Na última década, surgiram evidências de que a Síndrome Metabólica (SM), relatada de forma crescente entre adolescentes, tem início na vida intrauterina e seus sinais e sintomas já estão presentes na adolescência, porém, ainda faltam critérios diagnósticos específicos para essa faixa etária. O ciclo menstrual representa o resultado do funcionamento normal não apenas do eixo Hipotálamo-Hipófise-Ovário (HHO), do útero e do aparelho genital, mas também, do equilíbrio metabólico do organismo. Alterações no ciclo menstrual podem representar sinais de desequilíbrio e anormalidade. A SM está também relacionada à Síndrome dos Ovários Policísticos (SOP), disfunção ovariana caracterizada por oligoanovulação, hiperandrogenismo e/ou ovários policísticos. A resistência à insulina (RI) tem um papel central na fisiopatologia e na inter-relação dos componentes tanto da SM como também da SOP. A RI é compensada pelo aumento da produção de insulina pelas células beta pancreáticas, e essa hiperinsulinemia compensatória tem conseqüências no endotélio, nos fatores inflamatórios, no metabolismo glicídico e lipídico, além de afetar o ciclo menstrual pelo estímulo da androgênese ovariana, suprimindo a SHBG e possivelmente alterando o padrão da secreção pulsátil do GnRH. Estas alterações menstruais podem apresentar-se de forma precoce, antes das alterações metabólicas da RI, portanto, a avaliação atenta do padrão menstrual de adolescentes pode representar um valioso sinal que alerta para o risco metabólico e cardiovascular. Avaliamos o comportamento de parâmetros da Síndrome Metabólica e sua relação com o ciclo menstrual em adolescentes através de um estudo observacional transversal com 59 adolescentes do sexo feminino entre 12 e 19 anos e presença de pelo menos um dos seguintes fatores de risco para SM: Sobrepeso - Obesidade - Acantose Nigricans. Todas as adolescentes foram submetidas a uma avaliação clínica com levantamento de dados antropométricos, e laboratoriais composta de: Glicose de Jejum, Colesterol Total, HDL-Colesterol, Triglicerídeos, Teste Oral de Tolerância a Glicose (Glicose 120), Insulina pré (insulina jejum), pós TOTG (insulina 120), Folículo-Estimulante (FSH), Hormônio Luteinizante (LH), Testosterona Total (TT), Androstenediona, Foram criados 2 grupos:G-1- adolescentes com ciclos irregulares, e G-2- adolescentes com ciclos regulares. Das 59 adolescentes avaliadas, 36 formaram o G-1, e 23 o G-2. A média da idade ginecológica foi de 4,5 anos e da menarca 11,3 anos. Na análise estatística das diferenças nas variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais entre os grupos, observou-se que o G-1 apresentou: Cintura (p=0,026), Insulina de jejum (p=0,001), Glicose 120 (p=0,002), insulina 120 (p=0,0001), HOMA-IR (p=0,0008), Triglicerídeos (p=0,013), SM (p<0,0001) e SOP (p<0,0001) significativamente maiores e QUICK (p=0,008), G/I (p=0,002), HDL (p=0,001) significativamente menores que o G-2. (88,8% das adolescentes com ciclos irregulares no ultimo ano apresentavam irregularidade desde a menarca. Estes resultados demonstram uma associação significativa entre a irregularidade menstrual, RI, SM e SOP na população estudada. Todas as adolescentes com diagnóstico de SM apresentavam irregularidade desde a menarca e destas, 93,5% tiveram o diagnóstico de SOP. O nosso estudo chama a atenção para o comportamento do ciclo menstrual na adolescência em relação aos riscos cardiovasculares e metabólicos, sinalizando assim que outros estudos precisam ser desenvolvidos nesta população. / Evidences have appeared throughout the last decade that the metabolic syndrome(MS) (increasingly reported among teens) begins in intra-uterine life and its signs and symptoms are already present in adolescence. Nevertheless, specific diagnostic criteria for this age group are missing. The menstrual cycle represents the result of the normal functioning not only of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-ovarian axis (HHO), the uterus, and the genital apparatus, but also of the metabolic balance of the body. Menstrual cycle alterations may represent signs of imbalance and abnormality. MS is also linked to premature pubarche due to premature adrenarche and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) characterized by an ovarian dysfunction oligoanovulação, hyperandrogenism and/or polycystic ovaries Insulin resistance (IR) has a central role in the pathophysiology and interrelation of components of MS and also of PCOS. Insulin resistance is compensated by increased insulin production by pancreatic beta cells. The compensatory hyperinsulinemia has consequences in the endothelium, inflammatory factors, glucose and lipid metabolism and affect the menstrual cycle by stimulating ovarian androgen, suppressing SHBG and possibly altering the pattern of pulsatile secretion of GnRH. These menstrual changes may present themselves at an early stage, before the metabolic changes of IR, so the careful assessment of the menstrual patterns of adolescents may represent a valuable warning sign for cardiovascular and metabolic risk. Evaluate the behavior of parameters of metabolic syndrome and its relation to the menstrual cycle in adolescents. Observational, transversal-cut study with 59 female adolescents between 12 and 19 years of age, and the presence of at least one of the following risk factors for MS; 1- Overweight, Obesity and Acanthosis Nigricans. All the adolescents underwent a clinical evaluation, with gathering of anthropometric data, and laboratory evaluation composed of: evaluation of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, Oral Glucose Tolerance Test after 120 minutes (Glucose-120), insulin pre-(fasting insulin), insulin post-OGTT-120 (insulin 120), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Total Testosterone (TT), Androstenedione, Two groups were created. G-1 adolescents with irregular cycles G-2 with regular menstrual cycles. From the 59 adolescents evaluated, 36 formed G-1 and 23 formed G-2. The average gynecological age was 4,5 years, and of the menarche 11,3 years. In the statistical analysis of the differences in clinical and laboratory variables between the groups, it was observed that G-1 Waist(p=0,026),FastingInsulin(p=0,001),Glucose 120(p=0,002), Insulin 120 (p =0,0001), HOMA IR (p = 0,0008) , Triglyceride (p = 0,013), SM(p<0,0001) e SOP(p<0,001) significantly higher and QUICK (p=0,008),G/I (p=0,002) and HDL (p = 0,001) significantly lower than G-2. (88,8% of adolescents with irregular cycles in the past year showed irregularity since menarche). This study shows a significant association between menstrual irregularity, IR, MS and PCOS in this population. All adolescents diagnosed with MS had irregularity since menarche and of these 93.5% were diagnosed with PCOS.Our study draws attention to the behavior of the menstrual cycle in adolescence in relation to cardiovascular and metabolic risks, thus signaling that further studies need to be developed in this population.

Les niveaux hormonaux peuvent varier grandement entre cycles menstruels et entre femmes aux cycles dits « normaux ». Outre les niveaux quotidiens, ces profils présentent une grande diversité d’amplitudes, de durées, de positions et de formes. Ces constats ont ravivé l'intérêt pour l'étude des profils individuels plutôt que généraux. En effet, les profils de la littérature sont des moyennes dont peuvent s’éloigner plusieurs profils individuels ; d’où la nécessité de descriptions plus précises.Dans cette thèse, nous explorons la diversité des profils hormonaux au cours de la phase lutéale du cycle et présentons un concept original pour caractériser la plupart des ondes hormonales avec quatre paramètres seulement. Cela a été obtenu via une distribution bêta-binomiale. De plus, nous proposons un nouveau modèle de régression où le profil hormonal est variable dépendante et une variété de variables binaires ou continues sont prédicteurs.La méthode a été appliquée pour décrire les profils hormonaux de la phase lutéale et a donné des résultats intéressants. Un continuum allant de la phase lutéale normale à la déficience lutéale serait plus approprié qu’une classification binaire (normale/anormale). Les données analysées ont montré qu’un petit follicule a un impact négatif sur la qualité de la phase lutéale et qu’un niveau élevé de PDG perivulatoire (i.e., une lutéinisation prématurée) semble préjudiciable à la phase lutéale. Un niveau de PDG lutéale normal puis faible est probablement un signe d'anomalie de la phase lutéale. De plus, au cours de la phase lutéale, divers profils de métabolites de la progestérone sont corrélés avec plusieurs caractéristiques des femmes et du cycle / Even in normally cycling women, hormone levels vary widely between cycles and between women. Beyond day-by-day levels, hormone profiles do display a great variety of heights, durations, locations, and shapes. These observations have renewed the interest in the assessment of individual rather than general hormone profiles. Actually, as reported by the literature, cycle hormone profiles are averages of many individual profiles but individual profiles may be far from matching these averages. This raises the need for sharper descriptions.In this thesis, we explore the diversity of hormonal profiles observed during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and present an original concept to characterize most hormone waves using only four parameters. This was obtained via a beta-binomial distribution. Moreover, we propose a new regression model that considers the hormonal profile as dependent variable and a variety of binary or continuous variables as predictors.We applied the method to describe hormone profiles during the luteal phase and obtained interesting results. Instead of a binary classification (normal/abnormal), it would be more appropriate to consider a continuum from normal luteal phase to luteal deficiency. In the analyzed dataset, a small follicle had a negative impact on the quality of the luteal phase and a high periovulatory PDG level (i.e., a premature luteinization) seemed detrimental to the luteal phase. The occurrence of a normal then low luteal PDG level is probably a potential sign of luteal phase abnormality. Furthermore, distinct progesterone metabolite profiles during the luteal phase were found correlated with several women and cycle characteristics

Na última década, surgiram evidências de que a Síndrome Metabólica (SM), relatada de forma crescente entre adolescentes, tem início na vida intrauterina e seus sinais e sintomas já estão presentes na adolescência, porém, ainda faltam critérios diagnósticos específicos para essa faixa etária. O ciclo menstrual representa o resultado do funcionamento normal não apenas do eixo Hipotálamo-Hipófise-Ovário (HHO), do útero e do aparelho genital, mas também, do equilíbrio metabólico do organismo. Alterações no ciclo menstrual podem representar sinais de desequilíbrio e anormalidade. A SM está também relacionada à Síndrome dos Ovários Policísticos (SOP), disfunção ovariana caracterizada por oligoanovulação, hiperandrogenismo e/ou ovários policísticos. A resistência à insulina (RI) tem um papel central na fisiopatologia e na inter-relação dos componentes tanto da SM como também da SOP. A RI é compensada pelo aumento da produção de insulina pelas células beta pancreáticas, e essa hiperinsulinemia compensatória tem conseqüências no endotélio, nos fatores inflamatórios, no metabolismo glicídico e lipídico, além de afetar o ciclo menstrual pelo estímulo da androgênese ovariana, suprimindo a SHBG e possivelmente alterando o padrão da secreção pulsátil do GnRH. Estas alterações menstruais podem apresentar-se de forma precoce, antes das alterações metabólicas da RI, portanto, a avaliação atenta do padrão menstrual de adolescentes pode representar um valioso sinal que alerta para o risco metabólico e cardiovascular. Avaliamos o comportamento de parâmetros da Síndrome Metabólica e sua relação com o ciclo menstrual em adolescentes através de um estudo observacional transversal com 59 adolescentes do sexo feminino entre 12 e 19 anos e presença de pelo menos um dos seguintes fatores de risco para SM: Sobrepeso - Obesidade - Acantose Nigricans. Todas as adolescentes foram submetidas a uma avaliação clínica com levantamento de dados antropométricos, e laboratoriais composta de: Glicose de Jejum, Colesterol Total, HDL-Colesterol, Triglicerídeos, Teste Oral de Tolerância a Glicose (Glicose 120), Insulina pré (insulina jejum), pós TOTG (insulina 120), Folículo-Estimulante (FSH), Hormônio Luteinizante (LH), Testosterona Total (TT), Androstenediona, Foram criados 2 grupos:G-1- adolescentes com ciclos irregulares, e G-2- adolescentes com ciclos regulares. Das 59 adolescentes avaliadas, 36 formaram o G-1, e 23 o G-2. A média da idade ginecológica foi de 4,5 anos e da menarca 11,3 anos. Na análise estatística das diferenças nas variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais entre os grupos, observou-se que o G-1 apresentou: Cintura (p=0,026), Insulina de jejum (p=0,001), Glicose 120 (p=0,002), insulina 120 (p=0,0001), HOMA-IR (p=0,0008), Triglicerídeos (p=0,013), SM (p<0,0001) e SOP (p<0,0001) significativamente maiores e QUICK (p=0,008), G/I (p=0,002), HDL (p=0,001) significativamente menores que o G-2. (88,8% das adolescentes com ciclos irregulares no ultimo ano apresentavam irregularidade desde a menarca. Estes resultados demonstram uma associação significativa entre a irregularidade menstrual, RI, SM e SOP na população estudada. Todas as adolescentes com diagnóstico de SM apresentavam irregularidade desde a menarca e destas, 93,5% tiveram o diagnóstico de SOP. O nosso estudo chama a atenção para o comportamento do ciclo menstrual na adolescência em relação aos riscos cardiovasculares e metabólicos, sinalizando assim que outros estudos precisam ser desenvolvidos nesta população. / Evidences have appeared throughout the last decade that the metabolic syndrome(MS) (increasingly reported among teens) begins in intra-uterine life and its signs and symptoms are already present in adolescence. Nevertheless, specific diagnostic criteria for this age group are missing. The menstrual cycle represents the result of the normal functioning not only of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-ovarian axis (HHO), the uterus, and the genital apparatus, but also of the metabolic balance of the body. Menstrual cycle alterations may represent signs of imbalance and abnormality. MS is also linked to premature pubarche due to premature adrenarche and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) characterized by an ovarian dysfunction oligoanovulação, hyperandrogenism and/or polycystic ovaries Insulin resistance (IR) has a central role in the pathophysiology and interrelation of components of MS and also of PCOS. Insulin resistance is compensated by increased insulin production by pancreatic beta cells. The compensatory hyperinsulinemia has consequences in the endothelium, inflammatory factors, glucose and lipid metabolism and affect the menstrual cycle by stimulating ovarian androgen, suppressing SHBG and possibly altering the pattern of pulsatile secretion of GnRH. These menstrual changes may present themselves at an early stage, before the metabolic changes of IR, so the careful assessment of the menstrual patterns of adolescents may represent a valuable warning sign for cardiovascular and metabolic risk. Evaluate the behavior of parameters of metabolic syndrome and its relation to the menstrual cycle in adolescents. Observational, transversal-cut study with 59 female adolescents between 12 and 19 years of age, and the presence of at least one of the following risk factors for MS; 1- Overweight, Obesity and Acanthosis Nigricans. All the adolescents underwent a clinical evaluation, with gathering of anthropometric data, and laboratory evaluation composed of: evaluation of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, Oral Glucose Tolerance Test after 120 minutes (Glucose-120), insulin pre-(fasting insulin), insulin post-OGTT-120 (insulin 120), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Total Testosterone (TT), Androstenedione, Two groups were created. G-1 adolescents with irregular cycles G-2 with regular menstrual cycles. From the 59 adolescents evaluated, 36 formed G-1 and 23 formed G-2. The average gynecological age was 4,5 years, and of the menarche 11,3 years. In the statistical analysis of the differences in clinical and laboratory variables between the groups, it was observed that G-1 Waist(p=0,026),FastingInsulin(p=0,001),Glucose 120(p=0,002), Insulin 120 (p =0,0001), HOMA IR (p = 0,0008) , Triglyceride (p = 0,013), SM(p<0,0001) e SOP(p<0,001) significantly higher and QUICK (p=0,008),G/I (p=0,002) and HDL (p = 0,001) significantly lower than G-2. (88,8% of adolescents with irregular cycles in the past year showed irregularity since menarche). This study shows a significant association between menstrual irregularity, IR, MS and PCOS in this population. All adolescents diagnosed with MS had irregularity since menarche and of these 93.5% were diagnosed with PCOS.Our study draws attention to the behavior of the menstrual cycle in adolescence in relation to cardiovascular and metabolic risks, thus signaling that further studies need to be developed in this population.

Não há consenso na literatura quanto à utilização da laserterapia de baixa intensidade (LLLT) no tratamento da DTM dolorosa. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a efetividade da LLLT ativa e placebo na redução da dor, da ansiedade e do cortisol salivar de mulheres com dor miofascial em função das flutuações hormonais relacionadas ao ciclo menstrual. 124 mulheres, 94 diagnosticadas com dor miofascial (Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders) foram divididas em: grupo laser (31), placebo (30), sem tratamento (33) e controle (30). A LLLT foi aplicada em pontos pré-estabelecidos da região orofacial, 2x/semana, oito sessões (780 nm, masseter e temporal anterior = 5 J/cm2, 20 mW, 10 segs. e região da ATM = 7,5 J/cm2, 30 mW, 10 segs.). A dor foi mensurada quanto à sua intensidade (Escala Visual Analógica), sensibilidade (limiar de dor à pressão em pontos orofaciais e corporais, LDP) e aspectos qualitativos/afetivos (Versão Reduzida do Questionánio de Dor de McGill, SF-MPQ). Além disso, foi dosado o cortisol salivar matutino a fim de se estabelecer os níveis de estresse, e aplicado o Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck para avaliar a ansiedade percebida. Foram também coletados dados relativos ao ciclo menstrual (data da última menstruação, uso de anticoncepcional, menopausa). Para as comparações intra-grupos ao longo da LLLT foram utilizados os Testes de Friedman e Kruskal-Wallis; para as comparações inter-grupos, o Mann-Whitney (p < 0,05). As mulheres com dor miofascial apresentaram LDP reduzido em relação às controles, não houve variação do LDP para nenhum grupo após a LLLT. Foi observada redução da intensidade de dor para os três grupos em comparação ao momento inicial (p < 0,05): Laser (80%), Placebo (85%) e Sem Tratamento (43%). Apenas no grupo Laser houve manutenção da redução da intensidade de dor de mulheres que não faziam uso de anticoncepcionais após 30 dias de finalização da LLLT (p < 0,001). O período pré-menstrual se mostrou crítico para todas as variáveris analisadas. Houve redução do escore total do SF-MPQ e da ansiedade para todos os grupos (p < 0,05). Os níveis de cortisol não diferiram entre mulheres com dor miofascial e controles, e também não variaram ao longo do tratamento. A LLLT ativa e placebo são capazes de reduzir variáveis subjetivas (intensidade de dor, índices do SF-MPQ e ansiedade), porém não alteram a sensibilidade à dor da região orofacial ou de pontos corporais, e o cortisol salivar. Ambas apresentam efetividade clínica similar em mulheres com dor miofascial durante o período de tratamento (sessões de laser), embora o laser ativo seja mais efetivo na manutenção dos resultados em mulheres em idade fértil sem o uso de anticoncepcionais (maior flutuação hormonal) / There is no consensus in the literature regarding the use of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the treatment of painful TMD. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of active and placebo LLLT in reducing pain, anxiety and salivary cortisol in women with myofascial pain based on the hormonal fluctuations related to the menstrual cycle. 124 women, 94 diagnosed with myofascial pain (Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders) were divided into: laser group (31), placebo (30), without treatment (33) and control (30). The LLLT was applied at pre-established points of the orofacial region, 2x/week, eight sessions (780 nm, masseter and anterior temporal = 5 J/cm2, 20 mW, 10 sec. and ATM region = 7.5 J/cm2, 30 mW, 10 sec.). The pain was measured in terms of intensity (Visual Analogue Scale), sensitivity (pressure pain threshold at orofacial and corporal points, PPT) and qualitative/affective aspects (Short-Form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, SF-MPQ). In addition, the morning salivary cortisol was measured to establish the stress levels, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory was applied to evaluate the perceived anxiety. Data of the menstrual cycle were also collected (date of last menstruation, use of oral contraceptives, menopause). For intra-group comparisons over LLLT, the Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used; for intergroup comparisons, Mann-Whitney (p < 0.05). Women with myofascial pain showed reduced PPT when compared to controls, there was no change in PPT for any group after LLLT. Pain intensity reduction was observed for all groups compared to the baseline (p < 0.05): Laser (80%), Placebo (85%) and Without Treatment (43%). Only in the Laser group, pain intensity reduction was maintained in women who did not use oral contraceptives after 30 days of LLLT completion (p < 0.001). The pre-menstrual period was critical for all variables analyzed. There was a reduction in SF-MPQ total scores and anxiety for all groups (p < 0.05). Cortisol levels did not differ between women with myofascial pain and controls, besides they did not vary with the treatment. Active and placebo LLLT can reduce subjective variables (pain intensity, SF-MPQ indices and anxiety), but they do not change pain sensitivity at orofacial and corporal points, and salivary cortisol. Active and placebo LLLT shows similar clinical effectiveness in women with myofascial pain during the treatment period (laser sessions), although the active laser is more effective in maintaining the results in women of fertile age without oral contraceptives use (higher hormonal fluctuation)

<p>Funkcija nosa povezana je sa različitim anatomskim, fiziolo&scaron;kim i emocionalnim faktorima. Postoji mnogo teorija koje su poku&scaron;ale da objasne efekat ženskih polnih hormona (estrogena i progesterona) na fiziologiju nosa, ali sam mehanizam njihovog dejstva jo&scaron; uvek ostaje izazov za mnoge istraživače. Prethodno je opisano da ženski polni hormoni mogu da izazovu nazalnu opstrukciju, povećavajući ekspresiju histaminskih H1 receptora i menjajući koncentraciju neurotransmitera, &scaron;to dovodi do edema nosne sluznice i modifikacije nazalnog otpora. Kada je reč o mirisnoj funkciji na malom broju ispitanika i u različito dizajniranim studijama je pokazano da je u fazi ovulacije mirisni prag značajno niži u odnosu na folikularnu i luteinsku fazu, međutim ne postoje podaci o identifikaciji i diskriminaciji mirisa u menstrualnom ciklusu. Nizak nivo estrogena prouzrokovan fiziolo&scaron;kom atrofijom jajnika u postmenopauzi može dovesti do hiposmije ili čak anosmije, &scaron;to predstavlja jo&scaron; jedan dokaz o osetljivosti nazalne sluznice na estrogen.&nbsp; Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se ispita uticaj ženskih polnih hormona na respiratornu i mirisnu funkciju nosa u menstrualnom ciklusu i postmenopauzi. Istraživanje je u celosti prospektivno, sprovedeno je na Zavodu za fiziologiju, Medicinskog fakulteta, Univerziteta u Novom Sadu. Uključeno je 204 osoba ženskog pola koje su bile podeljene u dve grupe. Prvu grupu su činile 103 devojke uzrasta 23,126 &plusmn; 4,597 godina u reproduktivnom periodu sa regularnim menstrualnim ciklusom i 101 žena prosečnog uzrasta 60,069 &plusmn; 5,570 u postmenopauzi. Respiratorna i mirisna funkcija nosa procenjene su uz pomoć odgovarajućih standaradizovanih objektivnih i subjektivnih metoda. Funkcija donjih disajnih puteva ispitana je uz pomoć spirometrije. Kod žena u reproduktivnom periodu testiranje se vr&scaron;ilo u fazi ovulacije i lutealnoj fazi menstrualnog ciklusa, a kod ispitanica u postmenopauzi jednom. Nakon određivanja prvog plodnog dana ispitanice su uz pomoć standardizovanih urin - tračica za određivanje pika luteinizirajućeg hormona u urinu utvrđivale momenat ovulacije, dok se drugo testiranje u lutealnoj fazi vr&scaron;ilo sedam dana nakon prvog. Respiratorna funkcija nosa je značajno lo&scaron;ija u fazi ovulacije u odnosu na progesteronsku fazu menstrualnog ciklusa,ali se značajno ne razlikuje između žena u reproduktivnom periodu i žena u postmenopauzi. Subjektivni osećaj nazalne opstrukcije značajno se ne razlikuje u različitim fazama menstrualnog ciklusa, kao ni između testiranih populacija zdravih žena. Sposobnost identifikacije mirisa je statistički značajno slabija, a subjektivni osećaj intenziteta mirisa izraženiji u fazi ovulacije u odnosu na luteinsku fazu menstrualnog ciklusa. Međutim, sposobnost identifikacije mirisa značajno je lo&scaron;ija kod žena u postmenopauzi u odnosu na obe faze menstrualnog ciklusa. Reaktivnost nosne sluznice značajno je veća u fazi ovulacije u odnosu na lutealnu fazu menstrualnog ciklusa, ali se ista ne razlikuje između žena u reproduktivnom period i žena u postmenopauzi. Respiratorna i mirisna funkcije nosa u testiranim populacijama zdravih žena nisu značajno povezane.</p> / <p>The nasal function is associated with various anatomical, physiological and emotional factors. There are many theories that have tried to explain the effect of female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) on the nasal physiology, but the mechanism still remains unknown for many researchers. It has been previously described that female sex hormones can cause nasal obstruction by increasing the expression of histamine H1 receptors and altering the concentration of neurotransmitters, which leads to edema of the nasal mucosa and modification of nasal resistance. When it comes to olfaction on a small number of subjects and in differently designed studies, it was shown that in the ovulatory phase the olfactory threshold is significantly lower compared to the follicular and luteal phase, however there are no data on the identification and discrimination of odors in the menstrual cycle. Low estrogen levels caused by physiological atrophy of the ovaries in postmenopause can lead to hyposmia or even anosmia, which is another proof of the sensitivity of the nasal mucosa to estrogen.&nbsp; The aim of this study was to examine the effect of female sex hormones on respiratory and olfactory function of the nose in the menstrual cycle and postmenopause. The research is prospective and it was conducted at the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad. It included 204 females who were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 103 women aged 23.126 &plusmn; 4.597 years in the reproductive period with a regular menstrual cycle and 101 women with an average age of 60.069 &plusmn; 5.570 in the postmenopausal period. The respiratory and olfactory function of the nose were assessed using appropriate standardized objective and subjective methods. The lower airway function was examined using spirometry. Young women in reproductive period were tested twice, in the ovulatory and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, and the postmenopausal women were tested only once. After menstrual bleeding the participans used standardized urine strips consecutively day by day to determine ovulation (the peak of the luteinizing hormone (LH) in plasma which pointed out the estrogen plasma peak). The test was positive if two horizontal pink streaks appeared on the strip 5 to 10 minutes after the contact with the urine. One pink streak indicates a correctly performed test, while the second streak appears only if there is an LH peak. Within 24 hours of confirmed LH peak, the subjects were tested for the first time. The second measurement was performed in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (the progesterone plasma peak) seven days after the first one.&nbsp; The nasal respiratory function is significantly worse in the ovulatory phase compared to the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, but it does not differ significantly between women in the reproductive period and postmenopausal women. The subjective sense of the nasal obstruction does not differ significantly in different phases of the menstrual cycle, as well as between tested populations of healthy women. The odor identification ability is statistically significant weaker and the subjective sense of odor intensity is more pronounced in the ovulatory phase compared to the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. However, the ability to identify odors is significantly worse in postmenopausal women compared to both phases of the menstrual cycle. The reactivity of the nasal mucosa is significantly higher in the ovulatory phase compared to the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, but it does not differ between women in the reproductive period and postmenopausal women. The respiratory and olfactory nasal functions in these tested populations are not significantly corelated.</p>

The World Health Organization-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WHO-CIDI) is a highly structured interview for the assessment of mental disorders, based on the definitions and criteria of the fourth edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Over the past decade it has become evident that the CIDI does not sufficiently address the assessment needs of women. Women are affected by most mental disorders, particularly mood and anxiety disorders, approximately twice as frequently as men. Women-specific disorders, such as Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), psychiatric disorders during pregnancy and postpartum as well as during the perimenopause, menopause and beyond are not addressed by the standard CIDI diagnostic modules. In addition, the CIDI in its current form does not address the potential effect that female reproductive milestones may have on diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental disorders in women. Our aim was to develop a new women specific platform (CIDI-VENUS; CIDI-V) to be embedded in the existing CIDI that will address the above mentioned current deficiencies. Guided by a team of experts in the field of Women’s Mental Health from Canada and Germany the following modules were developed: 1) A complete menstrual history and comprehensive contraceptive history with a link to the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST). 2) A complete perinatal history of pregnancies, miscarriages, terminations, still births, death of a child, with details of current pregnancy including gestation and expected date of confinement, labour history and breastfeeding, history of tobacco, alcohol, and other substance use including prescription drugs during pregnancy and postpartum, a section on specific phobias and on recurrent obsessive/compulsive thoughts/behaviours (OCD) related to the baby with a link to the Perinatal Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (POCS), as well as a link to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). 3). A detailed history of use of hormone therapy (e.g. pills, patches, implants, etc.) with a focus on (peri-) menopausal women, differentiating between physical and psychological symptoms with a link to the Menopause Visual Analogue Scales (M-VAS) and to the Greene Climacteric Scale. 4) An iterative module concluding each CIDI section to specify the course of mental disorders during the reproductive stages and menopausal transition. While retaining core diagnostic sections and diagnostic algorithms, the CIDI-V is enriched by women-specific diagnostic modules, providing a wealth of clinically relevant information about women’s mental health, not available anywhere else in our current psychiatric diagnostic instruments.

Most of the research in this field that has been done is on healthy young men, this means that the results from the majority of the studies cannot be applied to women and their bodies, especially in sport, health and exercise. In this study we are investigating the phenome of a woman's menstrual cycle relative to the male coaches knowledge. This study aims to examine male soccer coaches and their knowledge about the menstrual cycle, their relationship with the players and how it affects the conversation climate. To investigate this, semi-structured interviews were conducted with six male soccer coaches who coaches girls in the ages of 11-15. The collected data were analyzed with phenomenology analysis. The result: Male soccer coaches' knowledge about women's menstrual cycle is low and needs to be improved. The results also showed that a relaxed relationship with an open communication enables coaches and players to feel comfortable to talk about external and personal topics. Conclusion: The knowledge of the menstrual cycle needs to improve. Satisfaction of the concept, safety, knowledge, awareness and openness seems to be important to coaches and makes it easier for them to talk about more personal and private topics with the players.

No description available.

No description available.

Bakgrund: Under menstruationscykeln, som består av follikelfasen och lutealfasen, så varierar hormonerna kraftigt. Det anabola hormonet östrogen är dominerande under follikelfasen och det katabola hormonet progesteron är dominerande under lutealfasen. Detta talar för att prestationen i styrketräning kan vara högre under follikelfasen än under lutealfasen. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om kvinnor i fertil ålder upplevde variationer i sin prestation inom styrketräning under menstruationscykelns olika faser. Metod: I denna studie användes en kvalitativ studiedesign där datainsamling genomfördes med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Fem kvinnor i fertil ålder (24-32 år) med erfarenhet av styrketräning förde träningsdagbok under en menstruationscykel och intervjuades därefter. Intervjuerna analyserades med konventionell kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet visade att kvinnornas upplevelse av prestation varierade under menstruationscykels faser. Vid analysen utkristalliserade sig fyra övergripande teman ”Varierande mentala och fysiska upplevelser i den tidiga follikelfasen”, ” Framför allt toppad prestation under sena follikelfasen”, ”Brytpunkt vid ägglossning” och ”Varierande mentala och fysiska upplevelser under lutealfasen”. Konklusion: Kvinnor i fertil ålder verkar uppleva variationer i sin prestation i styrketräning under menstruationscykelns olika faser. Det kan därför vara fördelaktigt att periodisera styrketräningen utifrån menstruationscykeln. / Background: During the menstrual cycle, which consists of the follicular phase and the luteal phase, the hormones vary greatly. The anabolic hormone estrogen dominates the follicular phase and the catabolic hormone progesterone dominates during the luteal phase. This suggests that performance in strength training may be higher during the follicular phase than during the luteal phase. Purpose: The aim was to investigate whether women of childbearing age experienced variations in their performance in strength training during the different phases of the menstrual cycle. Method: In this study, a qualitative study design was used where data collection was carried out with semi-structured interviews. Five women of childbearing age (24-32 years) with experience in strength training kept an exercise diary during a menstrual cycle and were subsequently interviewed. Results: The results showed that women's experience of performance varied during the phases of the menstrual cycle. Four categories were identified "Varying mental and physical experiences in the early follicle phase", "Mostly peak performance during the late follicle phase", "Breakpoint in ovulation" and "Varying mental and physical experiences during the luteal phase". Conclusion: Women of childbearing age seem to experience variations in strength training performance during the different phases of the menstrual cycle. Thus, periodizing strength training program, based on the menstrual cycle, might be beneficial.