Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-27 / Introdução/Objetivo: Os fatores orexígenos e anorexígenos e a Taxa Metabólica de Repouso (TMR) desenvolvem um importante papel no controle e regulação do balanço energético e estão diretamente relacionados com a obesidade. Com base nesta relação, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar os efeitos do tratamento multidisciplinar de longo prazo nos fatores orexígenos e anorexígenos e na TMR em adolescentes obesos. Metodologia: No presente estudo foram selecionados 20 adolescentes obesos (11 meninas e 9 meninos), com idade entre 14 e 19 anos. Os critérios de inclusão foram o IMC percentil > 95 de acordo com o Centers for Disease Control and Prevention e estágio de maturação sexual pós púbere. Os fatores orexígenos e anorexígenos foram avaliados por radioimunoensaio. A TMR foi mensurada por calorimetria indireta, a composição corporal por Pletismografia e a gordura visceral e subcutânea por Ultra-sonografia. Resultados: Após 12 meses de intervenção, os adolescentes obesos apresentaram diminuição significativa na massa corporal total, no IMC, na gordura corporal (% e em kg,), na massa magra (kg), e na gordura visceral e subcutânea. O grupo não apresentou diminuição significativa da TMR. Os fatores anorexígenos diminuíram significativamente e o MCH aumentou ao término da terapia. Conclusão: Podemos concluir que a terapia multidisciplinar de longo prazo foi efetiva para melhorar a composição corporal, os fatores orexígenos e anorexígenos, contribuindo para o controle da obesidade e do balanço energético. Palavras-Chave: Fatores orexígenos e anorexígenos; taxa metabólica de repouso; adolescente obeso; terapia multidisciplinar. / Background/Aims: anorexigenic and orexigenic factors and resting metabolic rate (RMR) play an important role in the energy balance and they are directly related to obesity. In this way, it was verified the effects of long-term multidisciplinary therapy on orexigenic and anorexigenic factors and resting metabolic rate in obese adolescents. Methods: Twenty obese adolescents (11 girls and 9 boys) aged between 14 and 19 years, BMI > 95th percentile of CDC, were submitted to intensive long-term multidisciplinary therapy during 12 months. Orexigenic and anorexigenic factors concentrations were measured by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit. RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry. Body composition was measured by pletismography, and visceral and subcutaneous fat were analyzed by ultrassonography. Results: After one year of multidisciplinary therapy, the obese adolescents presented a significant decrease in body mass (p<0.001), BMI (p<0.001), fat mass (kg and %), lean mass (kg), subcutaneous and visceral fat. The group did not decrease significantly in RMR and RMR/FFM. The anorexigenic factors (leptin and alpha- MSH concentrations) decreased significantly. The orexigenic neuropeptide (MCH) increased by the end of the multidisciplinary therapy. Conclusion: Our investigation demonstrated that long-term multidisciplinary therapy was effective to improve body composition, anorexigenic and orexigenic factors contributing to obesity control. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4026.pdf: 5869233 bytes, checksum: 564f050b40a7e6caef2306f78b3a44da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-21 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Aquatic environments are subjected to wide variations in their physicochemical properties which can compromise the survival of the animals that inhabit these waters, especially the fish, which exhibit adaptive behavioral, physiological, biochemical and genetic responses to face such variations. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between heart morphology and the cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia at different temperatures (15, 25 and 35 °C) of two fish species with different habits and habitats: matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) and trahira (Hoplias malabaricus). Both species presented pyramidal ventricles with compact and spongy layers (mixed myocardium), differentiated by the thickness of the compact layer and its irrigation, which occurs in greater proportion in matrinxã, the active species. Gradual temperature reductions decreased the values of metabolic rate ( &#775; ), gill ventilation ( &#775; ), respiratory frequency (fR), ventilatory volume (VT), and heart rate (fH) while increases in temperature induced opposite responses, increasing the values of these parameters. In matrinxã and trahira, the gradual reduction in the water O2 concentration at different temperatures induced significant changes in the cardiorespiratory parameters. The combined effects of low temperature (15 °C) and hypoxia led to a significant reduction in &#775; , &#775; , fR, VT, EO2 (O2 extraction) and fH, while high temperature (35 °C) and hypoxia led to a significant increase in these parameters. The results showed that temperature acts in the overall metabolism of fish as well as in myocardial metabolism and membrane permeability to the ions involved in their polarity. Moreover, the active species matrinxã presented higher values of cardiorespiratory parameters and a lower tolerance to hypoxia when compared to trahira, the sedentary species. / Os ambientes aquáticos estão sujeitos a grandes variações em suas propriedades físicoquímicas as quais pode comprometer a sobrevivência dos animais que habitam essas águas, especialmente os peixes, os quais exibem comportamento adaptativo, respostas fisiológicas, bioquímicas e genéticas para enfrentar tais mudanças. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a relação entre a morfologia cardíaca e as respostas cardiorrespiratórias à hipóxia e em diferentes temperaturas (15, 25 e 35 °C) em duas espécies de peixes de diferentes hábitos e habitats: matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) e traíra (Hoplias malabaricus). Ambas as espécies possuem ventrículos piramidais, com camada compacta e esponjosa (miocárdio misto), diferenciadas pela espessura da camada compacta e sua irrigação, a qual ocorre em maior proporção em matrinxã, espécie ativa. A redução gradual da temperatura diminuiu os valores da taxa metabólica ( &#775; ), ventilação branquial ( &#775; ), frequência respiratória (fR), volume ventilatório (VT) e frequência cardíaca (fH), enquanto o aumento da temperatura levou a respostas opostas, aumentando os valores destes parâmetros. Tanto no matrinxã, quanto na traíra, a redução gradual na concentração O2 da água em diferentes temperaturas induziram alterações significativas nos parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios. Os efeitos combinados da baixa temperatura e hipóxia levaram a uma redução significativa na &#775; , na &#775; , na fR, no VT, na EO2 (extração de O2) e na fH, enquanto altas temperaturas (35 °C) e hipóxia levaram a um aumento destes parâmetros. Os resultados sugerem que a temperatura atue no metabolismo global do peixe, bem como no metabolismo do miocárdio e na permeabilidade de membrana aos íons envolvidos em sua polaridade. Além disso, o matrinxã, espécie ativa, apresentou valores mais elevados dos parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e uma menor tolerância à hipóxia, quando comparada com traíra, espécie de hábito sedentário.

The oxygen consumption and body temperature were measured in adults and pups of a social Mashona mole-rat(Fukomys darlingi)to test poikilothermic traits in this species and effect of presence of adults on pup´s thermoregulation abilities. The adult´s resting metabolic rate was 0.76 {$\pm$} 0.20 mlO2g-1hod-1 in the thermoneutral zone 27-34°C. We did not confirm poikilotermic traits in this species, because body temperature was stable (33.0 {$\pm$} 0.5°C) at low ambient temperatures. The pups started to thermoregulate in age of one month and they are able to maintain stable body temperature very late in age of three months. My results indicate that presence of adults is necessary for thermoregulation of pups.

The oxygen consumption and body temperature were measured in adults and pups of a social Mashona mole-rat(Fukomys darlingi)to test poikilothermic traits in this species and effect of presence of adults on pup´s thermoregulation abilities. The adult´s resting metabolic rate was 0.76 {$\pm$} 0.20 mlO2g-1hod-1 in the thermoneutral zone 27-34°C. We did not confirm poikilotermic traits in this species, because body temperature was stable (33.0 {$\pm$} 0.5°C) at low ambient temperatures. The pups started to thermoregulate in age of one month and they are able to maintain stable body temperature very late in age of three months. My results indicate that presence of adults is necessary for thermoregulation of pups.

Propósito: Observar obesas pré e pós-dieta hipocalórica moderada, mais treinamento em circuito ou caminhada. quanto a variáveis nutricionais. Métodos: Grupos: treinamento em circuito, CIRC, n = 26, índice de massa corporal (IMC, kg/m2) = 33,2 ± 7,9 (Média±desvio padrão); idade = 32,6 ± 9,7 anos; e treinamento em caminhada, CAM, n = 24, IMC = 29,2±3,4; idade = 38,8 ± 10,5 anos. Avaliações: a composição corporal, coleta de urina e sangue, calorimetria indireta e testes físicos eram obtidos no inicio (M1) e final (M2) do estudo. Treinamento: mês 1 = 1 h x 3 d/semana; e mês 2 = 1 h x 4 d/semana. Dieta: foi adaptada do registro alimentar de uma semana, ajustado ao gasto energético de repouso (GER) e balanceada, com a seguinte proporção: 20% de proteínas; 20% de gorduras; e 60% de carbohidratos. Resultados: Pré-intervenção: 76% tinham algum familiar obeso; havia sintomatologia indicativa de: 60% ansiosas, 12% depressivas, 34% compulsivas e 32% distúrbio do sono, avaliadas por questionário no exame clínico. Foram encontrados níveis alterados de colesterol total (CT, mg/dL), e ou frações em 22% das sujeitas. O peso, IMC, o índice abdômem/quadril (IAQ), a soma de oito pregas cutâneas (SP8) se correlacionaram significativamente a quatro variáveis bioquímicas, e a circunferência do abdômen (CAb), e o percentual de gordura por antropometria (%GAntro) a cinco. Intervenção: O peso, IMC, %GAntro, endomorfia, massa gorda por bioimpedância (MGBia) e percentual de gordura por bioimpedância (%GBia), foram reduzidos significativamente nos dois grupos. O CIRC melhorou significativamente em todos (seis) e o CAM em três testes físicos. O CIRC teve significância para: ¯glicose (Gli), ¯AU, ¯CT, ¯Tg (todos em mg/dL), ­glóbulos vermelhos (GV) (mm3) e ­hematócrito (Ht) (%); e o CAM para: ¯Gli, ¯AU, ¯HDL, ­CT/HDL, ­GV, ­Ht. O GER não teve diferença em ambos os grupos. Conclusões: Pré-intervenção: Os dados antropometricos indicam boa correlação com os fatores bioquímicos de risco, mas não tem uma tendência constante. A taxa CT/HDL apresentou correlação com todas as medidas antropométircas e a Gli com nenhuma. A obesidade destas mulheres parece ter múltiplos fatores e o estilo de vida papel determinante. Intervenção: A atividade física per se foi importante para causar modificações nutricionais e da composição corporal nestas obesas. O CIRC teve melhor associação com o incremento da performance física e dados bioquímicos sanguineos e ambos os grupos preservaram o GER. / Purpose: To observe obese women before and after a low-calorie diet plus circuit training or jogging regarding nutritional parameters. Methods: Groups: circuit training, CIRC, n = 26, body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) = 33.2 ± 7.9 (Mean±SD), age = 32.6 ± 9.7 years; and jogging training, JOGG, n = 24, BMI = 29.2 ± 3.4; age = 38.8 ± 10.5 years. Evaluations: body composition, collection of urine and blood samples, indirect calorimetry and physical tests were performed at the beginning (M1) and at the end (M2) of the study. Training: month one: 1 h x 3 d/week; month two: 1 h x 4 d/week. Diet: was adapted on the basis of a one week feeding record feed and adjusted to the resting metabolic rate (RMR) measured by indirect calorimetry, with the following proportion: 20% protein, 20% fat; and 60% carbohydrate. Results: Pre-intervention: 76% had one or more obese family members; there were symptoms indicating that 60% were anxious, 12% depressive, 34% compulsive, and 32% had sleep disorders, evaluated by a questionnaire during clinical examination. Altered levels of total cholesterol (TC) and/or fractions were found in 22% of the subjects. Weight (W), BMI, waist/hip ratio (WHR), and the sum of eight skin folds (8SF), were significantly correlated with four biochemistry variables, and abdominal circumference (AbC), and anthropometric fat percentage (%FAnthro) were correlated with five. Intervention: Weight, BMI, %FAnthro, endomorphy, body fat mass by bioimpedance (BFMBia) and percent body fat by bioimpedance (%FBia) were reduced in both groups. CIRC significantly increased performance in all (six) tests and the JOGG in three physical tests. CIRC showed significant differences for: ¯glucose (Glu), ¯UA, ¯TC (TC), ¯Tg (all in mg/dL), ­red blood cells (RBC) (mm3) and ­hematocrit (Ht) (%); and JOGG for: ¯Glu, ¯UA, ¯HDL, ­CT/HDL, ­RBC, ­Ht. The RMR was not significantly reduced in both groups. Conclusions: Pre-intervention: Anthropometric data indicated a good correlation with biochemical factors, but did not show a constant tendency. CT/HDL showed correlation with all anthropometric measurements and Glu with none. The obesity of these women appears to have multiple factors, with life style playing a determinant role. Intervention: Physical activities were determined to favor body composition, reduced weight and blood markers. CIRC were better in terms of physical performance and blood markers. Both types of training were sufficient to prevent a fall of RMR.

Many of the habitats occupied by fish are highly dynamic, naturally demonstrating substantial abiotic fluctuations over diurnal, tidal or seasonal cycles. It is also the case that throughout their 545 million year evolutionary history, fish have existed in aquatic environments very different to those of the present day. However, the past several decades have seen unprecedented rates of environmental change, at local and global scales, arising from human activities. The two major themes of the present thesis are: 1) Respiratory responses of fish to changes in environmental oxygen and temperature in the context of exploring intra- and inter-specific trait variation and its ecological implications 2) The effects of environmental factors (oxygen, carbon dioxide, temperature and seawater chemistry) on the intestinal precipitation and excretion of calcium carbonate by marine teleosts. In the first study (chapter two) a comprehensive database of fish critical PO2 (Pcrit) data compiled from the published literature is presented. The systematic review of this literature provided the opportunity to critically examine methodologies for determining Pcrit as well as its usefulness as an indicator of hypoxia tolerance in fish. The second study (chapter three) examines whether inter- and intra-specific variation in thermal and hypoxia tolerance in two reef snapper species (Lutjanus carponotatus and Lutjanus adetii) reflects their distributions across the contrasting biophysical environments of the reef flat and reef slope surrounding Heron Island on the Great Barrier Reef. L. carponotatus was clearly the most thermally and hypoxia tolerant of the two species, demonstrating a ~3.5 °C wider thermal tolerance zone (higher CTmax, lower CTmin) and ~26% lower Pcrit than L. adetii. These results suggest that the contrasting distribution of these species between flat and slope reef zones is reflected in their physiological tolerances. However, there was no evidence of intra-species variation in tolerance between flat and slope caught L. carponotatus individuals, indicating that this species does not form physiologically distinct subpopulations between these reef zones. The third study (chapter four) experimentally quantified the effect of hypercarbia (3000 μatm) and hypoxia (50% air saturation) on gut carbonate production by the European flounder (Platichthys flesus). Both hypercarbia and hypoxia resulted in a significant increase in carbonate excretion rate (1.5-fold and 2.4-fold, respectively) and acted synergistically when combined. In the final study (chapter five), gut carbonate production was measured in the European flounder undergoing conditions simulating the ‘calcite seas’ of the Cretaceous. The results of this study support the hypothesis that ocean conditions prevalent during the Cretaceous period resulted in piscine carbonate production rates substantially higher (~14-fold) than the present day. Ultimately, this thesis directly links the environmental physiology of fish at the individual level to wider scale implications (past, present and future), ranging from local ecological patterns all the way up to global carbon cycles.

Keeping a balanced state in terms of liquids in an organism, especially evaporative water loss regulation, is essential for all terrestial animals, including reptiles. Respiratory water loss and cutaneous water loss account for the highest percentage of total water loss. For this reason, the degree of evaporative water loss in reptiles can be primarily influenced by body dimensions, metabolism intensity and morphology of body surface scales. This thesis focuses on water loss through evaporation in Madagascan Paroedura geckos. The Paroedura are suitable for this research because they represent a monophyletic genus with a strongly supported hypothesis about phylogenetic relationships. The thesis adds some facts to this theory. At the same time, individual Paroedura species differ in body dimensions and habitat preference. The aim of the thesis was to find out whether individual representatives of Paroedura differ in TEWL, to specify the characteristics of the ancestral state of TEWL in this genus and to test which morphological and physiological factors influence TEWL. Further aim was to measure cutaneous water loss. Measuring was carried out by flow- through respirometry. The results show that individual representatives of Paroedura differ remarkably in TEWL figures. The reconstruction of the...

Bakgrund: En del elitidrottare, exempelvis inom uthållighetsgrenar, genomför högträningsvolym vilket stressar kroppen. Hög träningsvolym resulterar i högenergiförbrukning vilket kräver ett stort energiintag. Ett otillräckligt energiintag påverkarkroppen fysiologiskt på ett flertal sätt och kan leda till syndromet relativ energibrist iidrott (REI - S). Syftet Studiens syfte var att studera samband mellankroppssammansättning och viloomsättning (RMR) korrelerat till relativ energibrist hossvenska elitidrottare. Metod/Urval: Studien följde en tvärsnittsstudiedesign. Mätning avkroppskomposition (fettmassa och fettfri massa) samt viloomsättning (RMR) utfördes.RMRratio beräknades genom mätt RMR (mRMR) delat på beräknad RMR (pRMR).mRMR beräknades under laborationen och pRMR beräknades genom Cunningham1991ekvationen. Urvalet bestod av 23 svenska elitidrottare från olika sporter med ettåldersspann från 18 år - 43 år. Resultat: Procentuell fettfri massa (FFM %) och RMR -värde korrelerade positivt (r = 0,47, p = 0,023). En negativ måttligt stark korrelationberäknades mellan procentuell fettmassa (FM %) och RMR - värde (r = -0,47, p = 0,024). Slutsats Därmed korrelerade kroppssammansättning och viloomsättning hos svenskaelitidrottare. Viloomsättning korrelerade positivt med FFM % och negativt med FM %. / Background Some elite athletes, such as endurance runners, undergo extreme levels of training volume which stresses the body. High training volume results in high energy expenditure which requires a large energy intake. Consequences of insufficient amounts of energy intake are physiological dysfunctions and may lead to relative energy deficiency in sports (RED- S). Purpose The aim of the study was to research relations between body composition (FM, FFM) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in correlation with RED-S amongst Swedish elite athletes. Method/Subjects This research follows a cross-sectional study design. Measurements to calculate body composition and RMR were performed. RMRratio was calculated by measured RMR (mRMR) divided by predicted RMR (pRMR). The Cunningham1991 equation was used to calculate pRMR. A total of 23 healthy Swedish elite athletes from different sports were measured, age ranging from 18 - 43 year olds. Results The percentage of fat free mass (FFM %) correlated positively with RMR (r = 0,47, p = 0,023). Percentage of fat mass (FM %) correlated negatively with RMR (r = - 0,47, p = 0,024). Conclusion A correlation between body composition and RMR amongst Swedish elite athletes was discovered. RMR correlated positively with FFM%  and negatively with FM%.

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En général, le métabolisme des poissons est estimé à des valeurs de température constantes, mais les effets de fluctuations journalières de température similaires à celles retrouvées en milieu naturel semblent peu connus. Les objectifs du présent mémoire sont de quantifier les effets de la température moyenne d’acclimatation et d’évaluer les effets de l’historique thermique des individus, sur les réponses métaboliques de tacons de saumon Atlantique (Salmo salar) aux fluctuations journalières de la température. Des tacons provenant de deux rivières, une fraîche et une chaude, ont été acclimatés à un maximum de quatre régimes thermiques (constant 15 °C ou 20 °C, fluctuant 15 °C ± 2.5 °C ou 20 °C ± 2.5 °C) et leur taux métabolique standard estimés par respirométrie par débit-intermittent. Les fluctuations journalières de température (15 °C ± 2.5 °C) près de l’optimum thermique pour cette espèce (16 °C) n’affectent pas le taux métabolique standard. À l’opposé, les fluctuations journalières de température plus chaudes (20 °C ± 2.5 °C) augmentent de 35.4% le taux métabolique standard des tacons de la rivière plus chaude, mais pas ceux des poissons de la rivière fraîche. Ainsi, la température moyenne à laquelle sont acclimatés les poissons peut affecter leur réponse métabolique aux fluctuations journalières de température, mais cette réponse peut varier entre populations provenant de rivières présentant des régimes thermiques différents. Enfin, grâce aux données de métabolisme précédemment estimées, un modèle de métabolisme standard a été développé pour des tacons de saumon Atlantique soumis à des fluctuations journalières de température. / Usually, fish metabolism is evaluated under constant values of temperature, but the effects of daily temperature fluctuations similar to those found in natural environment on metabolism seems to be much less understood. The goals of this study are to quantify the effects of the mean acclimation temperature and to assess the effects of the thermal history on the metabolic response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr to daily fluctuations of water temperature. Atlantic salmon parr originating from two rivers, one cool and one relatively warm, were acclimated to up to four thermal regimes (constant 15 °C or 20 °C, daily fluctuating 15 °C ± 2.5 °C or 20 °C ± 2.5 °C) and their standard metabolic rate was estimated using intermittent-flow respirometry. Daily temperature fluctuations (15 °C ± 2.5 °C) near this species’ thermal optimum (16 °C) do not influence standard metabolic rate. In contrast, daily fluctuations of higher temperature (20 °C ± 2.5 °C) do increase standard metabolic rate by 35.4% for fish from the warmer river, but not for fish from the cooler river. Therefore, the mean temperature to which fish are acclimated may affect their responses to daily fluctuations of water temperature, but this response may vary between populations originating from rivers having different thermal regimes. Using standard metabolic rates previously estimated, a standard metabolic rate model was developed for Atlantic salmon parr exposed to daily fluctuations of temperature.