The objective of the study was to evaluate meat hygiene practices among meat handlers and microbiological analysis of beef carcasses, slaughtermen hands, equipment and water from low throughput (LTA) and high throughput (HTA) abattoirs in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. In stage one of the study, the level of knowledge, practices and attitudes towards meat safety and personal hygiene of slaughtermen were assessed. Forty workers directly involve in beef cattle slaughtering process were surveyed. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, it contained questions on some of the most important meat safety cues such as knowledge, attitudes, personal hygiene and handling practices. Cross tabulation and Chi-square Test of Association were performed to examine the relationships between the demographic information and the knowledge regarding meat safety using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Overall, a significant adherence to basic hygiene practices and a satisfactory level of knowledge were observed. Workers from a HTA yielded comparatively better statistically significant scores. Moreover, knowledge and practices of respondents were significantly associated (P<0.05) due to educational level and professional training. The second stage of the study involved evaluating the level to which cattle carcass, equipment, slaughtermen hands and water were contaminated with Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella, Escherichia coli and aerobic colony counts (ACC) at different stages during the slaughter process (skinning, evisceration, carcass slitting, inspection, washing and packing). Cattle carcasses were sampled at four sites (rump, neck, flank and brisket) from a LTA (n= 240) and HTA (n= 384) abattoirs. Using conventional biochemical tests, HTA yielded significantly (P<0.05) higher ACC (5.2 log CFU/cm2), E. coli (2.6 log CFU/cm2) and Enterobacteriaceae (2.9 log CFU/cm2) carcass mean scores than LTA after skinning and evisceration. Specific abattoir hygiene differences were noted from washed and chilled carcasses. Salmonella was not detected across all sampled slaughter process stages. In addition, the equipment had bacterial load ranging from 10 to 4 CFU/cm2 for LTA, whereas in HTA this was found to be 7 to 3 CFU/cm2. The bacterial counts for slaughtermen hands were estimated to be 15 to 8 CFU/cm2 in HTA and 10 to 5 CFU/cm2 in LTA. Overall, slaughtermen hands and equipment in the dirty area (skinning and evisceration) yielded more bacterial counts compared to those in the clean area (slitting, inspection, washing and packing) from both abattoirs. For all the sampled carcasses, equipment and slaughtermen hands, HTA yielded comparatively higher (P<0.05) bacterial counts than the LTA. Although the results showed a significant adherence to basic hygiene practices, some aspects such as routine medical examination, health certificates and professional training of slaughtermen still need to be improved. Therefore, these findings show that slaughtermen, equipment and water can be sources of contamination during the slaughter process.

Submitted by CLEBER LIMA MIGUEL null (cleberlima.miguel@gmail.com) on 2018-04-24T12:35:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Cleber - Definitivo..pdf: 1004573 bytes, checksum: c27d96f3b93630f94818e016ce49bb95 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-04-25T12:51:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 miguel_cl_me_jabo.pdf: 1004573 bytes, checksum: c27d96f3b93630f94818e016ce49bb95 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-25T12:51:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 miguel_cl_me_jabo.pdf: 1004573 bytes, checksum: c27d96f3b93630f94818e016ce49bb95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-21 / RESUMO – O setor de agronegócios ocupa uma posição de grande impacto na economia brasileira e a projeção para os próximos anos continua positiva. Seus números financeiros e de absorção de trabalhadores impressionam. Dentro desse contexto, a indústria de carnes brasileira representa uma grande parte desse setor, sendo objeto de estudo de diversas pesquisas. Contudo, não há bibliografia especializada em recursos humanos nas indústrias de carnes brasileiras. Desta forma, com uma fundamentação teórica baseada nos modelos de gestão de pessoas conhecidos, e por meio de pesquisa qualitativa de estudo de casos, realizou-se uma pesquisa com três indústrias de carnes do Brasil, objetivando-se entender como a organização do trabalho se dá nesse setor e definir o modelo de gestão de pessoas praticado em cada empresa. Observou-se alguns pontos em comum, entretanto houve a adoção de diferentes modelos e organização do trabalho para cada caso estudado levando em conta as especificidades de cada empresa. / ABSTRACT – The agribusiness sector occupies a position of great impact on the Brazilian economy and the projection for the coming years remains positive. Their financial figures and absorption of workers are impressive. Within this context, the meat industry in Brazil is a large part of this sector, being study object of several researches. However, there is no bibliography specializing in human resources in the brazilian meat industries. In this way, with a theoretical foundation based on the known models for people management, and by means of a qualitative research of case studies, it was conducted a survey with three meat industries from Brazil, aiming to understand how the organization of work is utilized in this sector and establish the model of people management practiced in each company. It was observed some points in common, however, there was the adoption of different models of people management and work organization for each case studied taking as complement the specificities of each company.

Capes / Uma superfície mal higienizada em um ambiente produtivo, somada à capacidade de adesão de um microrganismo, pode se tornar uma fonte potencial de contaminação e levar à formação de biofilmes. Estes, uma vez formados, são de difícil remoção e podem proliferar para a contaminação de alimentos. A preocupação com a segurança dos alimentos é um desafio, visto que problemas a ela relacionados podem comprometer a saúde do consumidor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar microrganismos patogênicos potenciais produtores de biofilme microbiano presentes no processamento industrial de um frigorífico bovino. O desenvolvimento do trabalho se resume em três fases: entrevista com o coordenador de qualidade de um frigorífico da região dos Campos Gerais; diagnóstico de pontos críticos no controle de qualidade do processamento industrial desse frigorífico, por meio de um diagrama decisório e coleta de amostras durante o processo industrial através de swabs, utilizados no isolamento por microbiologia. Em seguida, foi identificado o perfil genético das amostras, por meio do isolamento de DNA, seguida de amplificação por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase com os primers universais rD1 e fD1. Os dados gerados na primeira fase indicam os programas de controle de qualidade aplicados na indústria frigorífica em estudo. A entrevistada, responsável pelo controle de qualidade da indústria, salientou o uso de Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF), Análise de Perigo e Pontos Críticos de Controle (APPCC), Procedimento Padrão de Higiene Operacional (PPHO), Monitoramento de Pragas (MIP) e Folha de Verificação (FV). A partir do diagrama decisório, foram identificados 25 pontos para a coleta de amostras para a identificação de microrganismos patogênicos. Dentre esses, dez pontos amostrais foram isolados por microbiologia convencional com meio de cultura EMB, indicando contaminação de conteúdo gastrointestinal por coliformes fecais. Em dez pontos, nem sempre distintos, houve crescimento em meio de cultura SS – Salmonella Shigella, indicando contaminação durante o abate a partir da manipulação da carne pelos funcionários, uma vez que esses podem ser portadores sadios de microrganismos patogênicos. Para identificação genotípica das amostras sequenciadas, os resultados chegaram a nível de gênero, sendo Escherichia, Proteus, Hafnia e Bacillus, todos pertencentes ao grupo de Enterobactérias, com exceção de Bacillus. Verificou-se através da identificação genotípica, relacionada com os locais de coleta das amostras no fluxograma, que há contaminação cruzada no ambiente produtivo do presente frigorífico, na maioria dos pontos, relacionadas com o manipulador. / An unhygienic surface in a productive environment, added to the adhesion capacity of a microorganism, can become a potential source of contamination and lead to the formation of biofilms. These, once formed, are difficult to remove and can proliferate for food contamination. Concern about food safety is a challenge, as related problems can compromise consumer health. The objective of this work is to select potential pathogenic microorganisms producing microbial biofilms present in the industrial processing of a beef cattle. The development of the work is summarized in three phases: interview with the quality coordinator of a refrigerator in the Campos Gerais region; diagnosis of critical points in the quality control of the industrial processing of this refrigerator, through a decision diagram and sample collection during the industrial process through swabs, used in the isolation by microbiology. Then, the genetic profile of the samples was identified through DNA isolation, followed by amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction with the universal primers rD1 and fD1. The data generated in the first phase indicated the quality control programs in the refrigeration industry under study. The interviewee, responsible for the quality control of the industry, emphasized the use of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), Standard Operating Procedures (PPHO), Pest Monitoring (IPM) And Verification Sheet (FV). From the decision diagram, 25 points were identified for the collection of samples for the identification of pathogenic microorganisms. Among these, ten sample points were isolated by conventional microbiology with EMB culture, indicating contamination of gastrointestinal contents by fecal coliforms. At ten points, not always distinct, there was growth in the SS - Salmonella Shigella culture, indicating contamination during slaughter from the handling of the meat by the employees, since they may be healthy carriers of pathogenic microorganisms. For genotypic identification of the sequenced samples, the results reached the species level, being Escherichia, Proteus, Hafnia and Bacillus, all belonging to the group of Enterobacteria, except for Bacillus. It was verified through the genotypic identification, related to the sample collection sites in the flowchart, that there is cross contamination in the productive environment of the present refrigerator, in most of the points, related to the manipulator.

Capes / Uma superfície mal higienizada em um ambiente produtivo, somada à capacidade de adesão de um microrganismo, pode se tornar uma fonte potencial de contaminação e levar à formação de biofilmes. Estes, uma vez formados, são de difícil remoção e podem proliferar para a contaminação de alimentos. A preocupação com a segurança dos alimentos é um desafio, visto que problemas a ela relacionados podem comprometer a saúde do consumidor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar microrganismos patogênicos potenciais produtores de biofilme microbiano presentes no processamento industrial de um frigorífico bovino. O desenvolvimento do trabalho se resume em três fases: entrevista com o coordenador de qualidade de um frigorífico da região dos Campos Gerais; diagnóstico de pontos críticos no controle de qualidade do processamento industrial desse frigorífico, por meio de um diagrama decisório e coleta de amostras durante o processo industrial através de swabs, utilizados no isolamento por microbiologia. Em seguida, foi identificado o perfil genético das amostras, por meio do isolamento de DNA, seguida de amplificação por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase com os primers universais rD1 e fD1. Os dados gerados na primeira fase indicam os programas de controle de qualidade aplicados na indústria frigorífica em estudo. A entrevistada, responsável pelo controle de qualidade da indústria, salientou o uso de Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF), Análise de Perigo e Pontos Críticos de Controle (APPCC), Procedimento Padrão de Higiene Operacional (PPHO), Monitoramento de Pragas (MIP) e Folha de Verificação (FV). A partir do diagrama decisório, foram identificados 25 pontos para a coleta de amostras para a identificação de microrganismos patogênicos. Dentre esses, dez pontos amostrais foram isolados por microbiologia convencional com meio de cultura EMB, indicando contaminação de conteúdo gastrointestinal por coliformes fecais. Em dez pontos, nem sempre distintos, houve crescimento em meio de cultura SS – Salmonella Shigella, indicando contaminação durante o abate a partir da manipulação da carne pelos funcionários, uma vez que esses podem ser portadores sadios de microrganismos patogênicos. Para identificação genotípica das amostras sequenciadas, os resultados chegaram a nível de gênero, sendo Escherichia, Proteus, Hafnia e Bacillus, todos pertencentes ao grupo de Enterobactérias, com exceção de Bacillus. Verificou-se através da identificação genotípica, relacionada com os locais de coleta das amostras no fluxograma, que há contaminação cruzada no ambiente produtivo do presente frigorífico, na maioria dos pontos, relacionadas com o manipulador. / An unhygienic surface in a productive environment, added to the adhesion capacity of a microorganism, can become a potential source of contamination and lead to the formation of biofilms. These, once formed, are difficult to remove and can proliferate for food contamination. Concern about food safety is a challenge, as related problems can compromise consumer health. The objective of this work is to select potential pathogenic microorganisms producing microbial biofilms present in the industrial processing of a beef cattle. The development of the work is summarized in three phases: interview with the quality coordinator of a refrigerator in the Campos Gerais region; diagnosis of critical points in the quality control of the industrial processing of this refrigerator, through a decision diagram and sample collection during the industrial process through swabs, used in the isolation by microbiology. Then, the genetic profile of the samples was identified through DNA isolation, followed by amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction with the universal primers rD1 and fD1. The data generated in the first phase indicated the quality control programs in the refrigeration industry under study. The interviewee, responsible for the quality control of the industry, emphasized the use of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), Standard Operating Procedures (PPHO), Pest Monitoring (IPM) And Verification Sheet (FV). From the decision diagram, 25 points were identified for the collection of samples for the identification of pathogenic microorganisms. Among these, ten sample points were isolated by conventional microbiology with EMB culture, indicating contamination of gastrointestinal contents by fecal coliforms. At ten points, not always distinct, there was growth in the SS - Salmonella Shigella culture, indicating contamination during slaughter from the handling of the meat by the employees, since they may be healthy carriers of pathogenic microorganisms. For genotypic identification of the sequenced samples, the results reached the species level, being Escherichia, Proteus, Hafnia and Bacillus, all belonging to the group of Enterobacteria, except for Bacillus. It was verified through the genotypic identification, related to the sample collection sites in the flowchart, that there is cross contamination in the productive environment of the present refrigerator, in most of the points, related to the manipulator.

One of the latest trends in the market for food products is the desire amongst consumers to know the origin of the products they purchase and to feel physically or emotionally connected to the farm and the producer. However, given the many efforts by producers and retailers to mislead consumers about the origin of products, for consumers to have faith in the origin of food products, they need to have some guarantee about the true origin of products. Thus, to be able to successfully guarantee the origin of food products, traceability systems need to be in place and they need to comply with the necessary legislation. This consumer need for origin-based food is now playing out in a variety of ways as food processors and retailers are labelling their products according to the origin of the product. Quite often, regional names are used for that identification. One iconic South African example of a product with regional identity is Karoo Lamb. In July this year producers from the Karoo region launched Karoo Lamb, a certification scheme, with a chain-wide traceability system in place to guarantee the Karoo origin of sheep meat in South African retail stores. The question, though, is whether all abattoirs and meat processors in South Africa are able to deliver origin-guaranteed products. The key factor here is the traceability system they have in place. The general objective of this study is therefore to assess current traceability systems in the sheep meat industry and to establish their ability to guarantee the origin of a carcass. This traceability system should be able to protect, manage and govern the food of origin attributes of a product in the sheep meat industry. The specific objectives of the study are: i) to create a high level process map to indicate the flow of Karoo Lamb products; ii) to share information by developing a detailed description of current and potential traceability systems in the Karoo Lamb supply chain; iii) to identify critical control points for maintaining product information and to test if these systems are in line with best practices; iv) to investigate the decision-making factors impacting on the implementation of a traceability system; and v) to develop recommendations for effectively implementing a traceability system that protects, manages and governs food of origin attributes. In response to these objectives, five hypotheses were developed and tested. The five hypotheses basically aimed to identify the tipping factor in the traceability implementation decision-making process. The population of South African sheep slaughtering abattoirs was used to draw a random sample of 55 abattoirs selected to participate in the research survey by means of interview administrated, structured questionnaires. The data was then processed and analysed to include a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis. The results obtained by the research indicate that 92 % of the abattoirs in South Africa have proper traceability systems in place that enable them to market and deliver origin-guaranteed products. The 3 (8 %) abattoirs that do not have traceability systems are in the Northern Cape and Eastern Cape. This might become problematic, since sheep from these regions are often marketed as Karoo lamb. Without proper traceability systems, this credence attribute cannot be guaranteed. According to the hypothesis test, the fact that an abattoir delivers to a retailer is the single most significant factor, compared to the other factors tested, for abattoirs to implement a traceability system. Research showed that 95 % of retail delivering abattoirs have traceability systems in place, and the other 5 % of abattoirs are those situated in remote rural areas and their retail customers have little other choice than to buy from these abattoirs. However, the study identified poor knowledge on the costs and benefits of a traceability system as a potential drawback in doing a proper cost benefit analysis and therefore proper research on the economics of traceability systems was almost impossible. At the abattoir level, traceability systems are quite easily implemented because it is much easier to trace a single carcass in an abattoir than to trace different pieces of one carcass in the processing plant. Since this study did not include detail pertaining to the downstream tiers; meat processors, packers, wholesalers and retailers, it is not possible to conclude that the entire sheep supply chain can guarantee a product’s origin in the case of Karoo Lamb. The integrity of these role players will play a vital role in their ability to guarantee the origin of a sheep meat product especially when sheep carcasses are moved outside the Karoo boundaries for processing and packaging. It is therefore clear that the downstream tiers play a vital part in the South African sheep meat industry in terms of chain-wide traceability and transparency in order to guarantee the origin of a sheep meat product such as Karoo Lamb. Further research is therefore required to evaluate the other role players in the sheep meat industry for chain-wide traceabiltiy systems, in order to test the readiness of this chain and industry to guarantee the origin of a product like Karoo Lamb. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

The objective of the current study was to compare tick loads, growth, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Nguni, Bonsmara and Angus steers raised on natural pasture. A total of 30, 7-month old steers each of Bonsmara and Angus, and 40 Nguni steers were kept at the University of Fort Hare Farm till slaughter at 18 months. Monthly weights of the steers were recorded. Carcasses were electrically stimulated. The m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum was sampled for the measurement of meat colour, pH, drip loss, sarcomere length (SL), water holding capacity (WHC), cooking losses, myofibrillar fragmentation length (MFL), Warner Bratzler shear force (WBSF), fatty acid profiles and sensory characteristics of the steers. Urine samples were collected at the slaughter line for the determination of stress hormone concentrations. The Nguni had the lowest tick load (P < 0.05) while the Angus had the highest tick load (P < 0.05). Tick load did not affect the growth rate and carcass characteristics of the steers. Bonsmara and Angus steers had higher (P < 0.05) carcass weight and dressing percentage than the Nguni steers. Meat quality characteristics were similar (P > 0.05) among all the breeds, except that Nguni meat was darker (L*) (P < 0.05) than meat from the other two breeds. The Bonsmara had the highest (P > 0.05) concentrations while the Nguni had the lowest (P > 0.05) concentrations of stress hormones. There were significant (P < 0.05) correlations between WB values of meat aged for two and 21 days in Nguni and Bonsmara, but not in Angus. The correlations among stress responsiveness hormones and meat quality were breed-dependent. Except monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and the n-6/n-3 ratio, fatty acid profiles among the breeds were similar (P > 0.05). Cholesterol levels among the breeds were similar (P > 0.05). The Nguni had the best (P < 0.05) sensory characteristics, such as flavour and tenderness. It can be concluded that while the Nguni is a small framed breed, its meat quality is similar to that of Bonsmara and Angus and has the best meat taste when raised on natural pasture.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / On October 1999 South Africa signed a historic TDCA with the European Union. The main objective of this agreement is to liberalise most trade between the two parties over time through a free trade agreement. Namibia as a member of SACU became automatically a de facto member of the SA-EU FTA. At the same time the EU concluded another 20-year agreement with the ACP countries effectively changing its traditional trade relationship with these countries. Namibia also being a member of the ACP group of countries finds itself in the middle of these two agreements. South Africa and the EU however opted to leave some of the sectors that are considered sensitive out of the free trade agreement in order to mitigate some of the adjustment costs likely to be faced by lesser-developed partners in SACU such as Namibia. Beef is one of those sensitive sectors as it is the main Namibian agricultural export to both the EU and South Africa. The fisheries sector likewise contributes a lot to Namibia's export earnings and the fact South Africa and the EU are negotiating for a fisheries agreement could mean a change in Namibia's competitive position in this sector. The impact that these two agreements will have on the beef sector is not very significant or at least manageable at this stage. The impact on the fisheries sector is mainly uncertain at this stage in the absence of an EU-SA fisheries agreement. The major impact of the SA-EU FTA will be on government revenues, which rely heavily on receipts from the SACU common revenue pool. The SADC has also started its regional economic integration process, which the EU hopes to be a move towards a REPA with which it hopes to do business as part of the new Cotonou Agreement. However the vast disparities in economic development between the EU and SADC does not favour such a move. The benefits will most probably accrue to the EU and the costs to SADC countries, especially those countries that are not part of SACU. It is important that if the new Cotonou Agreement is to be mutually beneficial steps need to be taken to strengthen the industrial and export capacities of the ACP countries. Otherwise this wave of globalisation will be nothing but a zero sum game.

Thesis (MAgricAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Transaction cost economics has travelled a difficult and long path to general acceptance in current economic opinion. The general theory of transaction cost has however developed in various paradigms with little or no empirical backing. It is mostly the difficulty of measurement that caused economists to shy away from empirical testing and rather, to quote Coase (1992), "to write in prose". The last 10 years there has been a renewed thrust for the empirical measurement of transaction cost. This study is an attempt to measure transaction cost by using case study data gathered in the run of the NOLIDEP study in the meat markets of the Northern Communal areas of Namibia. Until recently the method of data analysis that has been used in most empirical studies was variations of the regression technique. Regression as a tool is most useful in economics, giving quick answers and general trends to the researcher. It is however a technique that is linear in nature and therefore some information in the data will always be sacrificed. In general- and multi industry surveys this do not pose a great problem as general trends can usefully be applied in making policy recommendations. In smaller and especially rural industries this is not the case. The dynamic interactions within the industry and its dynamic linkages with the rest of the economy will surely be underrated when using a linear method. Consequently, a non-linear technique was applied in this study - the Non-linear Dynamic Model. This model gave the interactions between all variables enabling one to describe the dynamics of the market. As mentioned elsewhere the first aim of this study was to measure transaction cost so that the second aim could be fulfilled. The second aim of this study was to prove that transaction cost has an important influence on marketing channel decision. The analysis of the data satisfied the above two aims: Firstly it showed that it was possible to measure transaction cost. Secondly that transaction cost has a large and sometimes overriding influence on marketing channel decisions. A third and last point that became apparent was that a non-linear method of data analysis allows for better description of a dynamic market. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit het 'n lang tyd gevat vir transaksie koste om as konsep in ekonomie aanvaar te word. Die algemene teorie van transaksie koste het egter ontwikkel binne verskeie paradigmas sonder werklike empiriese ondersteuning. Dit is meestal die meting van transaksie koste wat empiriese werk in die rigting belemmer het. Daar is egter in die laaste 10 jaar hernude pogings gewees om transaksie koste empiries te meet. Hierdie studie is 'n poging om transaksie koste te meet deur gebruik te maak van data wat verkry is gedurende die NOLIDEP studie in die noordelike kommunale gebiede van Namibia. Tot onlangs was die metode van data analise vir empiriese studies variasies op die regressie tegniek. As 'n hulpmiddel is regressie baie bruikbaar in ekonomie waar vinnige antwoorde en algemene tendense verwag word. Die tegniek is egter inhirent liniêr en daarom sal daar altyd interpretasies rondom data opgeoffer word. In algemene studies is dit egter nie 'n probleem nie en kan voldoende beleids aanbevelings gedoen word. Dit is egter nie die geval in kleiner en plantelandse industriëe nie. Die dinamiese interaksies binne die industrie en die dinamiese skakels met die res van die ekonomie word dan onderskat met die gebruik van 'n liniêre metode. Daarom is 'n nie-liniêre metode gebruik, die Non-linear Dynamic Model. Die model neem die interaksie tussen veranderlikes in ag wat die beskrywing van dinamika moontlik maak. Soos reeds genoem is die eerste doel van die studie om transaksie koste te meet sodat die tweede doelwit van die studie bereik kan word. Die tweede doel is om te bewys dat transaksie koste bemarkingskanaai besluite bëinvloed. Die data analise het beide bogenoemde doelwitte bevredig. Eerstens dat transaksie koste meetbaar is. Tweedens dat transaksie koste 'n groot en selfs oorweldigende effek het op bemarkingskanaai besluite. 'n Derde punt wat sterk na vore gekom het is dat nie-liniêre metodes 'n beter beskrywing van dinamika toelaat.

Thesis (PhD(Agric) (Animal Sciences))--Univsersity of Stellenbosch, 1992. / The anatomy of the muscles of the hindquarters of the ostrich is described and presented graphically for the purpose of the present and future studies in meat science involving the ostrich. In the past, the lack of an accurate anatomical description of this species has led to the incorrect identification of certain muscles by researchers. The process of growth is described for 51 components of the ostrich body, which includes 21 muscles and four organs. Gompertz functions were calculated to formulate growth models for these components. Acceptable goodness-of-fit was obtained for the formulated models regarding the raw skin area, mass of the head, heart, filet and other muscles as well as certain bones. No information on similar models could he found for the description of growth of individual muscles or body parts of other meat animals. However, similar growth models are available for the description of live mass changes over time. Since the general growth curve is sigmoidal it is difficult to fit accurate curves by arithmetical methods. This has led to the development of simpler linear models, which express the growth of a body part relative to the growth of the same entire body. Time based predictions of yield are thus impossible. In fact, many of these allometric equations are simply in a different mathematical form, rather than being totally different equations. Furthermore, the latter equations cannot be used to predict accurate values at the positive and negative extremes since unrealistic values are obtained. Computer programs are presented in the dissertation which can be used without modification on various species, such as fish, poultry, plants and forests, as well as micro organisms in plant pathology, food science and sewage. With the development in computer technology and by means of the suggested programs, it is possible to describe the growth process on a time scale with ease. It is also possible to estimate the mass of any body part at birth (and possibly at conception) as well as at maturity. Evidence is provided that unrealistic asymptotic values are obtained with time based linear and polynomial functions as well as with published non linear allometric models for the description of growth in the ostrich. A goodness-of-fit test for the Gompertz function is presented. It is advisable to carry out this test before fitting alternative models, since the relationship between two variables is only linear on a double log scale when both variables can be described by similar functions on a time scale. A method for the calculation of the standard error at the point where maximum growth occurs is also presented. These methods can successfully be used for any of the above mentioned species. The point at which maximum growth occurred was used to compare the muscles of the hindquarters of the ostrich with that of Merino rams. This showed that these two species differ markedly in this regard. Furthermore, it was proved that certain economically important muscles still gained weight after the optimal skin size (120 dm2) was reached at the age of ten months. It is also shown that the fat content of ostrich meat (filet) varied independently of the abdominal fat content, and that it reached a minimum value of 0.3% at the popular slaughter age of 14 months. Reliable methods for age estimation of a slaughtered bird is presented, based on the growth models. This information can be used to develop a classification system for ostrich meat and other meat animals.

No description available.