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<p>   </p> <p>Health-related misinformation presents a significant threat to public health and wellbeing. Misinformation exposure is associated with decreased compliance with public health initiatives, decreased trust in science, and greater levels of disease transmission. Unfortunately, fact-checking is not a panacea for mitigating the negative effects associated with misinformation exposure. The present dissertation, guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior, investigated across two studies whether providing participants with different levels of media literacy education could enable them to successfully determine news articles, on a variety of different health topics, contained either legitimate or illegitimate information. Both studies utilized a three-group, pretest-posttest, between-subjects experimental design in which participants were randomly assigned to either a brief or detailed media literacy skill promotion message, or a no-message control. The messages took the form of Facebook posts from a fictitious organization dedicated to promoting media literacy. The first study recruited 305 undergraduate students. Results from the first study indicated that participants assigned to the detailed message condition were more successful compared to the other conditions in identifying health-related misinformation. A content analysis of participants’ open-ended responses revealed that participants in the detailed message group were the most likely to utilize skills related to media literacy and were the least likely to utilize heuristics or to guess when determining whether news articles contained legitimate or illegitimate information. The second study sought to replicate and extend the results of the first study in a sample of adults recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. The results of the second study found that the detailed message condition promoted a greater ability to identify misinformation compared to either the brief message or control condition. Similarly, participants in the second study were most likely to use skills related to media literacy when completing the misinformation identification task. The results suggest that brief media literacy messages may be insufficient in enabling participants to successfully identify health-related misinformation online. However, more detailed media literacy education messages show promise for potentially limiting the spread of misinformation online. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. </p> <p>  </p>

Detta är ett examensarbete vid fakulteten Teknik och Samhälle på Malmö högskola. Syftet med uppsatsen är att skapa en ögonblicksbild över hur användandet av sociala medier ser ut i den utvalda respondentgruppen samt att undersöka hur de resonerar när de väljer att lägga tid på sociala medier.Uppsatsens resultat utgörs av intervjuer utförda tillsammans med 10 personer i åldrarna 20 – 30 år. Materialet som samlats in från intervjuerna har sammanställts för att skapa gemensamma svar. Svaren har analyserats och därefter jämförts med statistik från databasen Orvesto, som utgörs av TNS SIFOs undersökningar. Detta har skapat en övergripande bild över hur respondentgruppen använder sociala medier samt resonerar kring ämnet, och resultatet från intervjuerna har satts i jämförelse med vad statistiken säger.Sociala medier används flitigt hos respondentgruppen och det är inte alla som tycker att de använder sociala medier i en lagom mängd. Att använda sociala medier med måtta är bäst, det håller intervjupersonerna med varandra om. Att bryta mönster och göra annorlunda är även en upplevelse deltagarna varit med om. Det var enligt intervjupersonerna en nyttig upplevelse eftersom det ofta krävs att de blir tvingade till att göra annorlunda och ändra på sig för att det faktiskt ska ske. Upplevelsen bekräftade mångas tankar om att sociala medier egentligen inte tar upp en viktig plats i deras liv, och att det egentligen inte behövs i den mängd det används idag. Många insåg även att de använde sociala medier för mycket, men hade ändå svårt att sluta använda det i samma omfattning efter avslutad intervention.I slutet av uppsatsen finns en diskussion där författaren diskuterat och jämfört teori med resultat. Författaren har även diskuterat hur olika delar i arbetet stärker varandra. / This is an essay written at the Faculty of Technology and Society at Malmö University. The purpose of this paper is to create a picture of how the use of social media looks like in the chosen respondent-group and to explore how we think we choose to spend time on social media.This essay consists of the interviews conducted with 10 people aged 20 - 30 years. The material collected from the interviews has been compiled to create common responses. The responses have been analyzed and then compared with data from the database Orvesto constituted by TNS SIFOs surveys. This has created an overall picture of how the respondent-group is using social media and how they think about it. I’ve put the results from the interviews in comparison to what the statistics say. This has strengthened my result.Social medias are used very much in the group of respondents and it’s not everybody that thinks that they use the social medias in a correct amount. To use social medias in just the right amount is the best, that’s a thing the respondents agree with each other about. To break a pattern and do different is an experience the participants have gone through. It was according to the interviewed people a very healthy experience since it often takes a forced action for them to do differently and break their patterns. The experience confirmed a lot of peoples’ thoughts about social media, that it doesn’t take that big of a place in their lives and that they actually don’t need it that much. A lot of people realized that they use social medias too much, but they still had a hard time to stop using it after the intervention.In the end of the essay there is a discussion that compares the theory with the result. I have also discussed how different parts of the work are strengthening each other.

Spain is a popular residence for Swedish lifestyle migrants. One of the largest groups among these migrants consist of retirees, seeking sun, an improved lifestyle and lower cost of living. Costa del Sol, is among the most cherished places to move to, where swedes reside alongside Brits, Germans and other Scandinavians. Here you can find Swedish doctors, a Swedish school and several Swedish media outlets. Prior studies have found these migrants to maintain strong connections to their home countries, maintaining habits and way of life – with little or no integration to Spanish society.  Where previous research has answered questions about integration and transnationalism, this study contributes to an understanding of the role of media. Using a qualitative interview-based methodology, it regards media use among Swedish retirees residing permanently on Costa del Sol – aiming to explain motivations and disclose reasons behind habits. Nine interviews were conducted through a lens of Uses &amp; gratification theory. The interviews regarded their media consumption of various outlets, including news media and entertainment media in various languages, as well as local news media in Swedish found on Costa del Sol. Additional contextualization and compilation of previous research provided further comprehension of Swedish society in southern Spain.  Results found that keeping up with daily events in Sweden is a core motivation for media consumption. Staying informed about your home country was found to be considerably more important than the new one, apart from local news consumption. Media consumption achieves multiple gratifications, motivating an overall high consumption of many different media outlets. Several sub-themes were discovered and categorized within McQuail:s Uses &amp; gratification definitions of entertainment, social relation, identity and surveillance. These were interpreted, analyzed and compared to previous research.

This study investigated the presence and content of school policies used by Virginia school divisions to address issues arising from educators' use of social media. The study also explored Virginia school divisions' policy implementation practices and resolutions for educators' social media use issues. Survey response analysis and policy review are combined to define: 1) Virginia school divisions' experiences with educators' inappropriate use of social media, 2) how Virginia school divisions are addressing educators' social media dilemmas and 3) the characteristics of school policies used to address social media issues in Virginia. The findings indicate that while 90% of respondents are concerned about the dilemmas created by educator social media use, 89% report having effective policies in place to address these issues. Responding Virginia school divisions are using Acceptable Use Policies (98%), Code of Conduct policies (54%) and Social Media policies (32%) to address educators' social media issues. The most common reported infractions are unprofessional comments. Most teachers sanctioned for online conduct are disciplined through reprimand (written and verbal) by school system administrators. / EDD / Social media has become a part of daily life for many people. People communicate about life events, daily happenings, and personal thoughts through various forms of social media (Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter). When educators share personal or work related news through social media there can be professional consequences. When social media sharing gains negative public attention school divisions act to protect the school community. This study surveyed all school division superintendents in the Commonwealth of Virginia to find the types of social media issues that have occurred with educators and how such matters are handled. Survey responses were received from every region in the Commonwealth. Nearly every responding division had experienced issues with teacher use of social media. Most social media incidents creating issues occurred when teachers made comments on social media that the school divisions found inappropriate or unprofessional. School divisions generally reacted to social media issues through written or verbal reprimands to educators. A large majority of divisions relied on Acceptable Computer Use Agreements between the school system and educators to regulate and manage issues that occurred. Most school divisions reported that their school policies (including Acceptable Computer Use Agreements) were effective in handling educator social media issues.

本研究意圖了解台灣選民媒介使用與政治知識間長期的關聯與其變遷，以及嘗試將政治知識區分為政治結構知識與非政治結構知識兩類個別檢視，以期能深入瞭解媒介使用與政治知識類別的關係。本研究採用二手資料分析，將國立政治大學選舉研究中心在1995年與1998年所作之立委選舉面訪案，及台灣選舉與民主化調查研究（TEDS）在2001年與2004年所作之立委選舉大型面訪案，總共四次的資料加以整合，以時間的縱貫角度切入，觀察民眾長期政治知識與媒介使用情況的趨勢變化，針對影響政治知識的各項因素作檢驗，並提出可能的解釋。 　　關於變化趨勢的部分，研究發現在1995-2004年期間，總體政治知識及非政治結構知識程度有逐年減少的趨勢，但在政治結構知識程度上則變動不大，沒有逐年提升的趨勢；報紙注意程度上沒有顯著變化，而電視注意程度則有逐漸減少的情形。 　　研究結果顯示，無論時序如何變遷、政治知識如何分類，性別、教育程度及報紙注意程度，對政治知識均具顯著且穩定的影響力。男性、教育程度愈高者及報紙注意程度愈高者，其政治知識程度愈高。 　　年齡對於各類政治知識程度也是一個相當顯著的解釋變項，唯獨在政治結構知識上，老年人口的解釋力則不顯著。本研究也發現政黨認同能夠顯著解釋總體政治知識與非政治結構知識；但在政治結構知識上的影響與解釋力較弱。在總體政治知識與非政治結構知識的影響上，電視注意程度均呈現正向顯著的關聯，電視注意程度愈高，其政治知識程度愈高；但在政治結構知識上，電視注意程度的解釋力則不如預期。值得注意的是，電視媒介注意程度在2004年的資料中，對於各類政治知識均呈現無顯著差異，且影響方向改變。 　　綜觀研究結果發現，不同類型之政治知識，在本質上、變遷趨勢上、獨立變項的解釋力上的確有所差異。最能解釋總體政治知識的變項為媒介注意程度；最能解釋政治結構知識的變項為教育程度；對非政治結構知識最能解釋的變項為媒介注意程度。然而，報紙注意程度比起電視注意程度來說，對於政治知識程度的解釋力要來得正向且穩定。 / The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships of news media use and political knowledge and their changes over time among voters in Taiwan. Political knowledge, by definition, is categorized into structural and non-structural ones. Data were from four national surveys in 1995 and 1998’s National Chengchi University Election Study Center’s surveys, and the 2001 and 2004’s Taiwan’s Election and Democratization Study during legislative elections, respectively. Data analysis shows that since 1995 till 2004, political knowledge and non-structural political knowledge are both slightly decreasing, but the variation of structural political knowledge is relatively stable. Attention to newspaper news is steady but attention to television news is decreasing. Gender, level of education, and attention to newspaper news all positively predict structural and non-structural political knowledge in the four data sets. Male, highly educated people, and those with higher attention to newspaper news have more political knowledge. Party identification significantly predicts non-structural political knowledge but not structural political knowledge. Attention to television news positively predicts non-structural political knowledge. What is noteworthy is that in 2004, attention to news media first time shows no significant relationship with political knowledge. Take a closer look at relationships between various predictor variables and different types of political knowledge. Our results show that attention to news media strongly predicts political knowledge; level of education highly predicts structural political knowledge; attention to news media effectively predicts non-structural political knowledge. However, attention to newspaper is a better predictor variable in predicting political knowledge.

This study proposes a social and emotional disclosure model for understanding the mechanism that explains sharing intimate information on social media (Twitter). Previous research has indicated that some aspects of social, emotional, and attitudinal information processing are involved in disclosure of intimate information. However, these factors have been considered in isolation. This study proposes and tests a theoretically grounded model that brings all of these factors together by combining individual and group social media behaviors and online information processing in the realm of online social movements. The core explanatory model considers the impact of peer response, emotional evaluation, personal relevance, issue orientation, and motivation to post online on intimate information disclosure online. A path analysis building on four Poisson multiple regressions conducted on 28,629 #MeToo tweets evaluates the relationships proposed in the explanatory model. Results indicate that emotional evaluation and motivation to post online have direct, positive impacts on online disclosure. Other factors such as peer response, issue orientation, and personal relevance have negative direct relationships with online disclosure. Motivation to post online mediates the effects of emotional evaluation, issue orientation, and personal relevance on online disclosure while issue orientation mediates the effect of personal relevance on motivation to post online. This study offers findings that have use for practitioners interested in hashtag virality and to social media users interested in social influence and online information sharing.

Abstract   Authors:                           Emmy Davidsson and Fredrik Doohan Pehrman Title:                                  What’s on TV tonight? Swedish title:                  Vad är det på tv ikväll? Level:                                BA Thesis in Media and Communication Studies Language:                                             Swedish Number of pages:          53   Aim: The purpose of this study is to chart and explain Swedish high school students’ TV viewing and their attitude towards the TV medium. The aim is also to discuss the students’ views on news and citizenship. The purpose is also to, through the term habitus, explore how the background of a person reflects on their choice of TV content, in what way they watch television and on their purpose of TV viewing. What similarities and differences can we discover in different groups’ TV viewing and attitude towards the TV medium and how can these similarities and differences be explained? Method: The used method is a qualitative method of investigation, divided in three parts. The first part is a TV diary, in which the respondents document different aspects of their TV viewing during a week. The second part of the method is focus groups and the last part is a survey concerning the background environment of the respondents.   Main result: In our study we have determined that Swedish high school students still, in some aspects, watch television in a traditional manner. They mainly watch entertaining content, but the varieties of entertainment vary depending on habitus, especially gender. We have also discovered that TV viewing is fragmented, but also formalized depending on which level; general, group or individual level, we choose to study. The main aspect of habitus that influence the behavior concerning TV viewing is gender, but also other aspects of habitus, for example education and place to live. We have studied a rather homogenous group of students, which result in differences in attitude towards the TV medium, mostly based on gender. However, we have also discovered subtleties in attitude between the different groups of respondents depending on lifestyle and taste. The results concerning TV use and attitude towards television can not alone determine if Swedish high school students are enlightened members of society or not. However, through habitus and the influence of parenthood and schooling, the students gain opportunities to create habits and a behavior surrounding news consumption that will make them take their social responsibility later in life. Program:                          The Program for Information and Communication Studies Location:                          Linnaeus University, Växjö Period:                              March – May 2012 Assessor:                        Magnus Eriksson Examinor:                        Malin Hjorth   Keywords:                       media use · TV · TV viewing · habitus · capital · identity · taste ·                           lifestyle · social responsibility · individualization · fragmentation