LIMA, Silvana Maria Calixto de. (Re)categorização metafórica e humor: trabalhando a construção dos sentidos. 2003. 171f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2003. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-19T13:55:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2003_dis_smclima.pdf: 914920 bytes, checksum: cb0e020c615cc5fe6b851130ab67bfc0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-19T16:34:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2003_dis_smclima.pdf: 914920 bytes, checksum: cb0e020c615cc5fe6b851130ab67bfc0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-19T16:34:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2003_dis_smclima.pdf: 914920 bytes, checksum: cb0e020c615cc5fe6b851130ab67bfc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / This work presents a study concerning the phenomenon of humor which arise from the occurrence of metaphorical recategorization in jokes. We start with the hypothesis that this type of occurrence can serve as a trigger for the emergence of humor. Our objective is to demonstrate not only that the occurrences of metaphorical recategorization are responsible for the comic effect of jokes, but also to demonstrate in what way the meaning of humor is constructed by the presence of these occurrences in the jokes. Or either, how the inferences that unchain the comic effect are recuperated. Understanding that the global construction of humorous meaning, from metaphorical recategorization, demand an approach of both the linguistic aspects as well as of the cognitive aspects, we propose, in this work, to make a link of these two aspects. We thus, approach metaphorical recategorizations, from the point of view of Textual Linguistics, characterizing them as linguistic phenomena and suggesting a classification for this type of occurrence, according to the types of lexical recategorizations analysed by Apothéloz and Reichler-Béguelin (1995). At the same time, we also work the process of metaphorical recategorization in its cognitive aspects, with the support of Cognitive Linguistics, discoursing on the activity of categorization and conceptual metaphor. Two important questions emerge at these levels of description of metaphorical recategorization: the conception of cognition as an embodied activity and the conception of non-extensional reference, which we treat as referentiation. To explain the underlying cognitive mechanisms of metaphorical recategorization in the construction of the comic effect, we appeal to the model of conceptual blending theory. This theory consists, basically, in a set of creative processes developed for the combination of information inside mental spaces networks. For the implementation of the analysis, we work with a sample consisting of 31 jokes, collected of books and specific magazines of the humorous genre. The results of the qualitative analysis of the data show that, doubtless, metaphorical recategorization can be considered an additional device the language makes use of for the construction of the comic effect in jokes / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo acerca do fenômeno do humor a partir da ocorrência de (re)categorizações metafóricas em piadas. Partimos da hipótese de que esse tipo de ocorrência pode servir como gatilho para o humor. O nosso objetivo é demonstrar não apenas que as ocorrências de (re)categorizações metafóricas respondem pela comicidade das piadas, mas também demonstrar de que forma se constrói o sentido de humor a partir da presença dessas ocorrências nas piadas. Ou seja, como são recuperadas as inferências que desencadeiam o efeito cômico. Entendendo que a construção global do sentido de humor, a partir da (re)categorização metafórica, demanda uma abordagem tanto dos aspectos lingüísticos quanto dos aspectos cognitivos, propomo-nos, neste trabalho, fazer o enlace desses dois aspectos. Assim, fazemos uma abordagem das (re)categorizações metafóricas, do ponto de vista da Lingüística Textual, caracterizando-as enquanto fenômenos lingüísticos e sugerindo uma classificação para esse tipo de ocorrência, a partir dos tipos de recategorizações lexicais analisados por Apothéloz e Reichler-Béguelin (1995). Ao mesmo tempo, trabalhamos também o processo de (re)categorização metafórica em seus aspectos cognitivos, com o suporte da Lingüística Cognitiva, discorrendo sobre a atividade de categorização e sobre a metáfora conceitual. Duas importantes questões emergem nesses níveis de descrição das (re)categorizações metafóricas: a concepção de cognição como atividade incorporada e a concepção de referência não-extensional, a qual tratamos como referenciação. Para explicitar os mecanismos cognitivos subjacentes às (re)categorizações metafóricas na construção do efeito cômico, recorremos ao modelo da teoria da mesclagem conceitual. Essa teoria consiste, basicamente, num conjunto de processos criativos que se desenvolvem para a combinação de informações dentro de redes de espaços mentais. Para a implementação da análise, trabalhamos com um corpus constituído por 31 piadas, coletadas de livros e revistas específicas do gênero humorístico. Os resultados da análise qualitativa dos dados mostram que, indubitavelmente, as (re)categorizações metafóricas podem ser consideradas como mais um dispositivo de que dispõe a língua para construção do efeito cômico na piada.

nÃo hà / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo acerca do fenÃmeno do humor a partir da ocorrÃncia de (re)categorizaÃÃes metafÃricas em piadas. Partimos da hipÃtese de que esse tipo de ocorrÃncia pode servir como gatilho para o humor. O nosso objetivo à demonstrar nÃo apenas que as ocorrÃncias de (re)categorizaÃÃes metafÃricas respondem pela comicidade das piadas, mas tambÃm demonstrar de que forma se constrÃi o sentido de humor a partir da presenÃa dessas ocorrÃncias nas piadas. Ou seja, como sÃo recuperadas as inferÃncias que desencadeiam o efeito cÃmico. Entendendo que a construÃÃo global do sentido de humor, a partir da (re)categorizaÃÃo metafÃrica, demanda uma abordagem tanto dos aspectos lingÃÃsticos quanto dos aspectos cognitivos, propomo-nos, neste trabalho, fazer o enlace desses dois aspectos. Assim, fazemos uma abordagem das (re)categorizaÃÃes metafÃricas, do ponto de vista da LingÃÃstica Textual, caracterizando-as enquanto fenÃmenos lingÃÃsticos e sugerindo uma classificaÃÃo para esse tipo de ocorrÃncia, a partir dos tipos de recategorizaÃÃes lexicais analisados por ApothÃloz e Reichler-BÃguelin (1995). Ao mesmo tempo, trabalhamos tambÃm o processo de (re)categorizaÃÃo metafÃrica em seus aspectos cognitivos, com o suporte da LingÃÃstica Cognitiva, discorrendo sobre a atividade de categorizaÃÃo e sobre a metÃfora conceitual. Duas importantes questÃes emergem nesses nÃveis de descriÃÃo das (re)categorizaÃÃes metafÃricas: a concepÃÃo de cogniÃÃo como atividade incorporada e a concepÃÃo de referÃncia nÃo-extensional, a qual tratamos como referenciaÃÃo. Para explicitar os mecanismos cognitivos subjacentes Ãs (re)categorizaÃÃes metafÃricas na construÃÃo do efeito cÃmico, recorremos ao modelo da teoria da mesclagem conceitual. Essa teoria consiste, basicamente, num conjunto de processos criativos que se desenvolvem para a combinaÃÃo de informaÃÃes dentro de redes de espaÃos mentais. Para a implementaÃÃo da anÃlise, trabalhamos com um corpus constituÃdo por 31 piadas, coletadas de livros e revistas especÃficas do gÃnero humorÃstico. Os resultados da anÃlise qualitativa dos dados mostram que, indubitavelmente, as (re)categorizaÃÃes metafÃricas podem ser consideradas como mais um dispositivo de que dispÃe a lÃngua para construÃÃo do efeito cÃmico na piada. (318 palavras) / This work presents a study concerning the phenomenon of humor which arise from the occurrence of metaphorical recategorization in jokes. We start with the hypothesis that this type of occurrence can serve as a trigger for the emergence of humor. Our objective is to demonstrate not only that the occurrences of metaphorical recategorization are responsible for the comic effect of jokes, but also to demonstrate in what way the meaning of humor is constructed by the presence of these occurrences in the jokes. Or either, how the inferences that unchain the comic effect are recuperated. Understanding that the global construction of humorous meaning, from metaphorical recategorization, demand an approach of both the linguistic aspects as well as of the cognitive aspects, we propose, in this work, to make a link of these two aspects. We thus, approach metaphorical recategorizations, from the point of view of Textual Linguistics, characterizing them as linguistic phenomena and suggesting a classification for this type of occurrence, according to the types of lexical recategorizations analysed by ApothÃloz and Reichler-BÃguelin (1995). At the same time, we also work the process of metaphorical recategorization in its cognitive aspects, with the support of Cognitive Linguistics, discoursing on the activity of categorization and conceptual metaphor. Two important questions emerge at these levels of description of metaphorical recategorization: the conception of cognition as an embodied activity and the conception of non-extensional reference, which we treat as referentiation. To explain the underlying cognitive mechanisms of metaphorical recategorization in the construction of the comic effect, we appeal to the model of conceptual blending theory. This theory consists, basically, in a set of creative processes developed for the combination of information inside mental spaces networks. For the implementation of the analysis, we work with a sample consisting of 31 jokes, collected of books and specific magazines of the humorous genre. The results of the qualitative analysis of the data show that, doubtless, metaphorical recategorization can be considered an additional device the language makes use of for the construction of the comic effect in jokes. (340 words)

The diploma thesis "The linguistic analysis of headlines in daily papers Hospodářské noviny and Blesk" deals with the analysis of headlines in articles that include the commentary genre, specifically in Hospodářské noviny and Blesk. In this work, there is analyzed the form of headlines, how they are set up, and how they relate to the content of the message. The thesis consists of theoretical and analytical parts. The theoretical parts describe the analyzed material, the method of linguistic analysis is described there and also the characteristic of headlines. It is followed by analysis which is divided into two parts. In the first part, there is observed the difference of using the types of sentences and also the kinds of modality in the headlines of observed daily papers and the second part of analysis studies the general headlines and the occurrence of metaphorical expression. It analyses occurring cases of metaphor, metonymy, personification and paraphrase and compares, if there are some differences between the daily papers in observing phenomena. The premise is that the type of tabloid newspaper has a higher proportion of headlines including the metaphorical expression. There are analyzed also 10 year-old headlines of these daily papers, for the comparison, if the daily papers differ only among...

When historical Jesus’ scholar, John Dominic Crossan, stated that Jesus’ resurrection appearances were apparitions and not physical appearances, was it possible to test this conclusion? To what degree are a scholar’s conclusions affected by his presuppositions? Crossan’s definition of history was that it ‘is the past reconstructed interactively by the present through argued evidence in public discourse’ (Crossan 1999:3). The outworking of this view was that the New Testament Gospels are regarded as megaparables, fictitious creations. His application of this view was, ‘Emmaus never happened. Emmaus always happens’ (Crossan 2012:5). A pattern emerged in which Crossan stated that he was using a method of postmodern interactivism (Crossan 1998a:42). But how is this discerned and articulated with as objective a methodology as possible? What do presuppositions of postmodern, reconstructive, interactivism do to Crossan’s conclusions regarding Jesus’ resurrection appearances? Here the parameters were restricted to literary and historical dimensions of Crossan’s speech acts. The problem investigated was to seek to identify Crossan’s presuppositions and methods in his study of the resurrection of Jesus to determine if they were valid or not when the Gospel evidence on the resurrection was considered. A presupposition-hypothesis method was used to test for verification or falsification, using a critical realist epistemology. A research gap indicated a need for a more objective model to isolate a researcher’s presuppositions of Jesus’ resurrection. The Beaver and Geurts framework (2011) was chosen that led to probability and not certainty about the content of presuppositions. Presuppositional ‘triggers’ were identified from Crossan’s resurrection data. The hypothesis tested was: J D Crossan's presuppositions and methods, in his study of the resurrection of Jesus, are not valid when the Gospel evidence on the resurrection is taken into consideration. Twenty-three presuppositions were discovered and these were developed into 18 hypotheses, three of which were tested: Hypothesis 9: The divine manifestation of Christianity for a postmodern world is deconstruction (his term is reconstruction) and it is not done once for all, but is reinterpreted for each generation’s issues. It was found that reconstruction mutilates the voice of the author by imposing an a priori metaphorical dogmatism on the text. Crossan’s postmodern, reconstructive, interactive hermeneutic was shipwrecked on the ‘rocks’ of contradiction, inconsistency and a self-defeating methodology. Hypothesis 10: The New Testament resurrection narratives are not historical documents. Crossan defined history as a postmodern reconstructionist and reached postmodern, reconstructive conclusions, thus using a question begging logical fallacy. He also did not apply this methodology consistently. Hypothesis 12: It does not matter what a person believes about whether Jesus’ tomb was empty or not; the importance is its meaning, which is independent of factuality. Crossan imposed his own understanding of the meaning of Jesus’ resurrection through his use of free play, relativistic, multivalent, postmodern, nonsupernatural stratagem on the text. Thus, Crossan’s idiosyncratic meanings replaced objective, hermeneutical testing of the text of Scripture. Therefore this dissertation’s hypothesis was verified. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / tm2015 / New Testament Studies / PhD / Unrestricted

The performer's conceptualisation and perception of herself is projected through the acoustic voice and impacts upon vocal delivery in rehearsal and performance. However, in the context of performer voice training in Western theatre practice the performer's sense of self, or identity, is seldom the focus of development. Vocal development is inherently a transformational process that requires the performer to expand beyond what has become habitual selfexpression. Since vocal expression is embedded in identity, an attempt to change the voice necessitates a deeper understanding, questioning, and challenging of the performer's established sense of self. In this dissertation I posit that acoustic vocal development can be successfully achieved through an embodied and imaginative approach that investigates the performer's metaphorical voice through learning opportunities provided by a process that integrates the practices of Voice Movement Therapy (VMT) and maskwork. This dissertation presents art-based autoethnographic research into the potential value of such an integrated approach to performer vocal development. The VMT maskwork approach is fundamentally an embodied and envoiced process that provides a vastly different and heightened experience of the bodymind and invites the performer to play in the liminal realm of active imagination, which is triggered by the mask-image. The dissertation investigates the vocal development benefits of using self-made masks as a psychophysical training tool to expand the performer's understanding and experience of the bodymind. The area of archetypes and subpersonalities has been identified as a primary intersection between the two modalities and three ways of working are proposed, either taking impulses from the image (mask-image and/or imagination), the body and its movement, or the voice. These three ways of working trigger the bodymind into a process of active imagination that evokes a creative and integrated mask-voice-body exploration of archetypes and/or subpersonalities. The process gives permission to, and provides a safe container for, the amplified expression of the extremes of self and voice. This dissertation offers a tri-phase VMT maskwork process structure, and highlights key steps for the VMT practitioner-led facilitation of such a process. It positions the mask as a useful transitional object which encourages reengagement with imagination, body, voice and emotion, and thus encourages an on-going and multi-layered reflection and investigation of self and voice is possible. The research showed that the integrated approach of VMT maskwork resulted in vocal expansion in all 10 of the VMT 10 vocal components; pitch, pitch fluctuation, loudness, glottal engagement, free air, disruption, violin, register, timbre and articulation. Apart from acoustic vocal expansion, the approach fostered expansion in the performer's metaphorical voice and resulted in improved grounding and confidence in performance. These conclusions support the research statement that VMT maskwork may be a valuable approach to vocal development in the context of theatre performer voice training. As researcher practitioner I hold that the embodied learning process of VMT maskwork exposes the performer to a vastly different experience of self, which fosters a process of self-reflexivity leading to personal meaning making, self-knowledge, the challenging of vocal habits, and ultimately, vocal transformation. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Drama / MA / Unrestricted

The Ancient Mesopotamian society is often pictured as the cradle of society. It is surroundedby the rivers Euphrates and Tigris and has given life to an agricultural civilization that hasproduced the oldest preserved literary writing of our time, the Epic of Gilgamesh. In thisqualitative research paper, I intend to explore similar stories to expand the understanding ofthe Mesopotamian religion and its deities.Metaphorical literature, as with the Epic of Gilgamesh, represent society’s understanding ofits surroundings and thus portrays deities as reflections of its values and cognitive thinking.As an example, kingships of Mesopotamia were depicted as gods, and gods as kings, duringthe third millennia B.C. The prevailing political setting of monarchs demanded protection ofits citizens against outside threats. Wars were common during this era and thus walls werebuilt around the cities. The deities acted as protectors of the citizens as well as the kings. So,the metaphorical literature created during this time reflected upon this societal system.The analysis of the paper does not only intend to investigate the understanding of deities inrelation to the physical world, but also intends to elaborate the current understanding of thosedeities. Previous research has tried to explain and understand the Mesopotamianpandemonium in its completion despite the religion having produced nothing that can beexplained in a systematic structure. Instead, I argue, that the anthropomorphic Mesopotamiangod system needs to be further analyzed in relation to the society itself. Many metaphoricstories do not separate mankind to gods, and so this paper’s purpose is to further specify thecurrent Mesopotamian definition according to such keystones.

The metaphorical marriage, as described by the Old Testament prophets beginning with Hosea, symbolized the relationship of God the bridegroom, to israel his bride. This covenant relationship between God and Israel also symbolized the relationship God ordained between husband and wife. Literary structures, ritual patterns, and the Hebrew word which means "know" are common to ancient Near Eastern treaties and Old Testament covenants; most importantly, the marriage covenant. The marriage covenant is under the umbrella of previous covenants which a man and woman have entered into as part of the house of Israel. The terms "help meet" and "ruler" are the God-given roles to Adam and Eve which define the covenant relationship between husband and wife.

Anxiety has become one of the common problems in society in recent years. As an emerging interactive medium, games can create a first-hand experience for players. Therefore, it is possible to guide the player through behavioral experiments implemented with the game. But in order to reduce the direct damage to the player and make the problem more obvious, metaphorical game is one of the good choices.   In order to design and make such a metaphorical game, I firstly need to collect anxiety triggers and game design related theories into an initial design framework. These theories mainly include metaphorical game, experiential game model and reflection game design. After two iterations of game design core development, I'll be doing demos and interviews with several players. After that, I will summarize these data into several themes. These themes will extend the original design framework, which will also serve as an outcome of this paper. The two most prominent points in the expansion are beat chart and reward.

The English Romantic poet William Wordsworth (1770-1850) – considered by many to be one of the foremost poets of the English language alongside Chaucer, Shakespeare and Milton – is an important name in the history of modern poetry. Together with Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) and Robert Southey (1774-1843) he was known during his lifetime as one of the ‘Lake Poets’, who chose to live and work not in the bustling city of London but in the ‘sublime’ countryside of the Lake District in England’s north western corner. Their poetry – and especially that of Wordsworth – sought to capture the ‘Splendour and Beauty’ (Ode.—1820) of nature and to give it fresh, luminous expression. They sought to recover ‘The vision and the faculty divine’, as Wordsworth called it (The Excursion, I. 79), which is the natural way of perceiving the world for the child but – in Milton’s elegiac words – a ‘Paradise lost’ for man. This study has had two main objectives: (I) to analyse Wordsworth’s poems My Heart Leaps Up and Ode: Intimations from a Christian theological perspective, and (II) to discuss the implications of this analysis on the understanding of the metaphor of the child in the New Testament. The theoretical starting point for the investigation has been that poetry has ‘a special ability to expose different (also contradictory) perspectives and meanings since it is (often) characterised by puzzling paradoxes, suggestive symbols, provocative voids and other stylistic figures’ (Maria Essunger) and that Wordsworth is a ‘Philosophical Poet’ – a thesis well established in the literature. The results of the study show that the metaphor of the child is theologically rich in meaning – it can be understood from an ontological, a Christological, a Trinitarian and a soteriological perspective – and philosophically complex in nature, and that it therefore requires careful consideration in order not to be deprived of its spiritual, metaphorical significance. ‘For the letter killeth, but the Spirit giveth life’ (2 Cor. 3.6).

La présente étude s’inscrit dans une lignée de travaux de recherche en traductologie réalisés dans un cadre de sémantique cognitive et visant à dégager les modes de conceptualisation métaphorique dans les domaines de spécialité, et plus précisément dans les sciences biomédicales. Notre étude se concentre sur les modes de conceptualisation métaphorique utilisés en neuroanatomie en français, en anglais et en allemand, dans une perspective d’application à la traduction. Nous nous penchons plus spécifiquement sur la description anatomique de deux structures du système nerveux central : la moelle spinale et le cervelet. Notre objectif est de repérer et de caractériser les indices de conceptualisation métaphorique (ICM). Notre méthode s'appuie sur un corpus trilingue de textes de référence traitant de ces structures et fait appel à une annotation sémantique en langage XML, ce qui autorise une interrogation des corpus annotés au moyen du langage XQuery. Nous mettons en évidence que les ICM jouent un rôle prédominant dans la phraséologie et les dénominations propres à la description anatomique du système nerveux, comme c'est le cas en biologie cellulaire et en anatomie des muscles, des nerfs périphériques et des vaisseaux sanguins. Sous l’angle lexical, il faut distinguer les ICM prédicatifs, les ICM non prédicatifs ainsi que les ICM quasi prédicatifs. La plupart des modes de conceptualisation métaphorique préalablement repérés en biologie cellulaire et en anatomie sont également présents dans le domaine plus spécifique de la neuroanatomie. Certains ICM et modes de conceptualisation sont toutefois spécifiques à des éléments des régions étudiées. Par ailleurs, les modes de conceptualisation métaphorique en français, en anglais et en allemand sont semblables, mais sont exprimés par des réseaux lexicaux d'ICM dont la richesse varie. De plus, la composition nominale étant une des caractéristiques de l'allemand, la forme linguistique des ICM présente des caractéristiques spécifiques. Nos résultats mettent en évidence la richesse métaphorique de la neuroanatomie. Cohérents avec les résultats des études antérieures, ils enrichissent cependant la typologie des ICM et soulignent la complexité, sur les plans lexical et cognitif, de la métaphore conceptuelle. / The present study falls within a line of research projects in Translation Studies, which draws upon cognitive semantics and whose aim is to determine the modes of metaphorical conceptualisation in specialized fields, namely in the biomedical sciences. Our study focuses on the modes of metaphorical conceptualization used in neuroanatomy in French, English and German from a translation perspective. Specifically, we concentrate on the anatomical description of two structures of the central nervous system: the spinal cord and the cerebellum. Our objective is to identify and characterize the Metaphorical Conceptualization Indices (MCI). The method relies on a trilingual corpus composed of reference texts dealing with these structures and on a semantic annotation of MCIs using the XML language, which allows a downstream interrogation of the corpus with the XQuery language. We demonstrate that MCIs play a central role in shaping the phraseology and denominations typical to the anatomical description of the central nervous system. Previous works had shown that it was also the case in cellular biology and anatomy of muscles, peripheral nerves, and blood vessels. From a lexical perspective, MCIs can fall into one of three categories, namely predicates, non-predicates or quasi predicates. Among the modes of metaphorical conceptualization previously identified in cellular biology and anatomy, the majority are also found in the narrower field of neuroanatomy. However, some MCIs and modes of metaphorical conceptualisation are specific to certain elements of the anatomical regions under investigation. Moreover, the modes of metaphorical conceptualization found in French, English, and German are similar, but they are expressed by lexical networks of varying richness. Furthermore, as nominal composition is characteristic of German, the linguistic form of German MCIs presents certain features that must be taken into account. Our results, which are coherent with those of previous studies, highlight the metaphorical richness of neuroanatomy. Yet, they also enrich the MCI typology, and underline the complexity, at the lexical and cognitive levels, of conceptual metaphors.