® Comprehensive Network Study was conducted to determine geographic variation in services delivered through MOW programs and to document organizational capacity by geography. Chi-squared analyses were performed to identify relationships between twenty services offered through MOW organizations and categorial offerings within nutrition, in-home safety, socialization, and community connections categories. Spidergrams were created to document organizational capacity holistically and for three individual organizations for each of the geographic areas: Rural Only, Partial Rural, and Non-rural Service Areas. Using these findings, a policy analysis was conducted to determine policy recommendations to inclusively support rural older adults. Older adults living in rural areas access the full complement of services provided by MOW programs differently than do their non-rural counterparts. Specifically, a statistically significant relationship was found between the stratified component of in-home safety for rural, partial rural and non-rural service areas. When evaluated on the individual service offering level, statistically significant relationships between rurality and congregate meals, nutrition education, nutrition assessment, coordination of USDA food assistance programs, and telephone reassurance were seen. Spidergram documentation of capacity created visual representations of geographic similarities and differences. The policy analysis produced three potentially viable policy additions for the Older Americans Act around a provision for innovation programs, a report on in-home safety, and business acumen provisions. This work lays the foundation for further analysis of existing data with a lens of geographic specificity, as well as articulates the importance of looking at organizational capacity as a part of policy recommendations for understanding rural community-based organizations.

This study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine how sleep problems, Body Mass Index (BMI), and poverty were related to several work, personal, and family variables in a sample of married male and female workers in the United States. The data for this study came from the National Study of the Changing Workforce (NSCW) 2008. This large, nationally representative dataset provided a resource for examining potential gender differences in variables that have been linked to sleep problems and increases in BMI, as well as how each of these variables relate to several work, personal, and family life outcomes, including marital satisfaction, work-to-family conflict, family-to-work conflict, self-reported health (SRH), and life satisfaction. Poverty, work hours, family meals, and workplace flexibility were analyzed in the model to assess their connections to sleep problems and BMI, as well as the five outcome variables. The SEM analysis utilized a multi-group gender comparison by analyzing differences between two group models consisting of married male employees (n = 1105) and married female employees (n = 1019) in the U.S. The model was significantly different for married males than married females. Several of the individual pathways in the model also differed significantly by gender. Family dinners and workplace flexibility seem to provide a positive influence on health and satisfaction outcomes, and relate negatively to sleep problems and BMI, as well as both types of work and family conflict. Sleep problems also were related to increased work-family conflict, and decreased health and satisfaction outcomes. Also, BMI scores were negatively related to self-reported health and life satisfaction. Overall, this study showed that several work and family demands and resources are related to sleep problems and BMI. It also demonstrated that sleep problems and BMI were generally related to negative outcomes in work, personal, and family life.

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Thesis (MTh (Systematic Theology and Ecclesiology. Church History and Church Polity))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Different theologies have sprung up around the celebration of the Eucharist. Consequently at the very point where Christians should be most united there is often controversy, bitterness and division. This is true of the writer’s own social location within the Anglican Church. The central question of this thesis is therefore how an engagement with Christianity’s Jewish roots helps us to reframe Eucharistic theology. In this regard a historical theological approach is employed to track how Eucharistic theological emphases have changed over time in relation to Jewish meal traditions, Jesus’ meal parables and table fellowship. The implications to reconnecting with the essence of Jesus’ social location are somewhat radical and potentially discomforting. Yet there are several obstacles to connecting with roots of our faith. The first obstacle examined in this thesis is the problematic interpretative gap of history, between the strangeness of the past and the familiarity of the present. A second obstacle only briefly touched upon is the attitude of anti-intellectualism in some churches today and an ignorance of the histories of Christianity. However, given the thesis question, the primary focus is on the obstacle of Christian anti-Semitism and the de-Judaising of Christianity. To seek greater continuity with Judaism is, in some ways, to Christianize Christianity. ii