In liquid chromatography the ability to measure the conductivity is essential toreach a good result. This is done by applying a current through the electrolyte ofinterest and measuring the voltage drop over the electrolyte. The conductivity isthen calculated with the known current and the measured voltage. It is of highimportance that it is an AC-current to avoid polarization at the electrodes of thesensor. With the AC-current a frequency must be chosen to reach the most accurateresult. This is hypothetically done where the phase is as low as possible. An electricequivalent circuit and previous work was used as a starting point in the work offinding the best frequency algorithms that would give the lowest phase. Afterseveral measurements with different frequency algorithms it could be seen that thecurrent algorithm is plenty good and that at the moment it is not worth it to improveit further. The sensor in this thesis, chip LFS155 from IST AG, Switzerland, wassaid to have an linear cell constant between 0.1-200 mS/cm. So after multiplemeasurements on five different LFS155 sensors it could be seen that in the regions oflower conductivity as well as higher conductivity the cell constant could be adjustedfora better result. The adjustments were done by excels curve fitting function andimplemented witha good result. The demands on the accuracy for the sensor tomeasure conductivity could be improved. In the lower part of conductivity spectra(<0.1 mS/cm) the promised accuracy went from±0.02 mS/cm to±0.005 mS/cm.In the higher end of the conductivity spectra (>100 mS/cm) itwas changed from±4 % to±2 %

L'évolution des télécommunications a fait des produits d'intermodulation passive (PIM) un critère de qualité et de performance du réseau mais également un problème de premier ordre pour les fournisseurs de services comme par exemple les opérateurs de téléphonie mobile. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit constituent une contribution à la résolution d'une partie des problèmes de PIM dans les antennes de station de base et s'articulent autour de trois axes principaux : - la caractérisation des sources d'intermodulation passive au sein des antennes de station de base. De nombreuses études expérimentales ont été réalisées avec l'objectif de déterminer l'influence de différents paramètres sur la PIM générée par les contacts métal-métal (rugosité des surfaces, utilisation de traitement de surface, géométrie et nature des métaux) ou par les circuits imprimés de type micro-ruban (adaptation, largeur de ligne et épaisseur du substrat diélectrique). Les résultats de ces études ont permis d'améliorer les connaissances théoriques et de définir des règles permettant de réduire les niveaux de PIM induits ; - la localisation des sources d'intermodulation passive au sein de systèmes radiofréquences complexes. Pour cela, un banc de mesure PIM spécifique a été conçu. Celui-ci permet de localiser des sources de PIM, de niveau proche de la spécification 3GPP, avec une précision inférieure à 2cm. De plus, pour faciliter la détection des défauts PIM dans une antenne de station de base, différentes méthodes complémentaires ont été développées et associées à ce banc de mesure ; - la modélisation, à partir des résultats des études expérimentales réalisées, de composants non-linéaires intégrables à un simulateur de type circuit. L'utilisation de ces derniers permet aux ingénieurs d'estimer, dès la phase de conception, le comportement PIM des contacts métal-métal et des circuits imprimés de type micro-ruban et tri-plaque suspendue. / The evolution of telecommunications has made passive intermodulation products (PIM) not only a criterion of quality and network performance but also a major problem for service providers such as mobile operators. The work presented in this manuscript is a contribution to the resolution of some of PIM problems in base station antennas and is organized around three main axes : - the characterization of passive intermodulation root causes within base station antennas. Numerous experimental studies have been carried out with the aim of determining the influence of different parameters on the PIM generated by metal-to-metal contacts (roughness of surfaces, use of surface treatment, geometry and nature of metals) or by printed circuits as microstrip type (matching, line width and thickness of dielectric substrate). The results of these studies contributed to improve theoretical knowledge and to define rules to reduce induced PIM levels ; - the localization of passive intermodulation root causes within complex radio frequency systems. For this, a specific PIM measurements bench has been designed. It allows locating PIM root causes, with a level close to the current 3GPP specification, with an accuracy less than 2cm. In addition, to ease the PIM defects detection in a base station antenna, various complementary methods have been developed and associated with the measurements bench ; - the electromagnetic modeling issued from the experimental studies, carried out of non-linear components usable into a circuit-type simulator. The use of these allows designers to estimate, early during the design stage, the PIM behavior of metal-to-metal contacts, microstrip and suspended stripline printed circuits.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é verificar a susceptibilidade do método do papel-filtro a variações em três parâmetros de ensaio: a rugosidade do meio poroso (estrutura da matriz porosa), a extensão do período de exposição do papel-filtro à água intersticial do solo (tempo de equilíbrio) e o grau de deficiência de contacto entre o papel-filtro e a superfície do meio poroso. Para o estudo da rugosidade do meio poroso, três materiais particulados foram empregados. Individualmente, esses materiais apresentam-se mal graduados. A diferença entre eles reside no tamanho médio dos grãos, que para cada um assume um valor característico. A pretexto de uma primeira descrição, seria possível classificá-los como argila (argila caolinítica rosa), areia fina (areia IPT 100, F = 0,15 mm) e areia média (areia IPT 30, F = 0,60 mm). Vale notar que a peculiaridade destas distribuições granulométricas desqualifica esses materiais como elementos representativos para o estudo de solos que ocorrem em problemas reais de engenharia. De fato, para os propósitos do presente trabalho, os solos são instrumentos de investigação, ao passo que o método de aferição de sucção é objeto de estudo. A fim de que o procedimento experimental abrangesse a um só tempo as observações concernentes aos três parâmetros de estudo, concebeu-se um elenco de corpos-de-prova que viabilizou o levantamento concomitante de todas as observações necessárias. Visando a subsidiar as especulações acerca do tempo de equilíbrio, criaram-se grupos de corpos-de-prova (denominados famílias) a serem avaliados periodicamente segundo três intervalos de tempo: sete dias, quatorze dias e vinte e oito dias. A fim de viabilizar a verificação concomitante da influência da rugosidade do meio poroso (ou seja, da estrutura da matriz porosa), previu-se que cada família de corpos-de-prova seria composta por três sub-grupos (designados lotes), representantes dos três materiais empregados na investigação. E, com o intuito de avaliar a influência do grau de deficiência de contacto entre o papel-filtro e o solo, definiu-se cada lote como um conjunto de três corpos-de-prova, cada qual apresentando em uma de suas bases um sulco com diâmetro e profundidade definidos. De corpo-de-prova a corpo-de-prova, para um mesmo lote de uma mesma família, o diâmetro do sulco apresenta variações. Tais variações geram deficits de contacto que valem 20%, 50% e 80% da área do papel-filtro. A profundidade do sulco é a mesma para todos os corpos-de-prova, e é igual à espessura do espaçador empregado nas medições de sucção total (esp = 2mm). Quanto à rugosidade do meio poroso (estrutura da matriz porosa), concluiu-se que o tamanho médio dos grãos, conjugado ao índice de vazios, constiui variável diretamente proporcional aos desvios percentuais de aferição. Ou seja, quanto menor o tamanho médio dos grãos e menor o índice de vazios do material, menores serão os desvios percentuais de aferição de sucção. Quanto à extensão do período de exposição do papel-filtro à água intersticial do solo (tempo de equilíbrio), concluiu-se que o aumento do tempo de interação entre o papel-filtro e o solo pode compensar eventuais dificuldades de acesso da água intersticial ao papel-filtro. Inicialmente, a água atinge o papel-filtro nas regiões onde há contacto efetivo. Então, de maneira progressiva, a água passa a migrar pelo papel-filtro, umedecendo-o uniformemente. Quanto ao grau de deficiência de contacto entre o papel-filtro e a superfície do meio poroso, concluiu-se que a relação desta variável com o desvio percentual de aferição é de proporcionalidade direta. Ou seja, quanto maior a privação de contacto a que for submetido o papel-filtro, tanto mais afastado do valor de sucção matricial plena estará o valor de sucção aferido. Graficamente, isto se observa como um destacamento da curva de retenção levantada para contacto deficiente em relação à curva de retenção levantada para sucção matricial plena. Observou-se também que o destacamento entre as curvas de retenção não ocorreu de maneira uniforme. Para baixos teores de umidade volumétrica, foram maiores os desvios percentuais de aferição. Deste modo, o afastamento entre as curvas deu-se como uma combinação de translação e distorção. / The purpose of this work is to verify the susceptibility of the filter-paper method to variations in three experimental parameters: roughness of porous medium (structure of porous matrix), period of exposition of the filter-paper to pore water (equilibration time) and degree of deficiency in contact between the filter-paper and the porous medium. In order to study roughness of porous medium (structure of porous matrix), three particulate materials have been used. Individually considered, they present a poorly graduated grain size distribution. They differ one from another for their average grain size, which assumes specific values for each material. As a summary description, it would be possible to classify them as kaolin, fine sand (F = 0.15 mm) and coarse sand (F = 0.60 mm). Such peculiar grain size distribution may disqualify these materials as representative of soils which normally occur in engineering problems. In fact, for the purposes of the present work, soil samples are instruments of investigation, while the method of suction measurement is the object of study. A set of samples was designed in order to make feasible simultaneous gauging of all relevant information. Thus, experimental procedure yielded at once data concerning all three parameters. Three groups of samples (each one assembling 9 elements) were created so that remarks could be made on equilibration time. Each of them is called family, being inspected according to a determined periodicity (7 days, 14 days and 28 days). On their turn, families are composed by smaller groups called branches (each branch gathers three samples, all made of the same material). Branches are intended to make possible the evaluation of the effect of average grain size on the accuracy of the filter-paper technique. Finally, in order to evaluate the role of deficient contact between the filter-paper and the soil, samples of a single branch (thus made of the same material) were designed to present a circular perforation on one of their faces. Within each single branch, from sample to sample, perforation diameter increases to generate growing lack of contact between the filter-paper and the soil sample (lack of contact may assume three different values: 20%, 50% or 80% of the filter-paper surface). Perforation depth doesn\'t vary from sample to sample, always being equal to the thickness of the perforated disk used in total suction measurements (which is 2 mm). As for roughness of porous medium (structure of porous matrix), it has been noticed that both average grain size and void ratio are directly proportional to percent measurement deviation. In other words, the smaller the average grain size and the void ratio, the smaller will be percent measurement deviations. As for period of exposition of the filter-paper to pore water (equilibration time), it has been noticed that extending time for interaction between filter-paper and soil may compensate difficulties interstitial water might have to access filter-paper. At first, water reaches the filter-paper on regions where there is effective contact. Then, progressively, water tends to migrate through the filter-paper, wetting it uniformly. As for degree of deficiency in contact between the filter-paper and the porous medium, it has been noticed that such variable is directly proportional to percent measurement deviations. In other words, the greater the lack of contact between the filter-paper and the soil, the further is suction measurement from its full matric suction equivalent. Graphically, it corresponds to a detachment between the retention curve associated with partial matric suction and the retention curve associated with full matric suction. Additionally, it has been noticed that detachment between retention curves hasn\'t occurred uniformly. For lower volumetric water contents, percent measurement deviations were greater. Hence, detachment occurred as a combination of translation and distortion.

Selon la feuille de route des industriels de la microélectronique (ITRS), la dimension critiqueminimum des MOSFET en 2026 ne devrait être que de 6 nm [1]. La miniaturisation du CMOS reposeessentiellement sur deux approches, à savoir la réduction des dimensions géométriques physiques etdes dimensions équivalentes. La réduction géométrique des dimensions conduit à la diminution desdimensions critiques selon la « loi » de Moore, qui définit les tendances de l’industrie dessemiconducteurs. Comme la taille des dispositifs est réduite de façon importante, davantage d’effortssont consentis pour maintenir les performances des composants en dépit des effets de canaux courts,des fluctuations induites par le nombre de dopants…. [2-4]. D’autre part, la réduction des dimensionséquivalentes devient de plus en plus importante de nos jours et de nouvelles solutions pour laminiaturisation reposant sur la conception et les procédés technologiques sont nécessaires. Pour cela,des solutions nouvelles sont nécessaires, en termes de matériaux, d’architectures de composants et detechnologies, afin d’atteindre les critères requis pour la faible consommation et les nouvellesfonctionnalités pour les composants futurs (“More than Moore” et “Beyond CMOS”). A titred’exemple, les transistors à film mince (TFT) sont des dispositifs prometteurs pour les circuitsélectroniques flexibles et transparents. / Novel advanced metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices such as fully-depleted-silicon-on-insulator (FD-SOI) Tri-gate transistor, junctionless transistor, and amorphous-oxide-semiconductor thin film transistor were developed for continuing down-scaling trend and extending the functionality of CMOS technology, for example, the transparency and the flexibility. In this dissertation, the electrical characteristics and modeling of these advanced MOS devices are presented and they are analyzed. The sidewall mobility trends with temperature in multi-channel tri-gate MOSFET showed that the sidewall conduction is dominantly governed by surface roughness scattering. The degree of surface roughness scattering was evaluated with modified mobility degradation factor. With these extracted parameters, it was noted that the effect of surface roughness scattering can be higher in inversion-mode nanowire-like transistor than that of FinFET. The series resistance of multi-channel tri-gate MOSFET was also compared to planar device having same channel length and channel width of multi-channel device. The higher series resistance was observed in multi-channel tri-gate MOSFET. It was identified, through low temperature measurement and 2-D numerical simulation, that it could be attributed to the variation of doping concentration in the source/drain extension region in the device. The impact of channel width on back biasing effect in n-type tri-gate MOSFET on SOI material was also investigated. The suppressed back bias effects was shown in narrow device (Wtop_eff = 20 nm) due to higher control of front gate on overall channel, compared to the planar device (Wtop_eff = 170 nm). The variation of effective mobility in both devices was analyzed with different channel interface of the front channel and the back channel. In addition, 2-D numerical simulation of the the gate-to-channel capacitance and the effective mobility successfully reconstructed the experimental observation. The model for the effective mobility was inherited from two kinds of mobility degradations, i.e. different mobility attenuation along lateral and vertical directions of channel and additional mobility degradation in narrow device due to the effect of sidewall mobility. With comparison to inversion-mode (IM) transistors, the back bias effect on tri-gate junctionless transistors (JLTs) also has been investigated using experimental results and 2-D numerical simulations. Owing to the different conduction mechanisms, the planar JLT shows more sensitive variation on the performance by back biasing than that of planar IM transistors. However, the back biasing effect is significantly suppressed in nanowire-like JLTs, like in extremely narrow IM transistors, due to the small portion of bulk neutral channel and strong sidewall gate controls. Finally, the characterization method was comprehensively applied to a-InHfZnO (IHZO) thin film transistor (TFT). The series resistance and the variation of channel length were extracted from the transfer curve. And mobility values extracted with different methods such as split C-V method and modified Y-function were compared. The static characteristic evaluated as a function of temperature shows the degenerate behavior of a-IHZO TFT inversion layer. Using subthreshold slope and noise characteristics, the trap information in a-IHZO TFT was also obtained. Based on experimental results, a numerical model for a-IHZO TFT was proposed, including band-tail states conduction and interface traps. The simulated electrical characteristics were well-consistent to the experimental observations. For the practical applications of novel devices, the electrical characterization and proper modeling are essential. These attempts shown in the dissertation will provides physical understanding for conduction of these novel devices.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é verificar a susceptibilidade do método do papel-filtro a variações em três parâmetros de ensaio: a rugosidade do meio poroso (estrutura da matriz porosa), a extensão do período de exposição do papel-filtro à água intersticial do solo (tempo de equilíbrio) e o grau de deficiência de contacto entre o papel-filtro e a superfície do meio poroso. Para o estudo da rugosidade do meio poroso, três materiais particulados foram empregados. Individualmente, esses materiais apresentam-se mal graduados. A diferença entre eles reside no tamanho médio dos grãos, que para cada um assume um valor característico. A pretexto de uma primeira descrição, seria possível classificá-los como argila (argila caolinítica rosa), areia fina (areia IPT 100, F = 0,15 mm) e areia média (areia IPT 30, F = 0,60 mm). Vale notar que a peculiaridade destas distribuições granulométricas desqualifica esses materiais como elementos representativos para o estudo de solos que ocorrem em problemas reais de engenharia. De fato, para os propósitos do presente trabalho, os solos são instrumentos de investigação, ao passo que o método de aferição de sucção é objeto de estudo. A fim de que o procedimento experimental abrangesse a um só tempo as observações concernentes aos três parâmetros de estudo, concebeu-se um elenco de corpos-de-prova que viabilizou o levantamento concomitante de todas as observações necessárias. Visando a subsidiar as especulações acerca do tempo de equilíbrio, criaram-se grupos de corpos-de-prova (denominados famílias) a serem avaliados periodicamente segundo três intervalos de tempo: sete dias, quatorze dias e vinte e oito dias. A fim de viabilizar a verificação concomitante da influência da rugosidade do meio poroso (ou seja, da estrutura da matriz porosa), previu-se que cada família de corpos-de-prova seria composta por três sub-grupos (designados lotes), representantes dos três materiais empregados na investigação. E, com o intuito de avaliar a influência do grau de deficiência de contacto entre o papel-filtro e o solo, definiu-se cada lote como um conjunto de três corpos-de-prova, cada qual apresentando em uma de suas bases um sulco com diâmetro e profundidade definidos. De corpo-de-prova a corpo-de-prova, para um mesmo lote de uma mesma família, o diâmetro do sulco apresenta variações. Tais variações geram deficits de contacto que valem 20%, 50% e 80% da área do papel-filtro. A profundidade do sulco é a mesma para todos os corpos-de-prova, e é igual à espessura do espaçador empregado nas medições de sucção total (esp = 2mm). Quanto à rugosidade do meio poroso (estrutura da matriz porosa), concluiu-se que o tamanho médio dos grãos, conjugado ao índice de vazios, constiui variável diretamente proporcional aos desvios percentuais de aferição. Ou seja, quanto menor o tamanho médio dos grãos e menor o índice de vazios do material, menores serão os desvios percentuais de aferição de sucção. Quanto à extensão do período de exposição do papel-filtro à água intersticial do solo (tempo de equilíbrio), concluiu-se que o aumento do tempo de interação entre o papel-filtro e o solo pode compensar eventuais dificuldades de acesso da água intersticial ao papel-filtro. Inicialmente, a água atinge o papel-filtro nas regiões onde há contacto efetivo. Então, de maneira progressiva, a água passa a migrar pelo papel-filtro, umedecendo-o uniformemente. Quanto ao grau de deficiência de contacto entre o papel-filtro e a superfície do meio poroso, concluiu-se que a relação desta variável com o desvio percentual de aferição é de proporcionalidade direta. Ou seja, quanto maior a privação de contacto a que for submetido o papel-filtro, tanto mais afastado do valor de sucção matricial plena estará o valor de sucção aferido. Graficamente, isto se observa como um destacamento da curva de retenção levantada para contacto deficiente em relação à curva de retenção levantada para sucção matricial plena. Observou-se também que o destacamento entre as curvas de retenção não ocorreu de maneira uniforme. Para baixos teores de umidade volumétrica, foram maiores os desvios percentuais de aferição. Deste modo, o afastamento entre as curvas deu-se como uma combinação de translação e distorção. / The purpose of this work is to verify the susceptibility of the filter-paper method to variations in three experimental parameters: roughness of porous medium (structure of porous matrix), period of exposition of the filter-paper to pore water (equilibration time) and degree of deficiency in contact between the filter-paper and the porous medium. In order to study roughness of porous medium (structure of porous matrix), three particulate materials have been used. Individually considered, they present a poorly graduated grain size distribution. They differ one from another for their average grain size, which assumes specific values for each material. As a summary description, it would be possible to classify them as kaolin, fine sand (F = 0.15 mm) and coarse sand (F = 0.60 mm). Such peculiar grain size distribution may disqualify these materials as representative of soils which normally occur in engineering problems. In fact, for the purposes of the present work, soil samples are instruments of investigation, while the method of suction measurement is the object of study. A set of samples was designed in order to make feasible simultaneous gauging of all relevant information. Thus, experimental procedure yielded at once data concerning all three parameters. Three groups of samples (each one assembling 9 elements) were created so that remarks could be made on equilibration time. Each of them is called family, being inspected according to a determined periodicity (7 days, 14 days and 28 days). On their turn, families are composed by smaller groups called branches (each branch gathers three samples, all made of the same material). Branches are intended to make possible the evaluation of the effect of average grain size on the accuracy of the filter-paper technique. Finally, in order to evaluate the role of deficient contact between the filter-paper and the soil, samples of a single branch (thus made of the same material) were designed to present a circular perforation on one of their faces. Within each single branch, from sample to sample, perforation diameter increases to generate growing lack of contact between the filter-paper and the soil sample (lack of contact may assume three different values: 20%, 50% or 80% of the filter-paper surface). Perforation depth doesn\'t vary from sample to sample, always being equal to the thickness of the perforated disk used in total suction measurements (which is 2 mm). As for roughness of porous medium (structure of porous matrix), it has been noticed that both average grain size and void ratio are directly proportional to percent measurement deviation. In other words, the smaller the average grain size and the void ratio, the smaller will be percent measurement deviations. As for period of exposition of the filter-paper to pore water (equilibration time), it has been noticed that extending time for interaction between filter-paper and soil may compensate difficulties interstitial water might have to access filter-paper. At first, water reaches the filter-paper on regions where there is effective contact. Then, progressively, water tends to migrate through the filter-paper, wetting it uniformly. As for degree of deficiency in contact between the filter-paper and the porous medium, it has been noticed that such variable is directly proportional to percent measurement deviations. In other words, the greater the lack of contact between the filter-paper and the soil, the further is suction measurement from its full matric suction equivalent. Graphically, it corresponds to a detachment between the retention curve associated with partial matric suction and the retention curve associated with full matric suction. Additionally, it has been noticed that detachment between retention curves hasn\'t occurred uniformly. For lower volumetric water contents, percent measurement deviations were greater. Hence, detachment occurred as a combination of translation and distortion.

When an electrically conducting fluid moves through a magnetic field, fluid mechanics and electromagnetism are coupled.<p>This interaction is the object of magnetohydrodynamics, a discipline which covers a wide range of applications, from electromagnetic processing to plasma- and astro-physics.<p><p>In this dissertation, the attention is restricted to turbulent liquid metal flows, typically encountered in steel and aluminium industries. Velocity measurements in such flows are extremely challenging because liquid metals are opaque, hot and often corrosive. Therefore, non-intrusive measurement devices are essential. One of them is the Lorentz force flowmeter. Its working principle is based on the generation of a force acting on a charge, which moves in a magnetic field. Recent studies have demonstrated that this technique can measure efficiently the mean velocity of a liquid metal. In the existing devices, however, the measurement depends on the electrical conductivity of the fluid. <p><p>In this work, a novel version of this technique is developed in order to obtain measurements that are independent of the electrical conductivity. This is particularly appealing for metallurgical applications, where the conductivity often fluctuates in time and space. The study is entirely numerical and uses a flexible computational method, suitable for industrial flows. In this framework, the cost of numerical simulations increases drastically with the level of turbulence and the geometry complexity. Therefore, the simulations are commonly unresolved. Large eddy simulations are then very promising, since they introduce a subgrid model to mimic the dynamics of the unresolved turbulent eddies. <p><p>The first part of this dissertation focuses on the quality and reliability of unresolved numerical simulations. The attention is drawn on the ambiguity that may arise when interpretating the results. Owing to coarse resolutions, numerical errors affect the performances of the discrete model, which in turn looses its physical meaning. In this work, a novel implementation of the turbulent strain rate appearing in the models is proposed. As opposed to its usual discretisation, the present strain rate is in accordance with the discrete equations of motion. Two types of flow are considered: decaying turbulence located far from boundaries, and turbulent flows between two parallel and infinite walls. Particular attention is given to the balance of resolved kinetic energy, in order to assess the role of the model.<p><p>The second part of this dissertation deals with a novel version of Lorentz force flowmeters, consisting in one or two coils placed around a circular pipe. The forces acting on each coil are recorded in time as the liquid metal flows through the pipe. It is highlighted that the auto- or cross-correlation of these forces can be used to determine the flowrate. The reliability of the flowmeter is first investigated with a synthetic velocity profile associated to a single vortex ring, which is convected at a constant speed. This configuration is similar to the movement of a solid rod and enables a simple analysis of the flowmeter. Then, the flowmeter is applied to a realistic three-dimensional turbulent flow. In both cases, the influence of the geometrical parameters of the coils is systematically assessed. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Ett transformatorfel kan få stora ekonomiska konsekvenser och påverka ett elkraftsystems driftsäkerhet. Genom att övervaka en transformators tillstånd kan haverier och avbrott undvikas. Tillståndsövervakning möjliggör även att förebyggande underhåll kan planeras effektivt. Det här arbetet har undersökt tillgängliga diagnostikmetoder och övervakningstekniker för tillståndsbedömning av transformatorer.  Tillgänglig felstatistik för transformatorer har studerats ingående för att förstå vilka fel som kan uppstå i en transformator och i vilken grad de förekommer. Eftersom felen har olika konsekvenser för transformatorns fortsatta drift har dessa undersökts. Befintliga metoder för att upptäcka fel har dokumenterats. Detta har utförts genom att studera tillgänglig litteratur och via intervjuer med företag som tillverkar övervakningsutrustning för transformatorer. Övervakningsmetoderna har jämförts med avseende på kostnad, livslängd och noggrannhet. Utifrån dessa analyser har en rekommendation tagits fram över vilka övervakningsmetoder som är mest lämpade för Svenska Kraftnät. Det finns verktyg för att kvantifiera resultaten från övervakningsmetoder till lättolkad information. Ett sådant är hälsoindexet, som komprimerar data från olika mätningar, till ett enskilt värde som representerar en komponents tillstånd. En fallstudie har utförts där tre transformatorers tillstånd under perioden 2002–2015 har undersökts med ett befintligt hälsoindex. Resultatet visar att hälsoindex kan utnyttjas för att indikera transformatorernas tillstånd. Nackdelen med hälsoindexet som användes är att indexet är fortsatt högt oavsett kvaliteten på isolationsmaterialet. Därför föreslås en alternativ modell för en hälsoindexberäkning, i vilken pappersåldringen beaktas i större utsträckning. / A transformer fault could affect the reliability of a power system and have serious economic consequences. Therefore there is an increasing demand among electrical utilities to assess the actual condition of their transformers and hence detect faults before they occur. Condition monitoring has the potential to reduce operating costs and improve the reliability of operation. The aim of this master thesis has been to investigate available diagnostic measurement techniques that can assess the condition of power transformers. Transformer failure statistics has been studied in order to understand what different faults that can occur and to which extent they appear. The consequences of different faults have been investigated. Available measurement techniques were coupled with what faults they can detect. The diagnostic measurement techniques have also been compared in regard to cost, lifetime and accuracy. The comparison resulted in a recommendation over which measurement techniques that are most suitable for the Swedish transmission system operator, Svenska Kraftnät. There is a need among electrical utilities of economic and technical justifications for optimal investment and maintenance decisions. One available asset management technique that enables this is the health index. A health index is a tool that combines available measurement data from operating observations, field inspections and laboratory testing into an objective and quantitative index. The index provides information about the overall condition of an asset. A case study has been conducted where an available health index was used to estimate the condition of three transformers. The results indicate that the health index presents an efficient way to represent the condition of transformers. The disadvantage of the used index is that it implies a good condition even when the quality of the transformer insulation paper is poor. An alternative health index is therefore proposed where the paper insulation quality has a larger impact on the index.

<p>  </p> <p>Acoustic streaming is a phenomenon which occurs when acoustic excitations interact with a fluid (stationary or non-stationary). Exploitation of this phenomenon has the potential to open doors to new methods of flow control through the enhancement or diminishment of the present flow instabilities. A particular use of acoustic streaming shown by previous numerical studies is the enhancement of heat transfer in violation of the Reynold’s Analogy within a small range of Mach numbers and frequencies of periodic excitation. The focus of this thesis is to experimentally assess the usage of a Rossiter cavity in generating periodic acoustic excitations and its effects on the shear stress and heat transfer. </p> <p>In the present research, two large models are tested using a blow-down facility. The models are made of aluminum and Teflon and were developed to ensure optical access for infrared thermography. The geometries are tested at Mach number ranging from 0.373 to 0. 866. The target Mach number-frequency pair where significant heat transfer enhancement is a free stream Mach number at the cavity, Mc, of 0.75 and the frequency, fc, of 7.5 kHz. The cavity is tuned using the Rossiter equation with Rossiter constants k = 0.66 and y = 0.25. The heat transfer and skin friction enhancement are measured immediately upstream and downstream of the cavity and compared to the previous numerical studies.</p> <p>When testing the Teflon model with an ambient back pressure and 11 lb/s mass flow, a frequency of 7.8 kHz was generated by the cavity. For the aluminum model tested at a high vacuum and 3 lb/s mass flow, frequencies near 7, 10, and 20 kHz were generated by the cavity with 10 and 20 kHz appearing most often. High speed schlieren imaging was used to confirm the flow structures being generated in the flow. There was good agreement with the Rossiter modes at lower Mach numbers and moderate agreement at transonic Mach numbers. A correlation is presented which defines a band of Mach number-Reynolds number pairs which present with a discontinuous frequency behavior during operation of the wind tunnel. Measurable effects on both skin friction and heat transfer between tests with comparable operating conditions to a reference were observed and are presented.</p>

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