Literary Meals in Canada étudie Pig Tails ’n Breadfruit d'Austin Clarke, Chorus of Mushrooms et The Kappa Child de Hiromi Goto, This Body de Tessa McWatt, ainsi que Diamond Grill de Fred Wah. Cette thèse entreprend d’établir la signification de la nourriture dans ces récits, ce qu'elle permet aux auteur(e)s d'exprimer par rapport à divers thématiques—les structures sociales, la culture, le langage, ou encore la subjectivité—et comment ils/elles établissent des connexions entre elles, et quelles conclusions ils/elles en tirent. En d'autres termes, cette thèse s'interroge sur les stratégies utilisées par ces auteur(e)s lorsqu'ils écrivent de la “nourritéra-ture.” Ma lecture de ces oeuvres est aussi ancrée au sein d'une conversation sur la nourriture au sens large: que ce soit dans les cercles académiques, dans les supermarchés, par l'intermédiaire des étiquettes, ou dans les médias. J'examine comment mon corpus littéraire répond, infirme, ou confirme les discours actuels sur la nourriture. Divisé en quatre chapitres—Production, Approvisionnement, Préparation, et Consommation—ce mémoire précise la signification du “literary supermarket” de Rachel Bowlby, en s'appuyant sur les travaux de Michael Pollan et Hiromi Goto; compare la haute cuisine d'Escoffier à la “hot-cuisine” d'Austin Clarke; recherche les connections entre l’acte de faire la cuisine et celui de l’écrire chez Luce Giard, Austin Clarke, et Fred Wah; confronte les préceptes d'Emily Post concernant les bonnes manières de la table à la cacophonie et aux bruits de mastication chez Hiromi Goto; et relie Tessa McWatt et Elspeth Probyn qui partagent, toutes deux, un intérêt et une approche à la sustentation des corps. Les textes qui composent ce corpus sont des “foodbooks” (“aliment-textes”). La nourriture, et les différentes activités qui y sont associées, y est transcrite. C’est pourquoi cette thèse accorde une grande importance aux particularités de ce moyen d'expression. / Literary Meals in Canada examines Austin Clarke’s Pig Tails ’n Breadfruit, Hiromi Goto’s Chorus of Mushrooms and The Kappa Child, Tessa McWatt’s This Body, and Fred Wah’s Diamond Grill. It asks, what does food mean to these stories, what does it allow the writers in question to say—about social structures, culture, language, and subjectivity—and how do they go about making these connections or drawing these conclusions? In other words, what are their food-writing strategies? I also read these texts as part of a larger conversation about food, a conversation taking place in academic circles as well as at the supermarket, on food labels, on television, and other media outlets. I look for moments in which my literary corpus responds to and challenges food-centred discourse. Comprised of four chapters—Production, Procurement, Preparation, and Consumption—this dissertation explicates Rachel Bowlby’s term, “literary supermarket,” through Michael Pollan and Hiromi Goto; it compares Escoffier’s haute cuisine with Austin Clarke’s “hot-cuisine”; it tracks the kinship between “doing-cooking” and writing cooking, as articulated by Luce Giard, Austin Clarke, and Fred Wah; it reads Emily Post’s advice on table manners against Hiromi Goto’s cacophony of gnashing and nibbling; and it pairs Tessa McWatt with Elspeth Probyn, both of whom share a similar approach to, and interest in, bodies that eat. The texts that make up this corpus are foodbooks. Food and the activities and processes associated with it are therefore mediated by language. For this reason the dissertation attends to the particularities and the potential effects of writing food.

Contexte. Depuis quelques années, plusieurs études se sont intéressées aux effets protecteurs des repas en famille sur divers aspects du développement des enfants et des adolescents. Objectif. Identifier les associations prospectives entre l'environnement des repas en famille à 6 ans et le développement bio-psycho-social à 10 ans. Méthode. Les participants sont 1 085 filles et 1 138 garçons faisant partie de l'Étude Longitudinale du Développement des Enfants du Québec (ÉLDEQ), qui a sélectionné un échantillon aléatoire et stratifié en utilisant le registre des naissances du Québec. Dans ce devis prospectif-longitudinal, les parents ont fourni une mesure sur l'environnement de leurs repas en famille à l'âge de 6 ans. Quatre années plus tard, les parents ont également fourni des mesures sur le niveau de condition physique de leur enfant ainsi que sa fréquence de consommation de boissons gazeuses; les enseignants ont mesuré la réussite en lecture et en mathématiques; les enfants ont auto-rapporté leurs niveaux d’agressivité physique globale, d’opposition, du trouble du comportement non agressif et d’agressivité réactive. Des analyses de régressions multiples ont été réalisées. Résultats. Un environnement plus sain lors des repas en famille à 6 ans a prédit les bénéfices suivants à 10 ans : une augmentation de la condition physique (β = 0,24; 95 % intervalle de confiance [IC], 0,12 à 0,36) ainsi qu'une diminution de la consommation de boissons gazeuses (β = -0,43; 95 % IC, -0,62 à -0,23), de l'agressivité physique globale (β = -0,38; 95 % IC, -0,58 à -0,18), de l'opposition (β = -0,72; 95 % IC, -1 à -0,4), du trouble du comportement non agressif (β = -0,33; 95 % IC, -0,50 à -0,17) et de l'agressivité réactive (β = -0,70; 95 % IC, -0,98 à -0,42). Contrairement à nos attentes, l'environnement des repas en famille n'était pas significativement relié au rendement scolaire. Conclusion. Les repas familiaux ont une forte influence à long terme sur le développement de l'enfant, par rapport à sa santé physique et à son ajustement social. Par conséquent, ils pourraient nourrir une campagne informative intéressante qui porterait sur la promotion de la santé mentale et physique des jeunes à travers ce rituel social. / Background. Recent research suggests that family meals have a strong influence as a child-rearing environment variable, which could in turn be beneficial to adaptive functioning. Objective. To examine the influence of family meal environment at age 6 on later bio-psycho-social developmental outcomes at age 10. Methods. Participants are from a prospective longitudinal birth cohort of 1 085 girls and 1 138 boys from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD) with parent-reported data on family meal environment at age 6. We conducted a series of ordinary least-squares regressions in which children’s scores on parent reports of general fitness and soft drink consumption, teacher reports of reading and mathematics success, as well as child self-reports of physical aggression, opposition behavior, non-aggressive delinquency, and reactive aggression, were linearly regressed on early family meal environment. Results. A healthier family meal environment at age 6 predicted the following outcomes at age 10: increases in general fitness (β = 0.24; 95%confidence interval [CI], 0.12 to 0.36) and decreases in soft drink consumption (β = -0.43; 95% CI, -0.62 to -0.23), physical aggression (β = -0.38; 95% CI, -0.58 to -0.18), opposition behavior (β = -0.72; 95% CI, -1 to -0.4), non-aggressive delinquency (β = -0.33; 95% CI, -0.50 to -0.17), and reactive aggression (β = -0.70; 95% CI, -0.98 to -0.42). Surprisingly, family meal environment was not significantly related to school achievement. Conclusions. From a population-health perspective, family meals have a strong long-term influence on child development, with respect to health habits and social adjustment. Therefore, they could be potentially featured in an informative campaign on mental and physical health of young people.

M. Tech. (Department of Hospitality, Faculty of Human Sciences) Vaal University of Technology / Introduction: The education, training and development (ETD) industry has developed fast over the past few years in our country. One need only read the national weekend papers and see all the ETD vacancies advertised to realise that ETD issues are being given increased coverage in this country. The reason for this increased focus on ETD is the need for skilled workers in organisations. Reports on our competitiveness in the world have consistently identified the lack of people development as a major stumbling block for the South African economy in competing in the global market. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to measure the impact of a training programme for the food service workers providing meals to 300 elderly people attending the Sharpeville Care of the Aged centre, in terms of a skills development programme, in order to contribute to increased productivity and provide nutritious meals to the elderly. Methods: A baseline survey was undertaken to determine the nutritional status, food consumption patterns and nutrient intake in a random sample of 300 elderly people attending the care centre five days a week. Socio-demographic and health questionnaires, as well as 24-hour recall questionnaires were completed with the assistance of trained fieldworkers. Anthropometric measurements included weight, height, and Mid-Upper Arm Circumference. Furthermore, the existing menus served to the elderly were theoretically analysed using FoodFinder® version 3 program to determine the energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat content. A developed and tested questionnaire was used to gather information from ten volunteer food service workers at the care centre to determine the training needs. The results of the baseline survey, the menu analysis and training needs assessment were used to develop a training programme that was implemented for a period of ten weeks. Learning was measured after the training programme by administering the same knowledge questionnaire, as well as by a portfolio of evidence and practical assessment. Data analyses: Data for the baseline survey was captured on an Excel spreadsheet. Data analysis was done using the Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 10.0 program for all variables except dietary intake data. Dietary intake and food consumption data were analysed by a registered dietician using the FoodFinder® version 3 program, developed by the Medical Research Council (MRC). Daily nutrient intakes were reported as means and standard deviations and compared to RDAs. Paired t tests were done to determine correlations between knowledge of the food service workers before and after the implementation of the training programme. Results: The results indicated that the majority of the elderly had an income of between R500 and R1 000 per month and most of them reported an occasional lack of funds to meet basic household needs, confirming the presence of food insecurity. Daily dietary intakes (mean ±Standard Deviation [SD] were 5 041,2 ± 2 299,6 kilojoules (kJ) energy, 50,4 ± 28,2 gram (g) protein, 38,9 ± 28,2 g fat and 149,0 ± 76,6 g carbohydrates. The majority (29.5%) were overweight (body mass index [BMI] ~25) or obese (BMI ~30) whilst 33.5% had a mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) of ~21.7 centimetres (em). Mean intakes of micronutrients were low in comparison with the reference standards. The volunteer food service workers were literate as the majority had higher than grade 10-12 training and 80% had previously received on-the-job training. The training programme was successfully implemented and the knowledge of the voluntary food service workers improved after the training programme was implemented. However, because of the small sample size no significance could be determined. Conclusions: The findings of this study confirmed that poverty, malnutrition, both under- and over-nutrition, as well as household food insecurity and poor health were the major problems observed in this elderly community. These findings correspond to other studies, however limited, conducted amongst the elderly in South Africa. The results indicated that, although the food service workers were literate and had received prior training, they still had a poor knowledge of appropriate food preparation method and practices, as well as nutrition, especially related to the elderly. On completion of the training programme, the knowledge of the food service workers improved. This study emphasises the importance of continued on-the-job training Recommendations: The recommendations of further research include: 1) A more detailed study to evaluate the influence of the training programme not only on knowledge and skills, but also on behaviour and attitude. 2) Periodically measuring such influence over a year to measure knowledge retention. 3) Implementation of a NEP for the elderly and its impact on nutrition knowledge and dietary intake behaviour tested. / National Research Foundation (NRF

A contaminação do ambiente por elementos químicos é um problema crescente em várias regiões do planeta. Muitos destes elementos químicos, que incluem o Cd, Pb e As são tóxicos aos humanos.De acordo com os órgãos de saúde como a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), 90% da ingestão destes elementos tóxicos ocorre por meio do consumo de alimentos (Tavares et al., 1992; Virga et al., 2007). Neste sentido, a estimativa da exposição pela alimentação é fundamental para avaliação de risco de possíveis efeitos adversos. A avaliação da exposição alimentar consiste em associar os dados de consumo alimentar de uma determinada população com as concentrações observadas dos elementos químicos em sua dieta (Nasreddine, 2010). Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi, determinar a ingestão diária dos elementos químicos tóxicos (As, Pb e Cd) em crianças em idade escolar através dos alimentos fornecidos pela Prefeitura de Ribeirão Preto nas merendas escolares. A metodologia utilizada no trabalho foi de dupla dieta, onde os alimentos analisados já estão prontos para o consumo. As merendas fornecidas por duas escolas municipais (infantil e ensino fundamental) e a cozinha piloto foram coletadas durante todos os dias letivos dos meses de março, junho, agosto e novembro de 2011. Os alimentos coletados foram congelados e liofilizados para posterior análise. As análises foram feitas utilizando a espectrometria de massas com plasma acoplado (ICP-MS) com prévia solubilização ou digestão ácida das amostras, com hidróxido de tetrametilamônio (TMAH) eácido nítrico (HNO3)/peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), respectivamente. A concentração média de As no arroz, feijão, legumes/verduras, carne vermelha, frango, peixe de água doce, peixe de água salgada e carne suína foi respectivamente de: 111 ng g-1, 17,3 ng g-1, 35,6 ng g-1, 34,3 ng g-1, 27,4 ng g-1, 65 ng g-1, 3,3 ?g g-1 e 33,6 ng g-1. A concentração de Cd encontrada nos mesmos alimentos foi respectivamente de: 11,4 ng g-1, 2,9 ng g-1, 24,6 ng g-1, 4,9 ng g-1, 2,6 ng g-1, 4,9 ng g-1, 63,6 ng g-1 e 5,1 ng g-1. Já a concentração de Pb encontrada foi respectivamente: 1,1 ng g-1, 3,4 ng g-1, 23,6 ng g-1, 8,1 ng g-1, 5,1 ng g-1, 4,4 ng g-1, 6,9 ng g-1 e 18,6 ng g-1. Com estes valores encontrados, calculou-se a ingestão média destes elementos químicos tóxicos pelas crianças durante o almoço servido pelas escolas municipais de Ribeirão Preto. A ingestão média de As, Cd e Pb na escola de ensino infantil foi respectivamente de 5,3 ?g, 0,6 ?g e 0,4 ?g; na escola de ensino médio foi respectivamente 6,9 ?g, 0,9 ?g e 0,6 ?g. Estes valores estão abaixo dos valores de referência toxicológicos fornecidos pela Autoridade Europeia de Segurança Alimentar (EFSA) e Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). / Chemical\'s contamination in the environment is a growing worldwide problem. Many of these chemical elements, including Cd, Pb and As are toxic to humans. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 90% of the intake of these toxic elements occurs through the food consumption (Tavares et al., 1992; Virga et al., 2007). Therefore, the estimation of exposure to these chemicals in the diet is essential for risk assessment and, possibly, to determine the relationship between the adverse effects observed in humans and dietary exposure to certain substances. Dietary exposure assessment is an association between the data of food consumption of a specific population with the observed concentrations of chemical elements in their diet (Nasreddine, 2010).In this sense, the objective of this study was to determine the daily intake of toxic elements (As, Pb and Cd) in children through the food provided by the city hall of Ribeirão Preto in school lunches. The methodology used in this study was double-diet, where the foods analyzed are ready for consumption. The meals provided by two local schools and the kitchen pilot were collected during all school days in March, June, August and November of 2011. The food collected was frozen and lyophilized for further analysis. The analyzes were performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after the solubilization with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) or acid digestion with nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) of the samples. The average concentration of As in rice, beans, vegetables, beef, poultry, freshwater fish, saltwater fish and pork were respectively: 111.2 ng g-1, 17.3 ng g-1 35.6 ng g-1, 34.3 ng g-1, 27.4 ng g-1, 65.6 ng g-1, 3.3 mg g-1 and 33.6 ng g-1. The Cd concentration found in the same foods were respectively: 11.4 ng g-1, 2.9 ng g-1, 24.6 ng g-1, 4.9 ng g-1, 2.6 ng g-1, 4.9 ng g-1, 63.6 ng g-1 and 5.1 ng g-1. The Pb concentration was found respectively, 1.1 ng g-1, 3.4 ng g-1, 23.6 ng g-1, 8.1 ng g-1, 5.1 ng g-1, 4.4 ng g-1, 6.9 ng g-1 and 18.6 ng g-1. With these values found, we calculated the average intake of these toxic elements by children during the lunch served by public schools in Ribeirão Preto. The average intake of As, Cd and Pb in elementary school children was respectively 5.3 mg, 0.6 mg and 0.4 mg; in high school was respectively 6.9 g, 0.9 g and 0 , 6 g. These intake values of As, Cd and Pb calculated are below the toxicological reference values provided by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the World Health Organization (WHO).

La présente étude est destinée à l’éclaircissement de la représentation de la table, des plats, de la nourriture et également de la cuisine, du restaurant et de la salle à manger figurés dans les œuvres de Proust, À la recherche du temps perdu en particulier. Proust, qui subit l’influence des romanciers du XIXème siècle où les écrivains tels que Balzac et Flaubert décrivent la nourriture en tant que motif littéraire, a inclus dans ses romans une profusion d’allusions à la nourriture et de scènes de la table et de l’acte de manger. La première partie est consacré à examiner le plat, le bœuf à la casserole, apparu dans « le drame du coucher », qu’on sert dans la salle à manger familiale comme rite quasiment religieux, qui peut rassurer le garçon angoissé, parce que cette espace rappelle le ventre maternel, espace le plus rassurant de tous. Par la suite, notre thèse traite de la relation entre l’épisode de la madeleine et celui de la mort de Bergotte, car si on considère la question de la résurrection dans le sens religieux, où on voit le thématique mort et résurrection dans ce deuxième épisode. La madeleine qui figure comme le symbole de la résurrection ou de la naissance et les pommes de terre, à cause desquelles Bergotte croit avoir un simple malaise digestif, alors qu’il est en train de mourir, ont des points communs. Enfin, notre objet de recherche s’est étendu à la relation entre la nourriture ou l’espace des repas et les personnages, et cette relation fait souvent appel aux œuvres du XIXe siècle où la nourriture devient un miroir des personnages. / In this study, I try to throw new light on the representation of food and dishes as well as place of eating: kitchens, dining rooms and restaurants in Proust’s work, particularly In Search of Lost time. Proust, under the influence of 19th century novelist such as Balzac and Flaubert, who describe food as literary motif, always slips into his books many allusions to food and meats. I work the first part of my study to the dish called a “bœuf à la casserole” which is served in the familial dining room. This dish appears for the first time in “the good-night scene” The sorrowful young boy regards the act of eating it as a quasi-religion rite, that way comfort him, especially since the area of the dining room reminds him of the maternal womb, in other words the most comforting place in the whole world. Then, in the second part of my study, I attempt to deal with the relation between the “petite madeleine” and Bergotte’s death. For birth, death and resurrection, in the religious sense of the death, continue the thematic shared by both of those episodes. The “petite madeleine”, symbol of birth or resurrection, and the potatoes, of which Bergotte, who is dying, wrongly thinks they cause him a feeling of sickness, has a lot in common. Finally, in the third part of my study, I try to describe the relation between foods, meals, places of eating and characters in the light of Proust’s predecessors 19th century novelists, who consider a mirror of their own characters.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:10:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulette Siekierski.pdf: 3620851 bytes, checksum: b9326025bf5e4cddccf48bfd3b1b3ddf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-21 / The pivotal question that this thesis attempts to answer is: how do lifestyles influence eating habits associated with consumption of ready meals. It is known that changes in lifestyle of the western world population have increased the demand for convenience in meal preparation. Consumers are working longer hours, spending more time in traffic and they want to maximize leisure time which has been increasingly limited. As a result, they demand products and services that facilitate and support their busy lives (Olsen, 2010). In response to this demand, the food industry has expanded its options for meals (Geeroms et al., 2008). In this context, the objectives of this research are to analyze the influence of socio-demographic variables in the choice of the ready food; study the importance of the factors as health, taste, convenience and tradition in the consumption of ready meals; and to compare consumption habits of ready meals related with lifestyles in São Paulo and Rome. The literature reviews lifestyle, multiculturalism, food habits and consumption of ready meals. In this process, the measurement scale developed and validated abroad deemed most promising for this study were adapted to the context. Electronic instruments have been set up to collect data which were accessible via a link sent by e-mail to residents of São Paulo and Rome. We obtained 200 valid questionnaires in São Paulo and 155 in Rome. According to the results, consumers in the two cities have different styles in relation to food. A study from Vanhonacker et al. (2010) indicates that older populations of southern Europe are traditional in terms of eating habits. Similarly, in this work, consumers from Rome are more concerned with tradition and health, compared to consumers from São Paulo. According to Askegaard and Madsen (1998), the Germanic cultures are more concerned about their health and in Italy, the sensory element matters the most. This study indicated that in São Paulo, there is a greater emphasis on convenience and flavor. The flavor dimension is supported by the anthropologist Da Matta (2001), in the observation that one of the most important Brazilian social mirrors is food, with what he calls "food code" which theoretically expresses the society. According to him, for Brazilians, "knowing how to eat is far more refined than the simple act of eating" (2001, p. 55). The city of São Paulo is proud to be a gastronomic hub of social activities and many of those activities take place in social gatherings that involve food. Therefore, the flavor dimension is easily explained. Simultaneously, the convenience dimension is supported by another feature of the city, the fact that it is a large urban center. Maluf (2001) indicates that the circumstances of contemporary life and the impact of advertising have changed the acquisition and consumption of food, highlighting the relevance of prepared foods in São Paulo. The limitation of this study is the criteria of the convenience sampling. It is believed that these results may be relevant both for the development of new products and for the positioning of products and brands active in these markets, or even to identify new market segments or understand different generations of consumers. / A pergunta central que este trabalho procura responder é: como estilos de vida associados a hábitos alimentares influenciam o consumo de pratos prontos? Sabe-se que mudanças no estilo de vida de indivíduos do mundo ocidental têm aumentado a demanda por conveniência na preparação das refeições. Consumidores trabalham mais horas, gastam mais tempo no trânsito e desejam maximizar o tempo de lazer cada vez mais limitado; exigem, assim, produtos e serviços que facilitem e apoiem a vida agitada (OLSEN, 2010). Como reação a essa demanda, a indústria alimentar tem expandido suas opções de refeições prontas (GEEROMS et al., 2008). Nesse contexto, os objetivos desta pesquisa são: analisar a influência de variáveis sociodemográficas na escolha do produto alimentar pronto; estudar a importância da orientação para a saúde, sabor, conveniência e tradição no consumo de pratos prontos; e comparar hábitos alimentares de pratos prontos de consumidores de São Paulo e de Roma. São revisadas as literaturas de estilo de vida, multiculturalismo, hábitos alimentares e consumo de pratos prontos. Neste processo, as escalas de mensuração desenvolvidas e validadas no exterior julgadas mais promissoras para este estudo foram adaptadas para o contexto em questão. Foram configurados instrumentos eletrônicos de coletas de dados, acessíveis via link enviado por e-mail para residentes em São Paulo e em Roma. Obtiveram-se 200 questionários válidos de São Paulo e 155 de Roma. De acordo com os resultados, os consumidores das duas cidades apresentam diferentes estilos no tocante à alimentação. Estudo de Vanhonacker et al. (2010) indica que populações mais idosas do sul da Europa são tradicionais no tocante à alimentação. Similarmente, neste trabalho, consumidores de Roma apresentam maior preocupação com a tradição e saúde, comparativamente a São Paulo. Para Askegaard e Madsen (1998), as culturas germânicas são mais preocupadas com a saúde, sendo que na Itália importaria o elemento sensorial. Este estudo indicou que, em São Paulo, há maior ênfase na conveniência e no sabor. A dimensão sabor encontra suporte no antropólogo Da Matta (2001), na observação de que um dos mais importantes espelhos sociais brasileiros é a comida, havendo o que denomina de código da comida que exprime teoricamente a sociedade. Segundo esse autor, para o brasileiro, o saber comer é muito mais refinado do que o simples ato de alimentar-se (2001, p. 55). A cidade de São Paulo orgulha-se de ser um pólo gastronômico e muitas das atividades sociais do habitante da cidade se dá em confraternizações que envolvem a alimentação. Portanto, a dimensão sabor é facilmente explicável. Simultaneamente, a dimensão conveniência é suportada por outra característica da cidade: o fato de ser um grande centro urbano. Maluf (2001) indica que as circunstâncias da vida contemporânea e os impactos da propaganda têm alterado a forma de aquisição e de consumo dos alimentos, destacando a relevância dos alimentos preparados na cidade de São Paulo. Como limitação deste estudo, destaca-se o critério de amostragem por conveniência. Acredita-se que os resultados apresentados possam ser relevantes tanto para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos como para o posicionamento de produtos e marcas atuantes nesses mercados, ou, ainda, para identificar novos segmentos de mercado ou compreender diferentes gerações de consumidores.

The healthy and right food plays a very important role in everybody's life. It works as a prevention of many diseases of civilization. Good nutrition can contribute to improve life quality. It gives a longer life and we stay more healthy. The most important thing in forming healthy eating habits is our own family. The next important factor is a school where children spend a lot of time. They create their own views and habits there. There are usually canteens at schools which offer some food to pupils. This dissertation is focussed on basic nutrients, education for a healthy lifestyle and the eating habits of pupils from 6 to 16 years at basic schools. I will also look into which food is preferred by pupils - healthy or unhealthy -their eating habits and the ways of their feeding. The aim of my dissertation is to find and evaluate eating habits of children of younger and older school age and detect if these children are interested in what they eat and if we can influence them by edification. In the practical part of my work I'd like to find out through a questionnaire what children at basic school know about healthy nutrition and a healthy lifestyle. The research was done at a peripheral basic school. The questionnaires were given to all pupils of primary and secondary school. The primary school's...

Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-08-03T20:36:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Willer Firmiano da Silva.pdf: 1716942 bytes, checksum: 5856abf26c26f8f66c2e8bfcc14f8c21 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-09-15T16:05:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Willer Firmiano da Silva.pdf: 1716942 bytes, checksum: 5856abf26c26f8f66c2e8bfcc14f8c21 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-15T16:05:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Willer Firmiano da Silva.pdf: 1716942 bytes, checksum: 5856abf26c26f8f66c2e8bfcc14f8c21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-31 / Esta dissertação versa sobre a criação de um acervo de requisitos necessários para implantação de um restaurante universitário (RU) de qualidade no CEFET/RJ, tendo como objetivo geral a implantação de um restaurante universitário na sua sede do Maracanã. O RU proposto terá como diferencial a qualidade, tanto no ambiente, quanto na alimentação oferecida, cuidando para que o fornecimento de refeições seja saudável e de baixo custo para alunos e servidores. A pesquisa foi realizada junto à comunidade acadêmica da UFF, UFRJ e UFRRJ. Investigou-se o perfil dos usuários e também a qualidade das refeições oferecidas e a operação de serviços dos RUs. Constatou-se que as normas do mercado de refeições coletivas tem como finalidade a produção de alimentos balanceados nutricionalmente, seguindo os padrões higiênicos e sanitários, propostos no manual de boas práticas da ANVISA. Observou-se também, que os restaurantes universitários têm representatividade na comunidade acadêmica, pois auxiliam no avanço de atividades da pesquisa, ensino e extensão, reduzindo os índices de evasão acadêmica e promovendo a formação de alunos de graduação. O estudo busca o entendimento do processo de um serviço que visa oferecer refeições diárias de qualidade aos alunos e servidores do CEFET/RJ, garantindo o menor custo de produção e, consequentemente, menor preço para o consumo e ao mesmo tempo, elevar o conceito da universidade quanto aos requisitos, refeitório e alimentação dos alunos. Conclui-se que os principais fatores que importarão na escolha do local para este RU, são os aspectos gerais do local e do prédio escolhido, espaço físico, estacionamento, instalações gerais, iluminação, controle de temperatura, ventilação e áreas de serviço com acesso diferenciado, fluxos projetados para a produção e áreas de atendimento e acessibilidade. A pesquisa acena para a viabilidade da implantação do RU a partir da constatação dos requisitos necessários, desde que consideradas ás exigências legais. / This dissertation focuses on the creation of a collection of requirements for deployment of a university quality restaurant (RU) in CEFET/RJ, general aiming the implementation of a university restaurant in Maracanã’s headquarters. The RU proposed the differential will be quality, both in the environment and in food offered, making sure that the supply of meals would be healthy and low cost to students and servers. The survey was conducted by the academic community of the UFF, UFRJ and UFRRJ. The profile of users and also the quality of meals offered and the services operation of the RUs were investigated. It was noted that standards of the collective meals market has as purpose the production of nutritionally balanced food, following hygienic and health standards, proposed in good practice manual of ANVISA. We also observed that the University restaurants have representation in the academic community, because it helps in the advancement of activities of research, teaching and extension, reducing academic evasion rates and promoting the formation of undergraduates. The study seeks to understand the process of a service that aims to provide quality meals to CEFET/RJ’s students and servers, ensuring lower cost of production and, consequently, lower price for consumption and at the same time, promote the concept of the University about requirements, cafeteria and nutrition of the students. It is concluded that the main factors that will import in the choice of location for this RU, are the General aspects of the site and the building chosen, physical space, parking, General installations, lighting, temperature control, ventilation and service areas with differentiated access, streams designed for production and service areas and accessibility. The survey wave to the feasibility of the deployment of the RU from the verification of the requirements, since they regarded to legal requirements.

Richmond Ltd. has recently undergone a change in strategy, away from the traditional commodity based meat industry, towards the modern food business. To do this, opportunities to add value to their current product range must be identified. This involves the conversion of traditionally low value commodity based products into products that demand a premium. An example of this is converting muscles that are currently used for grinding meat into a further processed convenience food (i.e. ready meals). Another method is to add further value to premium products by making them more appealing to consumers (i.e. nutritional information on labels). This work details investigations into the functional properties of selected beef forequarter muscles (low value commodity products) and the nutritional properties of selected export lamb products (premium products). The functional properties of a number of beef forequarter muscles were measured to identify which had the best potential for further processing applications with respect to ready meals. The functional properties of tenderness, cook loss and shrinkage were measured for the Latissimus Dorsi, Pectorialis Profundus (Point End Brisket), Infraspinatus (Cross Cut Blade), Triceps Brachi Longhead (Main muscle in Bolar Shoulder Clod), Supraspinatus (Chuck Tender), Serratus Ventralis and Triceps Brachi Medialhead (Muscle in Bolar Shoulder Clod. From the tests conducted the Infraspinatus and the Triceps Brachi Longhead have been identified as having the best functional properties with respect to further processing for ready meal applications. As well as conducting tests to identify the forequarter muscles with the best potential for further processing applications, investigations were carried out to identify cooking regimes that would optimise the functional properties. This work confirmed that there are three major chemical reactions, which determine the resultant functional properties of cooked meat. They are the denaturation and aggregation of the myofibrillar proteins and the denaturation and solubilisation of connective tissue (collagen). At around 50°C myosin (45% to 50% of the myofibrillar proteins) denatures, which results in a substantial increase in cook loss and reduction in water holding capacity. At around 60°C collagen (main connective tissue protein) denatures, which results in a substantial increase in tenderness and increase in cook loss. This is because as the collagen denatures it loses it mechanical strength (increase in tenderness) and can no longer support its own structure, and causes it to contract. This contraction causes fluid within the meat and cook loss caused by the denaturation of myosin to be expelled from the meat by compressive forces (squeezed out). At around 70°C actomyosin (22% of the myofibrillar proteins) denatures. This results in a substantial increase in the cook loss and firming of the meat. The increase in cook loss or decrease in water holding capacity that occurs with myofibrillar protein denaturation is due to the fact that when these proteins denature and aggregate their ability to bind water is greatly reduced. From the results of the cooking regime trials it is recommended that for functional property considerations that during the cooking of further processed meat products (i.e. ready meal applications) a meat temperature of 62°C should be aimed for, for the slowest heating region during cooking (usually the centre). This is because it has been identified that a cooking temperature of 65°C should not be exceeded otherwise detrimental effects can occur to the functional properties of the cooked meat. For health concerns a 7D bacterial death reduction has to be achieved. This means that for a cooking temperature of 62°C the meat has to be held at this temperature for at least 5 minutes. Therefore the total cooking time would be the time needed to heat all the meat to 62°C plus 5 minutes to ensure a safe product. The heating or cooking system employed should also ensure that a minimal amount of the meat is heated above 65°C. This can be easily achieved by minimising the external cooking temperature, but long cooking times will result. An industrial cooking process will be a compromise between the cost associated with longer residence time and product functionality. As mentioned earlier another way to add value is to supply nutritional information for selected cuts. Consequentially one of the objectives of this project was to provide some nutritional information for selected meat cuts. Though the primary objective of this part of the project was to develop a method for producing the needed information, so that Richmond N.Z. Ltd. can develop further information on an as needs basis. The nutritional characteristics of a number of export lamb cuts from the saddle region has also been investigated and a method devised to allow further characterisation of other cuts. The method involves breaking down a standard cut into its constituent components (e.g. Frenched rack consists of loin eye, fat cap, intercostals and fatty tissue). The constituent components are tested for their nutritional properties. The frenched rack nutritional properties are calculated from the nutritional properties of the constituents components and the yield data (percentage of each constituent component within a frenched rack) for frenched racks. This method allowed the identification of the main sources of variation for nutritional characteristics. These differences were found to be caused by the lean to fat ratio, not nutritional differences in lean tissue from the same region of lamb (i.e. loin eye and tenderloin very similar nutritionally). The difference in lean to fat ration also accounts for the variation between grades (i.e. PX grade lamb cuts have a higher fat content than YX grade lamb cuts due to PX grade cuts having a higher percentage fat tissue in their cuts). The cuts characterised were the shortloin section (whole section or chop), rack section (whole section or chop), 75mm racks frenched 25mm, boneless loin and tenderloin for both PX and YX grade lamb. The method will be applicable to other regions of lamb (i.e. hindquarter and forequarter) for which nutritional information already exists, but for which yielding data will have to be collected. The method would also be applicable to other species such as beef and venison, but both nutritional data for constituent components and yielding data would have to be collected.

Richmond Ltd. has recently undergone a change in strategy, away from the traditional commodity based meat industry, towards the modern food business. To do this, opportunities to add value to their current product range must be identified. This involves the conversion of traditionally low value commodity based products into products that demand a premium. An example of this is converting muscles that are currently used for grinding meat into a further processed convenience food (i.e. ready meals). Another method is to add further value to premium products by making them more appealing to consumers (i.e. nutritional information on labels). This work details investigations into the functional properties of selected beef forequarter muscles (low value commodity products) and the nutritional properties of selected export lamb products (premium products). The functional properties of a number of beef forequarter muscles were measured to identify which had the best potential for further processing applications with respect to ready meals. The functional properties of tenderness, cook loss and shrinkage were measured for the Latissimus Dorsi, Pectorialis Profundus (Point End Brisket), Infraspinatus (Cross Cut Blade), Triceps Brachi Longhead (Main muscle in Bolar Shoulder Clod), Supraspinatus (Chuck Tender), Serratus Ventralis and Triceps Brachi Medialhead (Muscle in Bolar Shoulder Clod. From the tests conducted the Infraspinatus and the Triceps Brachi Longhead have been identified as having the best functional properties with respect to further processing for ready meal applications. As well as conducting tests to identify the forequarter muscles with the best potential for further processing applications, investigations were carried out to identify cooking regimes that would optimise the functional properties. This work confirmed that there are three major chemical reactions, which determine the resultant functional properties of cooked meat. They are the denaturation and aggregation of the myofibrillar proteins and the denaturation and solubilisation of connective tissue (collagen). At around 50°C myosin (45% to 50% of the myofibrillar proteins) denatures, which results in a substantial increase in cook loss and reduction in water holding capacity. At around 60°C collagen (main connective tissue protein) denatures, which results in a substantial increase in tenderness and increase in cook loss. This is because as the collagen denatures it loses it mechanical strength (increase in tenderness) and can no longer support its own structure, and causes it to contract. This contraction causes fluid within the meat and cook loss caused by the denaturation of myosin to be expelled from the meat by compressive forces (squeezed out). At around 70°C actomyosin (22% of the myofibrillar proteins) denatures. This results in a substantial increase in the cook loss and firming of the meat. The increase in cook loss or decrease in water holding capacity that occurs with myofibrillar protein denaturation is due to the fact that when these proteins denature and aggregate their ability to bind water is greatly reduced. From the results of the cooking regime trials it is recommended that for functional property considerations that during the cooking of further processed meat products (i.e. ready meal applications) a meat temperature of 62°C should be aimed for, for the slowest heating region during cooking (usually the centre). This is because it has been identified that a cooking temperature of 65°C should not be exceeded otherwise detrimental effects can occur to the functional properties of the cooked meat. For health concerns a 7D bacterial death reduction has to be achieved. This means that for a cooking temperature of 62°C the meat has to be held at this temperature for at least 5 minutes. Therefore the total cooking time would be the time needed to heat all the meat to 62°C plus 5 minutes to ensure a safe product. The heating or cooking system employed should also ensure that a minimal amount of the meat is heated above 65°C. This can be easily achieved by minimising the external cooking temperature, but long cooking times will result. An industrial cooking process will be a compromise between the cost associated with longer residence time and product functionality. As mentioned earlier another way to add value is to supply nutritional information for selected cuts. Consequentially one of the objectives of this project was to provide some nutritional information for selected meat cuts. Though the primary objective of this part of the project was to develop a method for producing the needed information, so that Richmond N.Z. Ltd. can develop further information on an as needs basis. The nutritional characteristics of a number of export lamb cuts from the saddle region has also been investigated and a method devised to allow further characterisation of other cuts. The method involves breaking down a standard cut into its constituent components (e.g. Frenched rack consists of loin eye, fat cap, intercostals and fatty tissue). The constituent components are tested for their nutritional properties. The frenched rack nutritional properties are calculated from the nutritional properties of the constituents components and the yield data (percentage of each constituent component within a frenched rack) for frenched racks. This method allowed the identification of the main sources of variation for nutritional characteristics. These differences were found to be caused by the lean to fat ratio, not nutritional differences in lean tissue from the same region of lamb (i.e. loin eye and tenderloin very similar nutritionally). The difference in lean to fat ration also accounts for the variation between grades (i.e. PX grade lamb cuts have a higher fat content than YX grade lamb cuts due to PX grade cuts having a higher percentage fat tissue in their cuts). The cuts characterised were the shortloin section (whole section or chop), rack section (whole section or chop), 75mm racks frenched 25mm, boneless loin and tenderloin for both PX and YX grade lamb. The method will be applicable to other regions of lamb (i.e. hindquarter and forequarter) for which nutritional information already exists, but for which yielding data will have to be collected. The method would also be applicable to other species such as beef and venison, but both nutritional data for constituent components and yielding data would have to be collected.