Apresenta-se uma formulação de adaptação de malha para problemas com grandes deformações. A formulação Arbitrária Lagrangeana-Euleraina (ALE) permite manter a qualidade dos elementos finitos durante o processo de cálculo através de rearranjo ou movimento de malha independente do movimento material. Nas formulações Lagrangeanas a malha fica “colada” ao corpo durante toda a análise, logo quando este sofre grandes deformações diferenciais o mesmo se reproduz numa malha distorcida. A formulação ALE desacoplada consta de dois passos: O passo Lagrangeano onde são aplicados os incrementos de carga, a malha permanece “colada” à matéria durante a análise. E cada certo “tempo” o passo Euleriano onde “descola-se” a malha da matéria e efetua-se o movimento de malha que se ajusta melhor ao corpo deformado. São apresentados assim métodos de realocação da malha e transferência ou atualização das variáveis necessárias para, depois do passo Euleriano, continuar a análise com a nova malha sem grandes distorções dos elementos. Os problemas de grandes deformações e deslocamentos são acompanhados de não linearidades físicas e geométricas, assim, são abordados os métodos para o tratamento destas não linearidades. Trabalha-se com o elemento hexaédrico tri-linear com integração reduzida e controle dos modos espúrios que tem demostrado um bom comportamento frente a grandes não linearidades geométricas assim como para as não linearidades físicas. A formulação ALE tem ganhando seu espaço na mecânica dos sólidos, em problemas de conformação mecânica e impacto, devido às grandes deformações e na última década está abrindo-se passo na área da geomecânica tratando problemas recalque e penetração de fundações em solos. / This work presents remeshing techniques for finite element simulation and investigates their performance for large deformation problems. Lagrangian formulation generally results in excessive mesh distortion owing to its attachment to the material. Meanwhile, the Lagrangian- Eulerian (ALE) formulation alouds to keep the finite element quality through the arbitrarily rearrangement or movement of the mesh, to optimize the element’s shape. The decoupled Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach consists in a sequence of Lagrangian and Eulerian steps. The mesh is “coupled” to the material during the Lagrangian steps. From step to step, mesh is decoupled from the system material (Eulerian step), the nodes corresponding to free boundaries are relocated using an analytical approach, remeshing is performed and finally the state variables are remapped. Rearrangements methods for the element’s node are presented, as well as the variables remapping algorithms at the new quadrature points, in order to continue with the finite element analysis without altering the element topology of the original mesh. Special attention is given to methods dealing with geometric and physical nonlinearities. A trilinear hexahedral element is used with reduced integration and hourglass control. This combination has shown well behavior in front of large geometric and physical nonlinearities. ALE formulation field has considerably grown in geotechnical research, especially in impact and mechanical extrusion problems. Over the last decade, geomechanic is dealing with settlement problems and foundation penetration in soils.

Considerações de informação perceptual têm ganhado espaço rapidamente em pesquisas referentes a representação, análise e exibição de malhas. Estudos com usuários, eye tracking e outras técnicas são capazes de fornecer informações cada vez mais úteis para sistemas voltados a usuário, que formam a maioria das aplicações em computação gráfica. Neste trabalho nós expandimos sobre o conceito de Saliência de Malhas — uma medida automática de importância visual para malhas de triângulos baseada em modelos de atenção humana em baixo nível — melhorando, extendendo e realizando integração com diferentes aplicações. Nós extendemos o conceito de Saliência de Malhas para englobar objetos deformáveis, mostrando como um mapa de saliência em nível de vértice pode ser construído capturando corretamente regiões de alta importância perceptual através de um conjunto de poses ou deformações. Nós definimos saliência multi-pose como um agregado multi-escala de valores de curvatura sobre uma vizinhança localmente estável, em conjunto com deformações desta vizinhança em múltiplas poses. Nós substituímos distância Euclideana por geodésica, assim fornecendo melhores estimativas de vizinhança local. Resultados mostram que saliência multi-pose gera resultados visualmente mais interessantes em simplificações quando comparado à saliência em uma única pose. Nós também aplicamos saliência de malhas ao problema de segmentação e rendering dependente de ponto de vista, introduzindo uma técnica para segmentação que particiona um objeto em um conjunto de clusters, cada um englobando um grupo de características localmente interessantes. Saliência de malhas é incorporada em um framework para clustering propagativo, guiando seleção de pontos de partida para clusters e custos de propagação de faces, levando a uma convergência de clusters ao redor de características perceptualmente importantes. Nós comparamos nossa técnica com diferentes métodos automáticos para segmentação, mostrando que ela fornece segmentação melhor ou comparável sem necessidade de intervenção do usuário. Uma vez que o algoritmo de segmentação proposto é especialmente aplicável a rendering multi-resolução, nós ilustramos uma aplicação do mesmo através de um sistema de rendering baseado em ponto de vista guiado por saliência, alcançando melhorias consideráveis em framerate com muito pouca perda de qualidade visual. / Considerations on perceptual information are quickly gaining importance in mesh representation, analysis and display research. User studies, eye tracking and other techniques are able to provide ever more useful insights for many user-centric systems, which form the bulk of computer graphics applications. In this work we build upon the concept of Mesh Saliency — an automatic measure of visual importance for triangle meshes based on models of low-level human visual attention—improving, extending and integrating it with different applications. We extend the concept of Mesh Saliency to encompass deformable objects, showing how a vertex-level saliency map can be constructed that accurately captures the regions of high perceptual importance over a range of mesh poses or deformations. We define multipose saliency as a multi-scale aggregate of curvature values over a locally stable vertex neighborhood together with deformations over multiple poses. We replace the use of the Euclidean distance by geodesic distance thereby providing superior estimates of the local neighborhood. Results show that multi-pose saliency generates more visually appealing mesh simplifications when compared to a single-pose mesh saliency. We also apply Mesh Saliency to the problem of mesh segmentation and view-dependent rendering, introducing a technique for segmentation that partitions an object into a set of face clusters, each encompassing a group of locally interesting features. Mesh Saliency is incorporated in a propagative mesh clustering framework, guiding cluster seed selection and triangle propagation costs and leading to a convergence of face clusters around perceptually important features. We compare our technique with different fully automatic segmentation algorithms, showing that it provides similar or better segmentation without the need for user input. Since the proposed clustering algorithm is specially suitable for multi-resolution rendering, we illustrate application of our clustering results through a saliency-guided view-dependent rendering system, achieving significant framerate increases with little loss of visual detail.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2017-09-01T19:08:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnibalM_Diniz2017.pdf: 2918535 bytes, checksum: ae39600214cf1d4dcb6e70a9e1eaa150 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-01T19:08:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnibalM_Diniz2017.pdf: 2918535 bytes, checksum: ae39600214cf1d4dcb6e70a9e1eaa150 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-08 / The modern agriculture is based on the application of techniques, methodologies and equipment that optimize their processes, thus increasing agricultural production, reducing costs and interfering less in nature. An important area of research in Agricultural Engineering is the development and use of equipment and sensors electronic to support increased agricultural productivity. This work presented a contribution to irrigation through the development and use of free software and hardware for direct measurements of soil moisture and temperature values during the plant cycle, thus allowing optimize the use of water in the process. In the system proposal, four moisture sensors were used, one resistive and three capacitive. The research was carried out in the laboratory and the soil used in the experiment was collected at the Experimental Nucleus of Agricultural Engineering of the State University of the West of Paraná. The soil was characterized as typical Distroferric Red Latosol and very clayey texture (66%). The soil was discarded and oven dried, then divided into 20 containers with addition of known water volumes in each. A network of Mesh-type sensors was developed to read and transmit data read to a single Gateway. The sensor node was designed and built with an Arduino Nano, NRF24L01 radio, capacitive sensors of type SHT20 and DHT22 in addition to FC-28 that is resistive. The system also featured a Real Time Clock DS1302, three photovoltaic cells and battery charger circuit. The Gateway circuit that connects the system to the internet was built with an Arduino Uno. Domoticz software was used to store the data and make it available on a server connected to the Internet. The data were obtained from the sensors placed in the containers and one of the results was the cubic modeling of the relationship between each of the sensors, the TDR and the greenhouse method. The values of the coefficient of statistical determination obtained show that the models that best explain the relation between the values obtained by the greenhouse method are the TDR and the resistive sensor, although the other sensors also presented a good coefficient of determination. The consumption of the sensor node board is 168 mW and the distance tested between devices up to 100 m showed that there was no loss of the data packet. The cost obtained from a node was R$ 251.00 and the Gateway R$ 115.00. The cost of a new TDR in Brazil of the model used in the experiment is R$ 176,000.00. Therefore, the analysis of the data presented showed the feasibility of using the sensors proposed in the network and resulted in a model to be applied for each device at a viable cost to the rural producer. / A agricultura moderna está baseada na aplicação de técnicas, metodologias e equipamentos que otimizem os seus processos, aumentando, assim, a produção agrícola, reduzindo custos e interferindo menos na natureza. Uma área importante de pesquisa na Engenharia Agrícola é o desenvolvimento e a utilização de equipamentos e sensores eletrônicos para apoiar o aumento da produtividade agrícola. Este trabalho apresentou uma contribuição para a Irrigação através do desenvolvimento e uso de software e hardware livre para medições diretas das grandezas de umidade e temperatura no solo durante todo o ciclo da planta, permitindo assim que sistemas otimizem a utilização da água no processo. Na proposta do sistema foram utilizados quatro sensores de umidade, um resistivo e três capacitivos. A pesquisa foi realizada em laboratório e o solo utilizado no experimento foi coletado no Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná. O solo foi caracterizado como Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico típico e textura muito argilosa (66%). O solo foi desterroado e seco em estufa, depois dividido em 20 recipientes com adição de volumes de água conhecidos em cada um deles. Foi desenvolvida uma rede de nós sensores do tipo Mesh para ler e transmitir os dados lidos para um Gateway único. O nó sensor foi projetado e construído com um Arduino Nano, rádio NRF24L01, sensores capacitivos do tipo SHT20 e DHT22 além do FC-28 que é resistivo. O sistema também contou com um Real Time Clock DS1302, três células fotovoltaicas e circuito carregador de bateria. O circuito do Gateway que conecta o sistema à internet foi construído com uma Arduino Uno. Para armazenar os dados e disponibilizá-los utilizou-se o software Domoticz em um servidor conectado à internet. Os dados foram obtidos a partir dos sensores colocados nos recipientes e um dos resultados foi a modelagem cúbica da relação entre cada um dos sensores, o TDR e o método da estufa. Os valores do Coeficiente de Determinação estatística obtidos indicam que os modelos que melhor explicam a relação entre os valores obtidos pelo método da estufa são o da TDR e do sensor resistivo, apesar de que os outros sensores também apresentaram um bom coeficiente de determinação. O consumo da placa do nó sensor é de 168 mW e a distância testada entre os dispositivos até 100 m demonstrou que não houve perdas do pacote de dados. O custo obtido de um nó foi de R$ 251,00 e do Gateway de R$ 115,00. O custo de um TDR novo, no Brasil, do modelo utilizado neste experimento é de R$ 176.000,00. Logo, a análise dos dados apresentada mostrou a viabilidade de se utilizar os sensores propostos em rede e resultou em um modelo a ser aplicado para cada dispositivo a um custo viável ao produtor rural.

Some boundary value problems yield anisotropic solutions, e.g. solutions with boundary layers. If such problems are to be solved with the finite element method (FEM), anisotropically refined meshes can be advantageous. In order to construct these meshes or to control the error one aims at reliable error estimators. For isotropic meshes such estimators are known but they fail when applied to anisotropic meshes. Rectangular (or cuboidal) anisotropic meshes were already investigated. In this paper an error estimator is presented for tetrahedral or triangular meshes which offer a much greater geometrical flexibility.

Le suivi précis de radiotraceurs, que ce soit en imagerie médicale, pour le stockage des déchets ultimes, ou pour certaines applications industrielles peut être un sujet très complexe. Le développement de détecteurs à bas bruit, grande stabilité sur le long terme, et grande flexibilité géométrique, initié par la société AXINT, permet aujourd'hui, pour certaines applications spécifiques, de développer des systèmes de détection aux performances inégalées. (Anfré, Burato, & Hautefeuille, 2009) (B. Hautefeuille, 2006) (Hautefeuille, et al., 2006) Les recherches entreprises dans le cadre de cette thèse seront prioritairement orientées sur des expériences de diffusion de radiotraceurs afin d'estimer le temps que mettraient des éventuelles fuites de produits radioactifs pour sortir des couches géologiques de stockage. Le sujet de cette thèse porte plus particulièrement sur l'étude de l'ion 22Na+, qui est l'un des cations dont la vitesse de diffusion est la plus élevée dans ce milieu, ainsi que les actinides qui représentent la majorité des éléments radioactifs des déchets nucléaires stockés. La thèse est dans la continuité des recherches menées par l'ANDRA (Agence Nationale des Déchets Radioactifs), sous contrat avec le laboratoire ILM (Institut Lumière Matière), dont AXINT est le sous traitant principal. (Hautefeuille, Tillement, & Dewonck, Ionizing radiations e.g. gamma radiations, detecting installation for e.g. environmental site, has analyzing system analyzing delivered electrical signals to quantify ionizing radiations detected by measurement probes, 2008) Le présent projet décrit les travaux de recherches prévus pour les prochaines années. Dans l'état inital des recherches, 2 détecteurs prototypes ont été installés en 2013 au laboratoire souterrain de Bure, afin de servir de prototypes opérationnels, ainsi que de point fixe de mesure du bruit de fond pour la future expérience DRN1202, objet des travaux de thèse de Mr Zhenhua LIN. (injection d'un cocktail HTO + 22Na) / The precise monitoring of radiotracers, for example used for medical imaging, for the storage of ultimate waste, or for certain industrial applications can be a very complex subject. The development of low-noise sensors with long-term stability and high geometric flexibility were engaged by the AXINT company. (Hautefeuille, et al., 2006). My PhD thesis was focused on experiments in the diffusion of radiotracers, typically to monitor the possible leakage of radioactive products from the geological repositories. We focuses on the study of the 22Na and 36Cl ion diffusion, which is one of the highest cation and anions diffusion rate in geological medium, as well as actinides, which represent the majority of the radioactive elements of Stored nuclear waste. This thesis is in continuity with the research carried out by ANDRA (National Agency for Radioactive Waste), under contract with the laboratory ILM (Institute Light Matter), of which AXINT is the main subcontractor. The present project describes the research work that foreseen the radiation impact on the environment for the coming years during the deep disposal of nuclear waste. Our work focus on the investigation and quantification of the radionuclide diffusion through the geological clay barriers. A new in situ experiment was considered by Andra for the study of the radionuclide migration. Compared to previous experiments, this new in situ diffusion test required longer distance (hundreds of mm), longer time-scale (over 10 years), and real time in situ monitoring of radionuclides migration. To fulfill these conditions, the work was organized as following: 1: Conception and dimensional design of the Diffusion of Radio Nuclide (DRN) experiments in solving emission of beta and gamma radiations 2: Development of corresponding beta and gamma monitoring systems by means of sensors located in peripheral boreholes

Mesh network is gaining importance as the next generation network for many high speed applications such as multimedia streaming. This is because it is easy and inexpensive to setup mesh networks with mobile and PDA devices and can be used as a private network. Hence research is active in the field of routing protocols and routing metrics to improve the mesh network performance. Though most of the protocols are evaluated based on simulation, we implemented protocols based on a few metrics like Expected Transmission Count (ETX) Per-hop Packet Pair Delay (Pkt Pair) and WCETT (Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmitted Time) to investigate the performance of the network through experiments. An advanced version of DSR protocol called LQSR (Link Quality Source Routing) protocol of Microsoft Research along with MCL (Mesh Connectivity Layer) allows multiple heterogeneous adapters to be used in mesh network. Since wireless adapters of 802.11a standard offer 12 non-interfering channels and 802.11b/g standard offer 3 non-interfering channels, using multiple adapters of different bands operating on non-interfering channels to improve capacity and robustness of mesh networks was also investigated. In this thesis we explore the possibility of increasing the coverage area of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) to enhance the capacity of WMN and minimize the problems due to interference. Theoretical achievable capacity to every node in a random static wireless ad-hoc network with ideal routing is known to be where n is the total number of nodes in the network. Therefore, with increasing number of nodes in a network, throughput drops significantly. Our measurements show that throughput in a single WMN for different path length is closer to the throughput with nodes across two WMNs of the same path length. We propose to interconnect the networks by using multiple wireless adapters in a gateway node configured with the SSID of the networks in operation. We exploit the DSR protocol feature of assigning locally unique interface indices to its adapters. Performance of a network depends heavily on the metrics used for routing packets. Different metrics were studied in the thesis by setting up a 10-node testbed with a combination of nodes with single and two radios. Testbed was partitioned into two networks with two gateway nodes. Performance of multi-radio performance with the above metrics was compared with baseline single radio nodes in the network with the same metric. It is found that multi-radio nodes out-perform single radio nodes in the multi-hop scenario. Also, operating multi-mesh networks using multiple interfaces configured to those networks in a gateway node increases the coverage area and robustness without loss of performance.

In this thesis, the method of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) is implemented to construct approximate, reduced order models (ROM) of mesh movement methods. Three mesh movement algorithms are implemented and comparatively evaluated, namely radial basis function interpolation, mesh optimization and elastic deformation. POD models of the mesh movement algorithms are constructed using a series of system observations, or snapshots of a given mesh for a set of boundary deformations. The scalar expansion coefficients for the POD basis modes are computed in three different ways, through coefficient optimization, Galerkin projection of the governing set of equations and coefficient interpolation. It is found that using only coefficient interpolation yields mesh movement models that accurately approximates the full order mesh movement, with CPU cost savings in excess of 99%. We further introduce a novel training procedure whereby the POD models are generated in a fully automated fashion. The technology is applicable to any mesh movement method and enables potential reductions of up to four orders of magnitude in mesh movement related costs. The proposed model can be implemented without having to pre-train the POD model, to any fluid-structure interaction code with an existing mesh movement scheme. Copyright / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / unrestricted

Cílem této diplomové práce je navrhnout peristaltické čerpadlo pro hemodialýzu s ohledem na minimalizaci tlakových pulzací. Pomocí analytické analýzy je navržen nový koncept redukce tlakových pulzací, který využívá zrychlení k navýšení tlaku v prostoru mezi válečky. Fungování peristaltického čerpadla je simulováno pomocí programu Ansys Fluent pro získání lepší představy o proudění v čerpadle. Souběžně s návrhem nového konceptu bylo navrženo více tradiční čerpadlo, které bylo následně vyrobeno a experimentálně odzkoušeno. Data získaná z experimentu mohou být dále použita pro nový koncept.

Many architecure, medical and engineering applications need a spacial support for various numerical computations (i.e. FEM simulations). Tetrahedral meshes are one of perspective spatial representations for them. In this thesis, several possibilities of effective tetrahedral mesh representation for its generating and processing are described. A computer library for the mesh processing is proposed which can be characterized by memory  efficient imposition of the mesh while preserving the ability to apply topological and geometric algorithms effectively. The library is implemented in C++ language using templates. Time and space complexity of typical mesh operations is compared with CGAL library and according to measurements the proposed library has lower memory requirements than CGAL.

(in English) The thesis examines the use of medical thesauri and classifications in portals containing medical information for laymen. The thesis first describes the selected thesauri, classifications and individual portals. A survey was carried out exploring users' reasons for researching medical information. Subsequently, selected subjects were observed researching information on previously selected portals. The observation was complemented with semi- structured interviews with the subjects. The observed results were used to discern the key manifestations of the connection between portals and medical thesauri. The individual portals were further evaluated and their features most important to users were identified.