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The graduation thesis compares school meals at selected schools in the South Moravian Region and in the Vysocina Region. The South Moravian region represents schools in the district of Znojmo, especially The Primary School Jevisovice, The Primary School Kravsko and The Primary School Prague in Znojmo. The Vysocina Region is represented by schools from the district of Trebic, especially The Primary School Budkov and The Primary School Jemnice. The theoretical part is devoted to the individual nutrition, nutritional recommendations, children's eating habits and proper nutrition at schools. Moreover, the thesis deals with general knowledge of HACCP and the consumer basket. In the practical part I evaluate five selected canteens and compare them with each other. In the chapter Results I describe the individual parts of the kitchen facilities, such as storage rooms, dining rooms and the kitchen itself. From each of the school canteen I was given internal documents with photographic documentation. Due to these facts and dialogue with the leadership of both equipments and canteens, I received information about the internal rules of the kitchen. Principally, I focused on observance of critical points with HACCP and control of production diagram in all establishments. I requested the protocols of critical control points for the month of September or October 2014 from each of the school canteen. The school canteen managers have given me the fulfillment of the consumer basket in two months, particularly in September and October 2014. The performance of the consumer basket is closely related to monthly menus. I had the opportunity to read out from the menu which ingredients cooks use and also whether the meals are changed regularly or are still the same. There are two questionnaires in this chapter. The first questionnaire was distributed to the head of school canteens. The manager of each school canteens fill in the questionnaire according to real information. The questionnaire concerns an operation of the school canteen. The second questionnaire was distributed to pupils and teachers. They evaluate served meals and surroundings of the school canteen. The results point out to the quality of school meals in the school canteens. In conclusion of this work I can say that it can not clearly identify which the school canteen cooks healthily and is the best one. Each school canteen is unique in something, but all school canteens cook meals which are suitable for children. The school canteen of Primary School Budkov takes care of their diners great. They create different catering programs for pupils during the year. They organize the days of foreign cuisine. The pupils can make up their own menu and cooks prepare the meals on request. The Primary School Jemnice has appropriately designed storage areas and modern kitchen facilities. The school canteen of Primary School Jevisovice indulges the food supplement for their pupils every day (fruit, vegetable, candy bar, pudding, salad and others). The school canteen of Primary School Kravsko offers a variety of salads and fresh fruit for their pupils. The drink is provided as herbal tea or fruit tea with lemon or juice. The school canteen of Primary School Prague in Znojmo has a modern kitchen equipment and a dining room. The dining room is painted beautifully above the dispensing window. They prepare tasty snacks for their pupils in the morning. The selected school canteens regularly change meals or they modify meals completely. The food supplements are served with main meals at least three times per week in all school canteens. All school canteens cook varied and nutritionally balanced meals with the different food supplements. They often add a cereal product and a healthy side dish. If it continues, these school canteens will be healthy canteens. Nevertheless, the parents of these pupils should know that their school canteen is really the best one.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of and factors associated with anemia in school children from Maceió, Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study using probability sampling of 1518 children (9.8 ± 0.5 years of age) attending public (n=931) and private (n=587) primary schools in the municipality. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to obtain socioeconomic, demographic, anthropomorphic, hemoglobin and dietary data. The measure of association used was prevalence ratio (PR) and respective CI95%, calculated by Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment, for the crude and adjusted analyses. Results: The prevalence of anemia was found to be higher amongst the public school children than the private school children (10.8% vs. 7.0%; PR=1.54; CI95%: 1.1; 2.2). At the public schools, the variables that remained significantly associated with anemia after the multivariate analysis were “consumption of fruits and fruit juices < 2 portions/day” (PR=2.19; CI95%: 1.18; 4.06) and “male” (PR=1.51; CI95%: 1.001; 2.30). At the private schools, these variables were “working mother” (PR=2.83; CI95%: 1.23; 6.52) and “monthly school fees < R$ 188.00” (PR=3.20; CI95%: 1.46; 7.03). Conclusion: Anemia amongst school-age children is a public health problem in the Brazilian city of Maceió. Even when it is classified as slight, it requires the attention of public policy managers, in view of the associated damage to health, cognitive development, school performance, and the quality of life of the individuals affected. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência e os fatores associados à anemia em escolares de Maceió. Métodos: Estudo transversal com amostra probabilística de 1518 alunos (9,8 ± 0,5 anos), pertencentes às redes pública (n=931) ou privada (n=587) de ensino fundamental do município. Foram utilizados questionários semiestruturados para a obtenção de informações socioeconômicas, demográficas, antropométricas, hemoglobina e de consumo alimentar. Utilizou-se como medida de associação a razão de prevalência (RP) e respectivo IC95%, calculados por regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto da variância, tanto na análise bruta como na ajustada. Resultados: A prevalência de anemia em crianças da rede pública foi superior à observada naquelas da rede privada (10,8% vs. 7,0%; RP=1,54; IC95%: 1,1; 2,2). As variáveis que entre alunos da rede pública se manteve significantemente associada à anemia após análise multivariável foram “consumo de frutas e sucos < 2 porções/dia” (RP=2,19; IC95%: 1,18; 4,06) e ser do “sexo masculino” (RP=1,51; IC95%: 1,001 a 2,03). Nas escolas privadas, foram “mãe trabalhar fora de casa” (RP=2,83; IC95%: 1,23; 6,52) e “mensalidade escolar < R$ 188,00” (RP=3,20; IC95%: 1,46; 7,02). Conclusão: A anemia em escolares de Maceió é um problema de saúde pública que, embora classificado como do tipo leve, requer atenção por parte dos gestores das políticas públicas, haja vista os danos causados à saúde, desenvolvimento cognitivo, aprendizagem e à qualidade de vida dos indivíduos afetados.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to evaluate the eating habits of students at a grammar school. We directly monitored students of the first, third, fifth and seventh year of an eight-year grammar school in Trebon during the academic year 2010/2011. The research can be divided into several parts. The first part of this work consists of evaluating the nutritional quality of lunches of selected micronutrients and macronutrients and comparison with the standard requirements for the age brackets. The second part is focused on the diversity of diets in terms of representation of individual foods and meals. These data were compared with the recommended consumption basket. In the third part I monitored eating habits of students by using a questionnaire survey. In the fourth part there is a comparison of BMI values of individual pupils at the beginning and at the end of the school year, including the assignment of percentile. The hypothesis test was evaluated in the fifth part of this thesis. Regarding to the analysis of the various menus was found that annual energy intake from lunch of the students in the first and third year of a grammar school was less than the recommended values. By the contrast this is met by students in the fifth and seventh year of an eight-year grammar school. Annual protein intake from lunch in all classes reached the high value. Fat intake by the students in the first and the third year was in a range of the recommended standards. A slight increase of the macronutrients was found out in meal of students in the fifth and seventh year. The daily recommended intake of carbohydrate was in the average year-round directly lower; about 3,3% the first class, 3,6% the third class and 2,05% the seventh class. Lunch in the fifth year of an eight-year grammar school achieved the desired quantity. The analysis also shows that the intake of dietary fibre was at all four classes of students in sufficient quantities. The intake of calcium in all classes was lower than the recommended standard. The intake of magnesium was higher in all classes than is recommended. Lunch of students in all classes contains a sufficient representation of other minerals. The daily recommended intake of vitamin A in all classes was higher than the given recommended valueThe daily recommended dose of vitamin C was received in the amount of 108% in the first class, 117% in the third, 128,4% in the fifth, 125,6% in the seventh. According to the research vitamin B6 and B12 was received in excess. By comparing the diversity of menus was found that the consumption of yeast soup fails. Pulses soups were represented by the standard. This research also discovered the lack of meat-less/vegetarian meals, chicken and pulses meals. On the other hand fried, sweet meals and pork meat was chosen very often. It should be noted that diversity is influenced by the students themselves, by their choice at all. The survey shows that there is the same amount of students who have breakfast and the same amount of those who don´t. The eating of morning and afternoon snacks is likely rare. Student who took part in this survey also pointed out that they have lunch regularly in the school canteen. Nobody mention his/her distaste to daily consumption of fruit or vegetables. The fluid intake was inadequate in most cases. BMI for most students is in the norm. There is only a minimum of respondents with low weight, overweight or obese. Hypothesis testing has not shown that the missing breakfast causes higher BMI. The level of eating at the eight-year grammar school measured in the studied canteen corresponds to the most evaluated parameters to the nutritional requirements of children's ages. Consumer basket is filled, but the variety of the menu is influenced by the consumers themselves.

Objectives: The first aim of this diploma thesis was to analyze the functionality and effectiveness of the HACCP system in selected catering facilities. Other goals were to find out how to make a meal and find out the satisfaction of meals with a meal composition. Research Questions: 1. How is the temperature controlled at the expedition of the dishes in vessels and their direct dispatch? 2. How is the schedule plan of food delivery fulfilled? 3. How is the concrete diet created? 4. How are the borders satisfied with the composition of the diet? Methodology: A qualitative research survey was used in the practical part. There is the secondary analysis of HACCP data, a field survey by measuring temperature and participating in food distribution. In addition, a personal interview was conducted with the leader on nutritional recommendations and diet. Personal interviews with fifteen boarders were conducted. Results: The results of the survey point out the fact that, although shortcomings in the HACCP legislation and production chart have been identified, the critical control point of food temperature measurement is effective. The lunch distribution plan was respected. An increase in the critical limit at this critical control point has been proposed. It was recommended to introduce a critical control point when receiving raw materials. It was also found that the diet was prepared according to the preferences of the boarders. The supervisor has insufficient knowledge of nutritional recommendations. A leaflet and a recipe for a healthy alternative to traditional dishes were created. Desserts prefer traditional Czech cuisine. They prefer meat dishes, frying and baking. They are not interested in adding vegetarian dishes and legumes. The gained information can also contribute to selected catering meals to other catering companies, public health workers and students in the field.

Le MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix Assisted, Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry) est une technique protéomique qui est utilisée en routine pour l’identification des microorganismes dans les laboratoires de microbiologie. Ainsi, dans ce travail nous avons évalué le MALDI-TOF MS pour l’identification du repas sanguin des moustiques. Dans la première partie de notre travail, une revue bibliographique a été effectuée sur les différentes méthodes (sérologiques, biologie moléculaire) connues dans les études de préférence trophiques des arthropodes. La deuxième partie fut l’optimisation du MALDI-TOF MS pour l’identification de l’origine du repas sanguin des moustiques. Pour l’optimisation, Anopheles gambiae Giles et Aedes albopictus ont été artificiellement nourris sur le sang de plusieurs hôtes vertébrés en utilisant l’appareil Hemotek durant deux heures sous les conditions standard. Nos résultats ont montré que la comparaison des spectres provenant des moustiques nourris sur le même type de sang révèle une grande reproductibilité des profils protéiques. L’interrogation des MS spectres contre la base de données a révélé une identification correcte de l'origine du repas sanguin pour les spécimens collectés moins de 24 heures après la prise du repas sanguin. Pour les échantillons collectés sur le terrain, le MALDI-TOF MS a permis de détecter dans le repas de sang des moustiques une grande diversité d’hôtes domestiques. En conséquence la technique MALDI-TOF MS serait un outil efficace pour les études de surveillance épidémiologique des maladies vectorielles et l'identification de la préférence trophique de spécimens fraichement gorgés. / MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix Assisted, Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry) is a proteomic technique that routinely used for microorganisms identification in clinical microbiology laboratory. Recently, the MALDI-TOF MS was successfully used as a innovative tool for arthropod identification. Thus, in this work we evaluated the MALDI-TOF MS to identify the blood meal sources from engorged mosquitoes. In the first part of our work, a bibliographical review was carried out on the different methods (serological, molecular biology) known in the trophic preference determination of hematophagous arthropods. The second part was optimization of the MALDI-TOF MS for identifying the origin of the blood meal of mosquitoes. For optimization, the Anopheles gambiae Giles and Aedes albopictus were artificially fed on several vertebrate hosts blood using the Hemotek device for two hours under standard conditions. Our results showed intra-species reproducibility and inter-species specificity of MS spectra from mosquitoes engorged on the same or different vertebrate hosts. The MS spectra querying against the database reveal a correct identification of the the blood meal origin from the specimens collected less than 24 hours post-feeding. For field samples, MALDI-TOF MS allowed to detect the mosquitoes blood meal fed on wide variety of domestic hosts. Consequently the MALDI-TOF MS technique would be an effective tool for epidemiological surveys of vector-borne diseases and the identification of the trophic preference of mosquito freshly engorged.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 helenacardosoribeiro.pdf: 2184384 bytes, checksum: e8c63805dd549daff051508c6ce88f75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-09 / Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a política de alimentação escolar no Brasil e em Portugal a partir da reflexão a respeito do texto político adotado em cada país, bem como da apreensão de como essas políticas de alimentação acontecem nas escolas. O objetivo se desdobra em três questões principais: (i) qual (is) perspectiva(s) emerge(m) a partir de contextos escolares específicos; (ii) o que é comer institucionalmente; e (iii) quais interpretações podem emergir a partir da análise das políticas de alimentação escolar. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo, realizou-se levantamento bibliográfico exploratório acerca da produção científica brasileira quanto ao tema da alimentação/merenda escolar, juntamente com a revisão de literatura no campo das ciências sociais que pudesse contribuir para pensar (a) na escola como uma instituição onde se realiza a alimentação e (b) na política pública como mecanismo de intervenção a esse respeito. Ademais, foi realizada pesquisa de campo em duas escolas do município de Juiz de Fora-Brasil, complementada por dados de duas escolas de Lisboa-Portugal. Tais dados foram levantados pela pesquisa “Entre a Escola e a Família: conhecimentos e práticas alimentares das crianças em idade escolar” que foi financiada pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (PTDC/CS-SOC/111214/2009) e realizada no Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa, sob a responsabilidade da Professora Mónica Truninger. Com o desenvolvimento desse estudo, fundamentado na perspectiva da escola como instituição, identificou-se que a padronização alimentar nesses estabelecimentos se concretiza por dois caminhos. Um, delineado pelas exigências colocadas nas políticas de alimentação escolar que têm como base a noção de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional a partir de uma lógica do risco. O outro, traçado nas práticas alimentares cotidianas por meio das escolhas realizadas pelas merendeiras de acordo com os alimentos disponíveis e as preferências dos alunos. Assim, temos, na complementariedade do poder-saber legitimado na política e do poder-saber da merendeira, uma cultura alimentar institucional da escola que dá origem às realidades vividas em cada estabelecimento. / This study aims to analyze the school food policy in Brazil and in Portugal from the reflection about political text adopted in each country as well as the apprehension of how food policies happen in schools. The point unfolds on three main issues: what is eat institutionally; which interpretations can emerge from the analysis of school food policies; which perspective emerge from specific school contexts. For the development of the study was exploratory bibliographical on the Brazilian scientific production on the subject of food/snacks, as well as the review of the literature in the field of social sciences could contribute to thinking (a) the school as an institution where food and (b) the public policy intervention mechanism in this regard. In addition, field research was conducted in two schools in the municipality of Juiz de Fora-Brazil, supplemented by data from two schools of Lisbon-Portugal raised by research "Between the school and the family: children´s food knowledge and eating practices" funded by the Foundation for Science and Technology (PTDC/CSSOC/ 111214/2009), held at the Institute of Social Sciences of the University of Lisbon under the responsibility of the Professor Monica Truninger. With the development of this study, based on the perspective of the school as an institution, has identified that the food in these establishments come true standardization by two paths. A, outlined by the demands placed on the school food policies that are based on the notion of Food and Nutritional Security from a logic of risk. The other, tracking food everyday practices by means of the choices made by the school in accordance with the food available and the students ' preferences. So, we have in the complementarity of power-know politics and power legitimated-know the lunch box an "institutional food culture school" which gives rise to the realities lived in each establishment.

Introdução: A Organização Mundial da Saúde sugere que as recomendações alimentares para populações devem basear-se em alimentos ao invés de nutrientes. No entanto, devem levar em consideração, que os indivíduos não consomem nutrientes ou alimentos isoladamente e sim refeições compostas por uma variedade de alimentos. Objetivo: Identificar os padrões alimentares do café da manhã, almoço e jantar da população adulta e idosa do município de São Paulo e caracterizá-los de acordo com variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e antropométricas. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados secundários do estudo transversal de base populacional ISA-Capital 2008 de adultos e idosos (n=1102). O consumo alimentar foi estimado pelo Multiple Source Method considerando dois recordatórios de 24 horas. A partir dos grupos de alimentos de cada refeição aplicou-se análise fatorial por componentes principais (rotação varimax) para derivar os padrões alimentares. Calcularam-se os escores fatoriais, que foram então utilizados para agrupar os indivíduos através da análise de agrupamento. Adicionou-se um grupo com os indivíduos que não realizaram a refeição para cada uma das análises. Os grupos foram caracterizados segundo sexo, faixa etária, renda familiar per capita e estado nutricional. Admitiu-se nível de significância de 0,05 e para caracterização dos grupos considerou-se uma diferença de escore padronizado em pelo menos |0,5| com relação à amostra geral. Resultados: Identificou-se prevalência de 5,6 por cento de omissão do café da manhã, 3,6 por cento do almoço e 12,8 por cento do jantar. Quanto aos que realizaram as refeições, identificaram-se três padrões do Café da Manhã: Saudável, Tradicional e Lanche; quatro padrões do Almoço: Tradicional, Salada, Suco Adoçado e Ocidental; e quatro padrões do Jantar: Café com Leite e Pão, Transição, Tradicional e Sopa e Frutas. Os grupos de indivíduos associados a idosos apresentaram aderência ao café da manhã Saudável, almoço Salada e jantar Sopas e Frutas. Aqueles associados a homens e adultos em geral omitiram o café da manhã e aderiram ao almoço Ocidental e jantar Transição. Os grupos associados a apenas homens aderiram a café da manhã e almoço Tradicional. Aqueles associados a somente adultos apresentaram aderência ao almoço Suco Adoçado. E associados a mulheres aderiram a um jantar Café com Leite e Pão. Grupos associados à baixa escolaridade aderiram a um jantar Sopa e Frutas, e os de escolaridade elevada aderiram a café da manhã Lanche e Omissão do mesmo; e padrão de almoço ocidental. Grupos associados com indivíduos de baixa renda aderiram ao almoço tradicional. Conclusão: Os resultados encontrados no presente estudo indicam que padrões alimentares identificados de acordo com a refeição discriminam bem o consumo alimentar, salientando peculiaridades que não são encontradas em análises globais. E a associação entre a aderência a esses padrões e fatores demográficos e socioeconômicos sugere a existência de públicos-alvo para o planejamento e execução de políticas públicas em alimentação e nutrição. / Introduction: The World Health Organization suggests that dietary recommendations for populations should be based on foods rather than nutrients. However, individuals do not consume foods or nutrients in isolation but meals with variety of foods. Objective: To identify dietary patterns from breakfast, lunch and dinner of the adult and elderly population in São Paulo and characterize them according to socioeconomic, demographic and anthropometric variables. Methods: Data from cross-sectional population-based ISA Capital 2008 of adults and elderly (n = 1102) was used. Dietary intake was estimated by Multiple Source Method considering two 24-hour recalls. Principal component factor analysis (varimax rotation) was used to derive dietary patterns for each meal. Factor scores were calculated and then used in the cluster analysis. Individuals that skipped the meal were added as an extra cluster. The groups were characterized by gender, age, family income and nutritional status. Significance level of 0.05 was assumed for the groups characterization it was considered a difference of standardized score of at least | 0.5 | with respect to the overall sample. Results: We found omission prevalence of 5.6 per cent for breakfast, 3.6 per cent for lunch and 12.8 per cent for dinner. Three patterns of breakfast were identified: Healthy, Traditional and Snack; four patterns to lunch: Traditional, Salad, Sweetened Juice and Western; and four patterns to dinner: Coffee with Milk and Bread, Transitional, Traditional and Soup and Fruits. The groups of individuals associated with the elderly showed adherence to Healthy breakfast, Salad lunch and Soups and Fruit dinner. The groups that were associated with adult and men skipped breakfast and adhered to the Western lunch and Transition dinner. The groups associated with only men showed adherence to Traditional breakfast and lunch. The groups associated with only adults showed adherence to Sweetened Juice lunch. The groups associated with women showed adherence with Coffee with Milk and Bread dinner. The groups associated with low education adhered to Soup and Fruits dinner, and the groups associated with high school skipped breakfast and they adhered to Snack breakfast and Western breakfast. Groups associated with low-income individuals adhered to Traditional lunch. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that dietary patterns identified by meal discriminated food consumption very well, highlighting peculiarities that a global analysis cannot show. And the adherence to meal patterns associated with socioeconomic and demographic factors suggest there is evidence of risk groups and possible public policies related to health diet.

Orientador: Walter Belik / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T20:37:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fornazier_Armando_D.pdf: 3338973 bytes, checksum: 8c0046f787dff9268c2b06afb1d8eb74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Na última década foi criada no Brasil uma política pública de compras governamentais junto à agricultura familiar com o objetivo de inserção desses atores sociais nos mercados, bem como para a melhoria da alimentação servida nas escolas públicas. As compras governamentais visam o provimento de gêneros alimentícios para as escolas e a criação de oportunidades para os agricultores de regiões de baixa dinâmica econômica. Através desse programa exclusivo, os agricultores familiares têm a oportunidade de se inserir nos mercados locais, assim como buscarem novos mercados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de verificar como está ocorrendo a conexão entre a produção e o consumo na política pública de compras governamentais para a alimentação escolar em regiões de baixa dinâmica econômica. Para atender o objetivo, além da pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a importância das políticas públicas e a evolução dos programas voltados para a agricultura familiar e para o desenvolvimento rural, também se buscou descrever experiências de mercados locais nos quais se inserem as compras para as escolas e outros equipamentos públicos. Com isso, na etapa seguinte da pesquisa foi realizado um levantamento de campo tendo como base um grupo de municípios participante do Programa Federal Territórios da Cidadania nos Estados de São Paulo e Espírito Santo. Os resultados mostraram que as prefeituras dos territórios estudados estão comprando dos agricultores familiares locais para atender a alimentação escolar. Por outro lado, algumas organizações de agricultores familiares que começaram a atuar nos mercados locais também estão conseguindo comercializar para outras regiões, principalmente no Estado de São Paulo. A comercialização para outras regiões é uma grande oportunidade, pois a demanda pública de alimentos das regiões produtoras é pequena, porém, as grandes cidades também necessitam realizar as compras de agricultores familiares, abrindo oportunidades e constituindo um mercado maior. As maiores dificuldades encontradas pelos agricultores familiares na inserção no mercado para a alimentação escolar estão relacionadas ao pouco acompanhamento da produção pelos serviços de assistência técnica e extensão rural, falta de sincronia entre o pedido e a época de entrega, dificuldade de avançar em etapas de processamento e obtenção de selos de inspeção e embalagens adequadas. Muitos também não conseguem atender aos padrões de qualidade solicitados, logística, entre outros problemas. Por parte dos equipamentos públicos como as prefeituras que recebem esses produtos também há dificuldades como a burocracia interna para operacionalizar as compras, a pouca infraestrutura de recepção dos alimentos, o pouco diálogo com os agricultores, etc. Apesar dos municípios estudados fazerem parte de uma abrangência de políticas territoriais, há pouca articulação e parcerias com os municípios vizinhos e com outros entes federativos / Abstract: In the last decade, the Brazilian government implemented a new government acquisition policy with impacts on family farming. This new policy aimed to increase market shares of these social actors as well as to provide better meals in public schools. Government acquisition processes intend to provide schools with food as well as create opportunities for farmers in areas facing slow economic growth. Through this unique program, family farmers have opportunities to enter local and regional markets. The aim of this thesis is to assess the balance between production and consumption under the public police for school food acquisitions in areas facing slower economic growth. To this end, a literature review on the importance of public policies and the improvement of programs for family farming and rural development was carried out. Moreover, cases of local markets with schools and other public facilities facing these acquisitions norms are presented. The cases are based on field study carried out in a group of municipalities participating in the Territories of Citizenship Program in the states of São Paulo and Espírito Santo. Results show that indeed municipalities from considered territories are purchasing food from local family farmers to provide school meals. In addition, some family farmers associations that entered local markets are also succeeding in other regional marketplaces, especially in the State of São Paulo. Given that the government food demand in producing regions is reduced, marketing with other regions is a great opportunity. It is worthy to note that largest cities also need to acquire food from family farmers creating new opportunities for market expansion. The inability of technical support and training services to follow up production, temporal asynchrony of supplier and customers, difficult to advance in processing stages and to obtain inspection certificates and appropriate packing are among the major challenges faced by family farmers to enter markets. Moreover, many farmers cannot fulfill required quality standards, to cope with high logistic costs, among other challenges. From the perspective of public facilities receiving these products - city halls, for instance - there are also challenges such as internal red tape to purchase food, poor infrastructure to receive food, lack of communication with farmers, etc. Despite many municipalities participate in territorial policies, interaction and partnerships with nearby municipalities and other federal institutions are reduced / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

S’inscrivant dans un mouvement général de spécialisation des pièces, la salle à manger apparaît dans les demeures françaises au XVIIe siècle, et s’y développe au siècle suivant. Ce phénomène accompagne alors une aspiration au bien-être et à l’intimité qui pousse les sociétés modernes à se faire aménager des intérieurs plus confortables, moins tournés vers l’apparat et la vie publique. Ainsi la naissance de la salle à manger découle-t-elle en partie du souhait de posséder une pièce spécifiquement destinée au repas, susceptible de recevoir le maître de maison et ses proches, tout en étant bien reliée à la cuisine pour que l’on puisse manger chaud. Le développement de la salle à manger est également contemporain de la promotion dans l’Europe entière d’une nouvelle cuisine française, et de nouvelles normes relatives à l’organisation des repas, avec la mise en place du « service à la française ». La salle à manger de l’époque moderne reste cependant un espace en cours d’élaboration. Ainsi, aux yeux des contemporains, elle apparaît souvent comme une simple pièce de commodité. Les odeurs de nourriture et la présence de domestiques risquant d'indisposer les maîtres de maison, elle est alors le plus souvent distribuée en dehors des beaux appartements. C'est seulement dans la deuxième moitié du XVIIIe siècle, avec le triomphe du mode de vie bourgeois, que la salle à manger s’affirme progressivement, à égalité avec le salon, comme un élément essentiel dans l’espace de réception des demeures. / Amid growing specialization of domestic interiors, the dining room emerges in French housing during the 17th century and gains ground during the following one. At that time, the upper classes increasingly long towards more well-being and intimacy, and interiors are designed so as to favor comfort at the expense of pageantry and the public sphere. The birth of the dining room therefore partly owes to the landlords' desire to own a room specifically dedicated to enjoying meals among kins, while simultaneously being well connected to the kitchen, so that the food can be served warm. This development comes along the promotion, throughout Europe, of a new French cuisine, and a new way to set up meals, known as service à la française. At the time, however, the dining room remains a work in progress. At the beginning of the 18th century, contemporaries often see it as a mere utilitarian space. And, since the householders are likely to be bothered by the smell of food and the servants' presence, it is generally set away from the more luxurious appartments. But during the late 18th century, as the bourgeois way of life becomes predominant, the dining room, along with the living room, asserts itself as a key component of a mansion's reception area.