京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18677号 / 医博第3949号 / 新制||医||1007(附属図書館) / 31610 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙折 晃史, 教授 長田 重一, 教授 河本 宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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The instruction-set based general purpose processors are not energy-efficient for event-driven applications. The E-textiles group at Virginia Tech proposed a novel data-flow processor architecture design to bridge the gap between event-driven applications and the target architecture. The architecture, although promising in terms of performance and energy-efficiency, was explored for limited number of applications. This thesis presents a model-driven approach for the design of an application framework, facilitating rapid development of software applications to test the architecture performance. The application framework is integrated with the prior automation framework bringing software applications at the right level of abstraction. The processor architecture design is made flexible and scalable, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. Additionally, an embedded flash memory based architecture design for reduction in the static power consumption is proposed. This thesis estimates significant reduction in overall power consumption with the incorporation of flash memory. / Master of Science

A toxoplasmose afeta 1/3 da população humana e só existe uma vacina para uso veterinária. A radiação gama altera as proteínas tornando-as mais imunogênicas, por oxidação e melhor apresentação de antígenos na ausência de adjuvantes. Irradiamos extrato solúvel de taquizoítos da cepa RH de T. gondii (AgTg), e avaliamos seu uso como vacina em camundongos BALB/c. Doses abaixo de 500Gy não afetavam e doses acima de 2000Gy destruíam o extrato, sendo que animais imunizados com extrato irradiado a 1000, 1500 e 2000Gy tinham mais IgG especifica de maior avidez, comparado ao AgTg nativo (p<0.05). Animais imunizados pelo AgTg 1500Gy tiveram aumento da proliferação de esplenócitos, fenotipados como CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+ e de linfócitos B, comparados com animais imunizados pelo AgTg nativo. Animais imunizados pelo AgTg 1500Gy após desafio com cepa ME-49 cistogênica apresentaram menor numero de cistos cerebrais e maior sobrevida pós-desafio com cepa virulenta RH. A radiação ionizante em extratos de T.gondii aumenta a resposta imune e a memória imunológica na ausência de adjuvantes. / Toxoplasmosis affects 1/3 of the human population and only a vaccine for veterinary use. Gamma radiation alters the proteins making them more immunogenic by oxidation and better antigen presentation in the absence of adjuvants. Radiate soluble extract of RH strain tachyzoites of T. gondii (AgTg ) , and evaluate its use as a vaccine in BALB/c . Doses below 500Gy not affected and destroyed 2000Gy doses above extract, whereas animals immunized with irradiated extract at 1000, 1500 and 2000Gy had more of specific IgG avidity, compared to native AgTg (p < 0, 05). AgTg 1500GY the immunized animals had increased proliferation of splenocytes, phenotyped as CD3+CD4+,CD3+CD8+ and B-lymphocytes immunized animals compared to the native AgTg . Animals immunized by AgTg 1500GY after challenge with strain ME- 49 cystogenic showed lower number of brain cysts and greater survival after challenge with virulent RH. Ionizing radiation in extracts of T. gondii increases the immune response and immune memory in the absence of adjuvants.

A toxoplasmose afeta 1/3 da população humana e só existe uma vacina para uso veterinária. A radiação gama altera as proteínas tornando-as mais imunogênicas, por oxidação e melhor apresentação de antígenos na ausência de adjuvantes. Irradiamos extrato solúvel de taquizoítos da cepa RH de T. gondii (AgTg), e avaliamos seu uso como vacina em camundongos BALB/c. Doses abaixo de 500Gy não afetavam e doses acima de 2000Gy destruíam o extrato, sendo que animais imunizados com extrato irradiado a 1000, 1500 e 2000Gy tinham mais IgG especifica de maior avidez, comparado ao AgTg nativo (p<0.05). Animais imunizados pelo AgTg 1500Gy tiveram aumento da proliferação de esplenócitos, fenotipados como CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+ e de linfócitos B, comparados com animais imunizados pelo AgTg nativo. Animais imunizados pelo AgTg 1500Gy após desafio com cepa ME-49 cistogênica apresentaram menor numero de cistos cerebrais e maior sobrevida pós-desafio com cepa virulenta RH. A radiação ionizante em extratos de T.gondii aumenta a resposta imune e a memória imunológica na ausência de adjuvantes. / Toxoplasmosis affects 1/3 of the human population and only a vaccine for veterinary use. Gamma radiation alters the proteins making them more immunogenic by oxidation and better antigen presentation in the absence of adjuvants. Radiate soluble extract of RH strain tachyzoites of T. gondii (AgTg ) , and evaluate its use as a vaccine in BALB/c . Doses below 500Gy not affected and destroyed 2000Gy doses above extract, whereas animals immunized with irradiated extract at 1000, 1500 and 2000Gy had more of specific IgG avidity, compared to native AgTg (p < 0, 05). AgTg 1500GY the immunized animals had increased proliferation of splenocytes, phenotyped as CD3+CD4+,CD3+CD8+ and B-lymphocytes immunized animals compared to the native AgTg . Animals immunized by AgTg 1500GY after challenge with strain ME- 49 cystogenic showed lower number of brain cysts and greater survival after challenge with virulent RH. Ionizing radiation in extracts of T. gondii increases the immune response and immune memory in the absence of adjuvants.

Regulatorische T-Zellen (Treg) eröffnen neue immuntherapeutische Wege zur Kontrolle unerwünschter Immunreaktionen, jedoch wirft die Heterogenität dieser Zellen die Frage auf, welche Treg-Population für die klinische Anwendung. Darauf basierend werden in dieser Arbeit drei Fragestellungen bearbeitet: i) Bestimmung der Häufigkeit von Tregs und deren Subpopulationen in verschiedenen Altersgruppen bei Empfängern einer Organtransplantation (Tx) und einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe; ii) Vergleich der Suppressorkapazität verschiedener Treg-Populationen und in vitro-Expansion der Zellen unter Erhaltung ihrer Funktionalität; iii) Klärung der Differenzierungsmerkmale von Tregs und deren Verknüpfung mit konventionellen T-Zellen (Tconv) mittels Analyse des T-Zell-Rezeptor- (TCR) Repertoires. Sowohl bei gesunden Probanden als auch bei Tx-Empfänger konnte eine altersabhängige Verschiebung von naiven (TregN) hin zu dominant zentralen Gedächtnis-Zellen (TregCM) beobachtet werden, Treg von Tx-Empfängern hatten mehr Effektor-Memory-Zellen (EM) und sie waren mehr aktiviert. In Bezug auf die Kontrolle der frühen Tconv zeigen TregCM eine erhöhte Suppressorkapazität im Vergleich zu TregN. Außerdem sind im Gegensatz zu TregN nur TregCM dazu in der Lage, Apoptose bei Responderzellen zu induzieren. Der Grund hierfür könnte in der stärkeren Expression von CTLA-4 auf TregM liegen. Die Expansionskultur führte zur phänotypischen Veränderung der TregN, deren Umwandlung in TregCM mit einer verbesserten Suppressoraktivität verbunden ist. Die Daten legen nahe, dass das Expandieren mit gesamt Treg für die Adoptive-Treg-Therapie optimal sind, da sie der größte Anteil von ihnen die hochpotenten TregCM sind. TCR-Studien mittels Next Generation Sequencing zeigen weiter, dass TregM aus TregN entstehen, anstatt aus Tconv, in einem Antigen-gesteuerten Prozess. Diese Daten belegen erstmalig neue Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich der Unterschiede der TCR-Repertoires von TregM und Tconv beim Menschen. / Regulatory T cells (Treg) offer new immunotherapeutic options to control undesired immune reactions, but the heterogeinetiy of Treg raises the question which Treg population should be used for clinical translation Thus, this project involves three main parts: i) investigating Treg frequency and subsets distribution with age in healthy donors and transplant (Tx) patients; ii) comparing the suppressive capacity of Treg subsets and expanding them in vitro without losing functionality; iii) clarifyjing the differiation relationship of Treg subsets and their relation to conventional T cells (Tconv) by T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire analysis. From both healthy donors and Tx patients, an age-dependent shift from naïve Treg (TregN) to the dominant central-memory Treg (TregCM) was observed,; However,Treg in Tx patients contained more effector-memory EM cells, , and they were pre-activated due to the exposure to allo antigens,. Regarding control of early Tconv activation, TregCM showed enhanced suppressive capacity compared to TregN; furthermore, only TregCM could induce apoptosis of responder cells while TregN could not, which may result from thehigherexpression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) on TregM. Following in vitro expansion of the Treg subsets, however, TregN converted mainly into TregCM phenotype with enhanced suppression activity. The poor proliferation capacity of TregEM might indicate EM as the terminal differential stage. These data suggest that expansion with total Treg is optimal for adoptive Treg therapy as the majority of them are the highly potent TregCM. Lastly, TCR repertoire study by next generation sequencing (NGS) indicate that TregM derived from TregN rather than Tconv in an antigen-driven process. The highest similarity of the TCR repertoires was observed between TregCM and TregEM. These data reveal new insights for the first time into the distinct TCR repertoires of Treg subsets and Tconv in human by NGS technology.

Silicon based 3D fin structure is believed to be the potential future of current semiconductor technology. However, there are significant challenges still exist in realizing a manufacturable fin based process. In this work, we have studied the effects of hydrogen anneal on the structural and electrical characteristics of silicon fin based devices: tri-gate, finFET to name a few. H₂ anneal is shown to play a major role in structural integrity and manufacturability of 3D fin structure which is the most critical feature for these types of devices. Both the temperature and the pressure of H₂ anneal can result in significant alteration of fin height and shape as well as electrical characteristics. Optimum H₂ anneal is required in order to improve carrier mobility and device reliability as shown in this work. A new hard-mask based process was developed to retain H₂ anneal related benefit while eliminating detrimental effects such as reduction of device drive current due to fin height reduction. We have also demonstrated a novel 1T-1C pseudo Static Random Access Memory (1T-1C pseudo SRAM) memory cell using low cost conventional tri-gate process by utilizing selective H₂ anneal and other clever process techniques. TCAD-based simulation was also provided to show its competitive advantage over other types of static and dynamic memories in 45nm and beyond technologies. A high gain bipolar based on silicon fin process flow was proposed for the first time that can be used in BiCMOS technology suitable for low cost mixed signal and RF products. TCAD-based simulation results proved the concept with gain as high 100 for a NPN device using single additional mask. Overall, this work has shown that several novel process techniques and selective use of optimum H₂ anneal can lead to various high performance and low cost devices and memory cells those are much better than the devices using current conventional 3D fin based process techniques. / text

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