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This thesis investigates the relationship between implied volatility and dividend yield in the options market, focusing on testing the Bird-in-Hand theory versus the Dividend Irrelevancy theory. Utilizing panel data analysis and regression techniques, with both ordinary and lagged regressions, the study explores how dividend yield impacts European options implied volatility across European markets over ten years from February 2013 to February 2023. Employing the Hausman specification test, Breusch Pagan multiplier test, cluster standard errors, and heteroskedasticity for robustness. The analysis includes both call and put options, incorporating various control variables and market factors. The findings reveal that changes in dividend yield consistently impact call option implied volatility and also exhibit a stronger and more consistent negative relationship with put option implied volatility, overall, supporting the Bird-in-Hand theory. Furthermore, this thesis highlights the importance of considering alternative methodologies, expanding sample sizes, and exploring additional variables to enhance understanding of option pricing dynamics.

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銀行或金融機構面對的風險眾多，包括信用風險、市場風險、作業風險、法律風險、系統風險與國家主權風險等。2001年公佈的巴塞爾新資本協定(Basel II)，對於信用風險有全新的規範，使得金融機構為了提升競爭力，而致力改革。國內銀行也需加強信用風險管理，減少壞帳，增加獲利，以面對全球化的考驗。 判斷公司違約情形是風險管理者的主要責任，管理者利用各種模式，加以評估公司狀況，而面對模式的不同，會產生不同的結果，使管理者缺乏單一指標，可供遵循。本研究以此為出發點，以統計模式構建組合預測，期能簡化管理者的決策過程。 首先介紹多種信用風險模式，及國內外相關實證。然後針對兩種信用風險模式，Z-score與Merton選擇權模式，研究在台灣的適用情形。Z-score代表公司財務資訊，為一個落後指標；Merton選擇權模式代表市場資訊，是一個領先指標；本研究將兩項指標應用Logit迴歸予以組合，期能得到一個較佳的指標。組合結果顯示，組合預測能夠整合Z-score與Merton選擇權兩種模式，得到一個較好的預測正確率，判斷公司是否可能發生危機。在危機發生前一年時，判斷正確率高達90%，但是離危機發生時點越遠，組合預測的結果會近似於鑑別分析結果，其主要原因為Merton選擇權模式的不適用。 本研究提出了若各種預測指標對同一家公司的信用風險評估不同，則可以經由組合預測，得到一個綜合結果，以減少指標間互相衝突所造成的差異，與風險作業人員誤判的可能，並可提供風險管理者作為執行業務的參考。

The purpose is to examine the predictability of Byström's market-based model on the Swedish market and compare it with the classic accounting-based Ohlson's logical model. The study uses a quantitative method for gathering data and the results from the models were analyzed by using the CAP-curve and AR to be able to compare the accuracy of the two different models. Type 1 and Type 2 errors have been defined as two categorization measures to distinguish two types of errors that the models can exhibit. The result showed that both Byström and Ohlson's calculated high degree of Type 1 error and a few of Type 2 errors. In comparison with each other, Byström's market-based model have a better accuracy than Ohlson's model according toCAP-curve. If the models applied in more than 1 year before the bankruptcy, both models shows a result that is not reliable with a low accuracy.

The selection of investment strategies and managing investment funds via employing portfolio insurance methods play an important role in asset liability management. Insurance strategies are designed to limit downside risk of portfolio while allowing some participation in potential gain of upside markets. In this thesis, we provide an extensive overview and investigation, particularly on the two most prominent portfolio insurance strategies: the Constant Proportion Portfolio Insurance (CPPI) and the Option-Based Portfolio Insurance (OBPI). The aim of the thesis is to examine, analyze and compare the portfolio insurance strategies in terms of their performances at maturity, via some of their statistical and dynamical properties, and of their optimality over the maximization of expected utility criterion. This thesis presents the financial market model in continuous-time containing no arbitrage opportunies, the CPPI and OBPI strategies with definitions and properties, and the analysis of these strategies in terms of comparing their performances at maturity, of their statistical properties and of their dynamical behaviour and sensitivities to the key parameters during the investment period as well as at the terminal date, with both formulations and simulations. Therefore, we investigate and compare optimal portfolio strategies which maximize the expected utility criterion. As a contribution on the optimality results existing in the literature, an extended study is provided by proving the existence and uniqueness of the appropriate number of shares invested in the unconstrained allocation in a wider interval.

有鑑於信用風險衡量模型之廣泛使用，以及預測金融機構違約事件之重要性，本研究欲建立能有效預測金融機構違約事件之模型。其中Merton模型之概念被廣泛的應用，包含著名之KMV公司亦以Merton模型之概念建立信用風險管理機制，因此本研究選擇Merton模型之產出-預期違約機率(Expected Default Frequency, EDF)作為預測違約事件之主要變數。 本研究以國外56家金融機構，於2007至2009年共140筆樣本資料，資料內容包含股價以及財務變數。實證方法為先以各公司之股價資訊透過Merton模型計算各樣本之預期違約機率，作為Logistic迴歸模型之自變數進行分析。之後另外加入財務變數嘗試增進模型之解釋能力。此外，本研究亦修正模型之設定以檢視在更貼近真實世界的假設下，模型之預測能力是否有提升。本研究之實證結果發現，單以預期違約機率所建立之違約預測模型即有良好之預測能力，即使再加入其他變數並進行假設的修正，對於模型預測效果提升並不顯著。因此本研究肯定Merton模型以公司之股價資訊衡量違約風險之概念。

Thesis (D. Min.)--San Francisco Theological Seminary, 1992. / Includes 90 original poems by the author. Includes bibliographical references (p. 218-225).

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-07-13T14:40:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaelgomesteixeira.pdf: 1635376 bytes, checksum: 0f010ba2c1ce9a5dac0a0799cbe7298e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-03T16:16:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaelgomesteixeira.pdf: 1635376 bytes, checksum: 0f010ba2c1ce9a5dac0a0799cbe7298e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T16:16:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaelgomesteixeira.pdf: 1635376 bytes, checksum: 0f010ba2c1ce9a5dac0a0799cbe7298e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-14 / Desde o trabalho pioneiro de Markowitz (1952) que demonstrou que risco e retorno devem ser avaliados simultaneamente, sendo o retorno a variável a ser maximizada e o risco o fator a ser minimizado, investidores têm buscado controlar e reduzir o risco ao qual estão expostos. A solução proposta pelo autor foi a diversificação dos investimentos onde um ativo deve ser avaliado conforme o comportamento de sua covariância com relação aos demais ativos. Seguindo a lógica de Markowitz, acionistas deveriam diversificar a sua carteira de ações de forma a limitar a sua exposição ao risco. Mas seria possível que o risco dos acionistas, numa única empresa, fosse reduzido a partir de uma transferência de risco para os credores? Isto seria factível considerando a proposição II de Modigliani e Miller (1958,1963) segundo a qual o valor da firma independe da sua estrutura de capital. Utilizando o índice beta (procedente do modelo CAPM, desenvolvido inicialmente por Sharpe (1964) a partir dos estudos de Markowitz) como uma boa medida de risco, e considerando que é possível estimar o valor de mercado da dívida corporativa através do modelo de Merton (1974), no qual os acionistas são identificados como detentores de uma opção de compra sobre os ativos da firma, estimou-se o valor do índice beta da dívida corporativa pelo cálculo da covariância de seu retorno com o retorno da carteira de mercado. Utilizando o modelo de Conine (1980) foi simulada uma situação hipotética de modo a verificar se haveria uma transferência de risco entre acionistas e credores. O resultado encontrado foi comparado com um estudo econométrico onde o risco da dívida foi regredido contra o risco do acionista e outras variáveis de controle. A principal conclusão deste estudo foi que índice beta do acionista e o índice beta da dívida corporativa tendem a se movimentar em direções oposta, considerando os casos onde foi possível aplicar o modelo de Merton (1974). Assim, pode-se afirmar que uma redução do risco dos acionistas propende a aumentar o risco dos credores. / Since Markowitz's (1952) pioneering paper has shown that risk and return must be evaluated simultaneously, with return being the variable to be maximized and risk being the factor to be minimized, investors have sought to control and reduce the risk to which they are exposed. The solution proposed by the author was the diversification of investments where an asset should be evaluated according to the behavior of its covariance among other assets. Following Markowitz's ideas, shareholders should diversify their stock portfolio in order to limit their exposure to risk. But is it possible the risk of shareholders in a single company could be reduced by transferring risk to creditors? This would be feasible considering Proposition II of Modigliani and Miller (1958, 1963) according to which the firm's value is independent of its capital structure. Using the beta index (from the CAPM model, initially developed by Sharpe (1964) from the Markowitz studies) as a good measure of risk, and considering that it is possible to estimate the market value of corporate debt employing the Merton model (1974), in which the shareholders are identified as holders of a call option on the assets of the firm, the beta value of the corporate debt was estimated by calculating the covariance of its return with the return of the market portfolio. Using the Conine (1980) model, a hypothetical situation was simulated to check if there would be a risk transfer between shareholders and creditors. The result was compared to an econometric model where the risk of debt was regressed on the risk of the shareholder and other control variables. The main conclusion of this study was that the shareholder beta index and the corporate debt beta index tend to move in opposite directions, considering the cases where it was possible to apply the Merton model (1974). Therefore, it can be stated that a reduction in shareholder risk tends to increase the risk of creditors.

The main aim of my final thesis is to familiar reader with different ways of measuring credit risk by means of particular structural models of credit risk. This issue has been already described by foreign authors. Though, neither Czech nor Slovak economists have been deeply involved in this topic so far. For this reason, I have decided to focus on those models and both describe them as well as put them into the practice. My final thesis gradually focus on individual detailed model description in each chapter in following sequence: Credit Metrics, Black-School model, Merton model, KMV, Credit Grades. Moreover, it also targets model's construction as well as practical application. Regarding practical model's application, Black-School model is applied on IBM and KMV on Kraft Foods Company. Admittedly, that proves the fact that structural models are not only theoretical models, but also practical models applyable on real companies. Finally, I will compare all above mentioned models in selected parameters.