FAPEAL - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Estima-se que 50% dos genes codificadores de proteínas possuem oscilação rítmica em diferentes tecidos de mamíferos. Curiosamente, metade das proteínas desses genes possuem seus RNAm correspondentes com expressão constitutiva (arrítmica), ressaltando a relevância de eventos pós-transcricionais para a oscilação de proteínas. Os “High throughput Assays” (HTA) circadianos são extremamente importantes, pois fornecem informações acerca da expressão de milhares de transcritos e de proteínas, uma rica coleção cronobiológica que pode ajudar na resolução de diferentes problemas científicos, não apenas os abordados nas pesquisas originais. Embora altamente reprodutivos e informativos, ensaios de biologia molecular circadiana apresentam algumas divergências em seus resultados, ressaltando a necessidade do aprimoramento de métodos de normalização e análise dos diferentes ensaios de expressão. Até o momento, não se conhecem os impactos da normalização do RNA em ensaios de expressão de pequenos RNAs, como miRNAs. Este estudo objetivou: (1) analisar a co-expressão de miRNAs e RNAm e proteínas de genes alvos; (2) identificar e validar miRNAs candidatos ao sistema molecular circadiano; (3) analisar o impacto da normalização do RNA total em estudos circadianos de miRNAs. Através da sistematização de diferentes dados circadianos de HTA (RNA-seq, small RNA-seq, Chip-seq e proteoma), de bioinformática e de interações miRNA:RNAm validadas, identificamos uma lista de 152 microRNAs (miRNAs) candidatos ao controle pós-transcricional dos ritmos moleculares. Desses, os dois mais relevantes, miR29b-3p e miR-23b-3p, foram experimentalmente validados como importantes para a manutenção do período dos ritmos das células U2OS PER2:LUC. Análises de HTA também permitiram a identificação de diferenças nas fases de expressão de miRNAs 3p e 5p, com genes alvos divergentes. Interessantemente, a identificação de padrões de expressão de RNAm e proteínas de genes alvos de miRNAs, permite sugerir um mecanismo de ajuste das amplitudes dos ritmos das proteínas dependente da fase do RNAm. Por fim, através do controle de etapas experimentais, demonstramos oscilação circadiana na concentração do RNA total de diferentes regiões de cérebros de camundongos. A normalização desse ritmo, durante a síntese de cDNA, afeta o perfil de expressão de transcritos, incluindo os dos genes relógio Per1-2 e Bmal1. Ademais, através de análises com RNA exógeno, ou spike-ins, demonstramos que o ajuste da concentração do RNA compromete a análise de miRNAs, possivelmente por interferências nos rendimentos de extração e nas reações de síntese de cDNA. Este estudo apresenta dois novos miRNAs importantes para a manutenção da ritmicidade circadiana e uma nova estratégia de análise de qPCR para estudos cronobiológicos de miRNAs.

A fibrilação atrial (FA) é a arritmia mais comum no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Apesar de estar relacionada a alterações estruturais, alguns pacientes, mesmo que sem tais condições, ainda assim, cursam com fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório (FAPO) causando aumento no tempo de internação e custos. Estudos recentes vem ampliando o conhecimento sobre pequenos fragmentos de RNA, chamados de microRNAs (miRNAs) que podem interferir diretamente no aparecimento de algumas doenças na área cardiovascular. O objetivo do presente estudo é: 1) comparar a expressão dos miRNAs 1, 23 e 26 entre pacientes com e sem FAPO; 2) comparar nos grupos a expressão destes miRNAs entre os período pré e pós-cirúrgico; 3)comparar a expressão dos genes GJA1, KCNJ2, CACNB1, CACNA1C e KCNN3 entre os tempos pré e pós-cirúrgico no grupo FAPO; 4) comparar estes últimos genes no tecido atrial; 5) comparar os genes relacionados à produção de interleucinas (IL)-1, 6 e fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF?) entre os grupos e entre os tempos pré e pós-cirúrgico; 6)avaliar as características clínicas e evolutivas da população estudada. Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica foram submetidos à coleta de 20ml de sangue pré e pós-cirurgia bem como fragmento de tecido atrial. Um total de 143 pacientes compuseram os grupos: FAPO (24 pacientes), controle genético (24 pacientes) e controle total (97 pacientes + 24 grupo controle genético). Do ponto de vista clínico observou-se maior idade, tempo de anóxia, tempo de internação em terapia intensiva e hospitalar no grupo FAPO. A análise genética revelou menor expressão do miRNA-23 no grupo FAPO (p=0,02). A comparação entre os períodos pré e pós-cirúrgico revelou redução dos três miRNAs no tempo pós-cirúrgico (p<0,05) e dos genes relacionados às proteínas de canal (p<0,05). A comparação no tecido não evidenciou alterações entre os grupos. Os genes relacionados ás citocinas revelaram redução no período pós-cirúrgico (p<0,05) em ambos os grupos. Concluiu-se que o miRNA-23 pode ter implicação no surgimento da FAPO e outros miRNAs não estudados devem estar envolvidos neste processo uma vez que houve redução de outros genes de canais relacionados ao aparecimento de FAPO. / Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia after cardiac surgery. AF is related to cardiac structural changes although a group of patients still remains developing post-operative atrial fibrillation (FAPO) even without those changes, leading to more days in the hospital and costs. Recent studies showed that short fragments of RNA, called microRNA (miRNA) can contribute to the development of several diseases in the cardiovascular area. The aim of this study is to 1) compare the expression of miRNA-1, 23 and 26 between the group with and without FAPO; 2) compare, in the FAPO group, the expression of these miRNAs in the pre and post-surgery periods; 3) compare the expression of GJA1, KCNJ2, CACNB1, CACNA1C e KCNN3 genes between the pre and post-surgery periods; 4) compare this genes in atrial tissue; 5) compare the genes related to inflammation cytokines as interleukin(IL)-1, 6 and alpha tumoral necrosis factor between the groups in the pre and post-surgery periods; 6) evaluate clinical and evaluative patterns of the study population. Twenty milliliters of blood samples in the pre and post-operative periods and an atrial fragment were extracted from patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A total of 143 patients were divided in the FAPO group (24 patients), genetic control group (24 patients) and a total control (97 + 24 genetic control patients). The clinical analysis showed bigger age and clamp-time, more days in the intensive care unit and hospital in the FAPO group. The genetic analysis revealed less expression of miRNA-23 in the FAPO group (p=0.02). The comparison between the pre and post-surgery periods showed reduction in the three studied miRNAs (p<0.05) and reduction in the genes related to the production of the membrane protein channel sites. The comparisons in the atrial tissue didn´t show any difference in the study groups. The cytokines showed post-surgery reduction (p<0.05) in both groups. The conclusion is that miRNA-23 can be implicated in FAPO as others miRNAs not studied can also be, once there was a significative reduction in the genes related to FAPO development.

Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of pharmacology and toxicology Candidate: Bc. Petra Vicherková Supervisor: prof. PharmDr. Petr Pávek, Ph.D. Title of master thesis: Pharmacogenetics in rheumatology - role of miRNA Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease that causes progressive joint damage and can result in to life-long depreciation of life. The influence on the onset and course of the disease is not only genetic, but due to the heterogeneous character of the disease, it is also strongly influenced by lifestyle. This disease, based on the malfunction of our immune system in RA, is still incurable. The treatment of RA uses conventional synthetic drugs as well as biological treatment. To diagnose the effect of anti-rheumatic therapy, monitoring and evaluating the response to treatment is necessary. Important indicators of RA activity, functional status, quality of life, and structural progression of the disease are important. In clinical practice, we use DAS 28 composite system according to recommendation of ČRS. Recent discoveries in the area of diagnostics raise the question of whether some miRNAs could be appropriate biomarkers of RA progression. In my diploma thesis, I summarize available knowledge in this field, obtained from...

IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Candidate: Mgr. Alžbeta Štefela Supervisor: Prof. PharmDr. Petr Pávek, PhD. Title of the doctoral thesis: Novel bile acid derivatives as promising therapeutic approach Bile acids (BAs) are amphipathic steroidal molecules that are traditionally known to facilitate intestinal digestion and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble substances. On top, the recent findings have revealed that they represent important signaling agents involved in the orchestration of lipid, glucose and energy metabolism and immune response. BAs exhibit these roles by activating intracellular nuclear receptors such as farnesoid X (FXR), pregnane X (PXR) vitamin D receptors. Furthermore, BAs act as endocrine signaling molecules and activate numerous biological cascades via a membrane G-protein-coupled receptor, termed TGR5. Therefore, the extensive modulation of BA scaffold underwent to identify compounds with specific targeting of above-mentioned receptors as a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of various liver and metabolic disorders including cholestasis, biliary cirrhosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or diabetes. The principal aim of this doctoral thesis was to investigate the structure...

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Le diabète de type 2 résulte d’un déséquilibre entre les capacités de sécrétion de l’insuline par les cellules bêta-pancréatiques et son action au niveau de ses tissus cibles. Dans le prédiabète, l’hypersécrétion d’insuline compense l’insulino-résistance et cet état est généralement associé à l’obésité et à l’accumulation de tissu adipeux.L’objectif de ma thèse a été d’étudier la biocommunication entre le tissu adipeux viscéral et la cellule bêta-pancréatique lors du prédiabète et du diabète de type 2, en me focalisant sur deux médiateurs originaux, les isoprostanes et les miARNs. Nous avons observé une diminution de la sécrétion d’isoprostanes par le tissu adipeux péripancréatique au cours de l’obésité chez le rat Zucker fa/fa. Spécifiquement observé dans ce tissu adipeux ectopique, ce résultat s’explique par une induction des principales enzymes antioxydantes et une réduction de l’expression de la sPLA2 IIA chez les animaux obèses. Remarquablement, une des isoprostanes, la 15-F2t-Isoprostane ainsi que son épimère aux concentrations de 10 nM et 10 μM inhibent la sécrétion d’insuline gluco-stimulée dans les îlots pancréatiques isolés de rat Wistar. Cet effet pourrait s’expliquer par la liaison de cette isoprostane avec le récepteur au thromboxane A2, dont l’expression génétique et protéique a été mise en évidence pour la première fois dans les îlots de Langerhans et les cellules bêta. La réduction de l’inhibition de la sécrétion d’insuline chez le rat Zucker fa/fa, par une biocommunication paracrine, pourrait favoriser les mécanismes de compensation bêta-cellulaire. Par ailleurs, la production de miARNs, contenus dans des vésicules extracellulaires, par le tissu adipeux omental a été analysée chez l’homme par small RNAseq. Chez des patients obèses, la production de miARNs est modifiée lors de l’insulino-résistance et du diabète de type 2 avec des conséquences possibles sur la fonctionnalité des cellules bêta. Des miARNs différentiellement exprimés lors du diabète de type 2 pourraient ainsi participer à son apparition et représenter de nouveaux biomarqueurs et cibles thérapeutiques. Pour conclure, ces travaux de thèse ont permis de mettre en évidence de nouveaux mécanismes de biocommunication entre le tissu adipeux et les cellules bêta-pancréatiques. / Type 2 diabetes occurs as a result of an unability of pancreatic beta-cells to meet the insulin demand in its target tissues. During prediabetes insulin hypersecretion compensate for insulin resistance and this state is usually associated with obesity and excess body fat.The aim of my thesis was to study the biocommunication between visceral adipose tissue and pancreatic beta-cells during prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, with a focus on two original mediators, isoprostanes and miRNAs. We observed a decrease in isoprostane secretion by peripancreatic adipose tissue during obesity in Zucker fa/fa rats. In this ectopic adipose tissue, this observation may be related to an induction of some antioxidant enzymes and a reduction of the expression of sPLA2 IIA in obese animals. Remarkably, 15-F2t-Isoprostane as well as its epimer used at concentrations of 10 nM and 10 μM inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in isolated pancreatic islets. This effect could be explained by the binding of isoprostanes to the thromboxane A2 receptor, whose gene and protein expression has been demonstrated for the first time in islets and beta-cells. In Zucker fa/fa rats, less inhibition of insulin secretion through a paracrine biocommunication, could favor beta-cell compensatory mechanisms. Furthermore, the production of miRNAs, contained in extracellular vesicles released by omental adipose tissue, was analyzed in humans by small RNAseq. In obese patients, miRNAs production is altered during insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes with possible consequences for beta-cell function. Differentially expressed miRNAs in type 2 diabetes may participate in its development and represent novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In conclusion, this thesis highlighted new biocommunication mechanisms between adipose tissue and beta-pancreatic cells.

Les carences précoces en donneurs de méthyles (vitamines B9 et B12 notamment) sont à l’origine de malformations congénitales. Elles exercent un effet délétère sur le développement du cerveau et sont associées à une augmentation de l’incidence de pathologies neurologiques et neurodégénératives à l’âge adulte. Un modèle murin de carence en donneurs de méthyles, le modèle MDD, a été développé au laboratoire et a permis d’étudier la réponse à cette carence, et de mettre en évidence des altérations de la structure cérébrale et des défauts de locomotion chez les ratons issus de mères carencées. Ce comportement est contrôlé par le cervelet, dont on sait que le développement est altéré chez les MDD. En revanche, les mécanismes moléculaires mis en jeu dans la réponse à la carence dans le cervelet restent peu compris. Afin d’étudier les gènes et voies de signalisation dérégulés chez les MDD, nous avons réalisé l’étude du transcriptome du cervelet des ratons carencés. Puis, nous nous sommes intéressés aux modifications épigénomiques engendrées par la carence en analysant leur miRnome et les modifications des protéines histones dans leur cervelet. Nous avons mis en évidence des altérations des voies wnt, dans le cervelet des femelles carencées, qui n’ont pas été retrouvées chez les mâles. De même, de nombreux gènes impliqués dans le développement et les fonctions synaptiques sont dérégulés chez les femelles. Nous avons aussi montré des variations de plusieurs marques d’acétylation et de méthylation des histones chez les MDD. Enfin, de manière plus ciblée, nous avons mis en évidence un miARN dont l’expression diminue dans le cervelet des ratons carencés : miR-344-5p. Nos premiers résultats semblent indiquer qu’il est impliqué dans le contrôle de la mort cellulaire. Ces résultats montrent l’implication de dérégulations globales dépendantes du sexe mais aussi des altérations ciblées dans la réponse à la carence. Une amélioration de la compréhension de ces mécanismes moléculaires nous permettra de mieux appréhender le lien qui existe entre carence précoce en donneurs de méthyles, développement cérébral et incidence de pathologies à l’âge adulte / Early methyl-donor deficiencies (e.g. B9 and B12 vitamins) can lead to congenital disabilities. They are behind developmental abnormalities of the brain, and are associated with the development of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases at adulthood as well. In the lab, we developed a methyl donor deficiency rat model called MDD. It has allowed us to show structure alterations of several brain areas and also locomotor coordination impairments in pups born from dams fed a MDD diet. Cerebellum is the brain structure involved in the control of this behavior and we know its development is delayed in MDD. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying methyl donor deficiency still remain misunderstood in this brain structure. In order to study genes and signaling pathways dysregulated in MDD, we performed transcriptomic analysis of deficient pups’ cerebellum. We also led miRnome analyses and histone modifications investigations with the purpose of understanding epigenomic modifications caused by MDD. We showed alterations of wnt signaling pathways in female’s cerebellum which we did not find in males. We also found that several genes involved in cerebellum’s development and synaptic function were dysregulated in females. Regarding epigenomic regulation, acetylation and methylation of histone marks were also modified in females. Finally, we chose miR-344-5p as an interesting candidate to study more specific epigenetic modifications. Its expression is decreased in MDD and it seems to be involved in cellular death control, according to our first results. These results shed light on global dysregulations, in a sex-dependent manner, as a consequence of methyl donor deficiency but also more specific alterations. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms taking place in response to MDD could help us to link methyl donor deficiency, brain development and neurodegenerative pathologies occurrence at adulthood

MicroRNAs são pequenos RNAs que desempenham papel importante como reguladores da expressão gênica em processos de iniciação e progressão do câncer. Achados recentes demonstram que microRNAs estão presentes em biofluidos, podendo ser encontrados na corrente sanguínea Especula-se que alterações nos níveis de expressão dos microRNAs em tecidos tumorais podem ser identificadas em plasma. Apesar de desafios relacionados a variáveis analíticas e pré-analíticas desta abordagem, há um grande interesse clínico em identificar microRNAs circulantes como biomarcadores em câncer dada a simplicidade e baixo risco de um exame como este. O carcinoma de cabeça e pescoço está entre as principais neoplasias no mundo. Ele está associado ao uso crônico de tabaco e álcool e a taxa de sobrevida média fica em torno de 50% em 5 anos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer parâmetros adequados para processamento e detecção de microRNAs circulantes, assim como identificar microRNAs circulantes que pudessem caracterizar indivíduos portadores de carcinoma de cavidade oral e de orofaringe e, em particular, distinguir aqueles que apresentavam metástase linfonodal ao diagnóstico daqueles livres de comprometimento linfonodal. A expressão de 179 microRNAs foi analisada por PCR em tempo real no plasma de 45 indivíduos portadores de carcinoma epidermóide (28 com metástase linfonodal ao diagnóstico e 17 sem metástases linfonodais) e 15 indivíduos sadios. As amostras foram pareadas quanto a sexo, idade e quanto ao uso de tabaco. Identificamos microRNAs preferencialmente expressos em amostras de plasma de portadores do tumor, dentre os quais microRNAs já descritos como relevantes em carcinoma epidermóide oral, como miR-210, e miRNAs ainda pouco estudados, como miR-543. Diferenças importantes foram observadas quando tumores de cavidade oral foram analisados separadamente dos tumores de orofaringe, de acordo com diferenças moleculares existentes entre estes sub-sítios tumorais. MicroRNAs possivelmente envolvidos com o processo metastático foram identificados quando amostras de plasma de pacientes que apresentavam metástases em linfonodos foram comparadas com amostras de pacientes sem comprometimento linfonodal. Dentre estes miRNAs destacam-se miR-192 e miR-574, mais expressos em plasma de indivíduos portadores de tumores metastáticos de orofaringe e esses dados estão de acordo com ,a literatura onde formam identificados com perfil semelhante em amostras de plasma associadas a outros tipos de tumor. Concluímos que os miRNAs circulantes presentes em plasma podem refletir características moleculares do tumor, e que a desregulação da sua expressão em contextos específicos, como subsítios tumorais e condições clínicas distintas, como a presença ou ausência de metástase, poderiam auxiliar no diagnóstico e na avaliação do prognóstico de portadores de carcinoma epidermoide de cabeça e pescoço. / MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules with roles in gene regulation and implications in cancer initiation and progression. Cell-free microRNAs detected in body fluids are of clinical interest due to their possible application as biomarkers. The stability of microRNAs in plasma has been demonstrated and it seems that alterations in cancer tissue may be detected in plasma from patients. Despite the fact that their reliable quantification depends on several technical parameters there is great clinical interest in this approach due to its simplicity and low risk to the patient. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common cancer types worldwide. Tobacco and alcohol consumption are the most important risk factors and survival rates are about 50% in 5 years. The aim of this study was to establish reliable parameters for the detection of microRNAs in plasma and to identify plasma microRNAs associated with squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx as well as with the presence of cervical lymph node metastases. With this purpose we evaluated the expression of 179 microRNAs in plasma from 45 patients (28 presenting cervical lymph node metastases at diagnosis and 17 with no lymph node metastasis) and 15 healthy controls. Samples were matched according to age, sex, drinking and smoking habits. We identified microRNAs mostly expressed in tumor samples, some of which already described in oral squamous cell carcinoma, such as miR-210, and microRNAs poorly studied, such as miR-573. Comparisons between oral and oropharynx carcinomas yielded several differences, in accordance with molecular differences known between these cancer types. MicroRNAs possibly involved in the metastatic process were identified between plasma samples from individuals presenting lymph node metastasis at diagnosis and plasma from patients who were metastasis-free. Among these molecules, miR-192 and miR-574 were identified as more expressed in plasma from individuals with metastatic oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma. We conclude that plasma microRNAs may indicate molecular characteristics of the tumor and that its differential detection in association with specific clinical conditions or sub-sites may be considered as a potential tool to help in the diagnosis and prognosis assessment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

MicroRNAs são pequenos RNAs que desempenham papel importante como reguladores da expressão gênica em processos de iniciação e progressão do câncer. Achados recentes demonstram que microRNAs estão presentes em biofluidos, podendo ser encontrados na corrente sanguínea Especula-se que alterações nos níveis de expressão dos microRNAs em tecidos tumorais podem ser identificadas em plasma. Apesar de desafios relacionados a variáveis analíticas e pré-analíticas desta abordagem, há um grande interesse clínico em identificar microRNAs circulantes como biomarcadores em câncer dada a simplicidade e baixo risco de um exame como este. O carcinoma de cabeça e pescoço está entre as principais neoplasias no mundo. Ele está associado ao uso crônico de tabaco e álcool e a taxa de sobrevida média fica em torno de 50% em 5 anos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer parâmetros adequados para processamento e detecção de microRNAs circulantes, assim como identificar microRNAs circulantes que pudessem caracterizar indivíduos portadores de carcinoma de cavidade oral e de orofaringe e, em particular, distinguir aqueles que apresentavam metástase linfonodal ao diagnóstico daqueles livres de comprometimento linfonodal. A expressão de 179 microRNAs foi analisada por PCR em tempo real no plasma de 45 indivíduos portadores de carcinoma epidermóide (28 com metástase linfonodal ao diagnóstico e 17 sem metástases linfonodais) e 15 indivíduos sadios. As amostras foram pareadas quanto a sexo, idade e quanto ao uso de tabaco. Identificamos microRNAs preferencialmente expressos em amostras de plasma de portadores do tumor, dentre os quais microRNAs já descritos como relevantes em carcinoma epidermóide oral, como miR-210, e miRNAs ainda pouco estudados, como miR-543. Diferenças importantes foram observadas quando tumores de cavidade oral foram analisados separadamente dos tumores de orofaringe, de acordo com diferenças moleculares existentes entre estes sub-sítios tumorais. MicroRNAs possivelmente envolvidos com o processo metastático foram identificados quando amostras de plasma de pacientes que apresentavam metástases em linfonodos foram comparadas com amostras de pacientes sem comprometimento linfonodal. Dentre estes miRNAs destacam-se miR-192 e miR-574, mais expressos em plasma de indivíduos portadores de tumores metastáticos de orofaringe e esses dados estão de acordo com ,a literatura onde formam identificados com perfil semelhante em amostras de plasma associadas a outros tipos de tumor. Concluímos que os miRNAs circulantes presentes em plasma podem refletir características moleculares do tumor, e que a desregulação da sua expressão em contextos específicos, como subsítios tumorais e condições clínicas distintas, como a presença ou ausência de metástase, poderiam auxiliar no diagnóstico e na avaliação do prognóstico de portadores de carcinoma epidermoide de cabeça e pescoço. / MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules with roles in gene regulation and implications in cancer initiation and progression. Cell-free microRNAs detected in body fluids are of clinical interest due to their possible application as biomarkers. The stability of microRNAs in plasma has been demonstrated and it seems that alterations in cancer tissue may be detected in plasma from patients. Despite the fact that their reliable quantification depends on several technical parameters there is great clinical interest in this approach due to its simplicity and low risk to the patient. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common cancer types worldwide. Tobacco and alcohol consumption are the most important risk factors and survival rates are about 50% in 5 years. The aim of this study was to establish reliable parameters for the detection of microRNAs in plasma and to identify plasma microRNAs associated with squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx as well as with the presence of cervical lymph node metastases. With this purpose we evaluated the expression of 179 microRNAs in plasma from 45 patients (28 presenting cervical lymph node metastases at diagnosis and 17 with no lymph node metastasis) and 15 healthy controls. Samples were matched according to age, sex, drinking and smoking habits. We identified microRNAs mostly expressed in tumor samples, some of which already described in oral squamous cell carcinoma, such as miR-210, and microRNAs poorly studied, such as miR-573. Comparisons between oral and oropharynx carcinomas yielded several differences, in accordance with molecular differences known between these cancer types. MicroRNAs possibly involved in the metastatic process were identified between plasma samples from individuals presenting lymph node metastasis at diagnosis and plasma from patients who were metastasis-free. Among these molecules, miR-192 and miR-574 were identified as more expressed in plasma from individuals with metastatic oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma. We conclude that plasma microRNAs may indicate molecular characteristics of the tumor and that its differential detection in association with specific clinical conditions or sub-sites may be considered as a potential tool to help in the diagnosis and prognosis assessment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Chez tous les eucaryotes, la régulation de l’expression génique est primordiale pour le contrôle du cycle cellulaire. Un large éventail de gènes, incluant des régulateurs essentiels du cycle, mais aussi d’autre gènes impliqués dans la transduction du signal, la régulation hormonale et le métabolisme sont ainsi exprimé à certaines phases du cycle. Ces changements sont contrôlés à de multiples niveaux, notamment de façon transcriptionnelle et post-traductionnelle. Chez les mammifères, il est aujourd’hui évident que les micro ARNs contribuent à cette régulation en ciblant spécifiquement les transcrits d’un grand nombre de gènes régulés au cours du cycle. Cependant, nous n’avons que très peu d’informations à ce jour concernant le rôle des petits ARNs sur le contrôle de la prolifération cellulaire chez les plantes. Mes travaux de thèse ont permis de démontrer que la perte d’AGO1 affecte la prolifération cellulaire et l’activité du méristème racinaire. Nous avons également séquencé les transcrits, les petits ARNs et le dégradome à partir de cellules BY-2 synchronisées afin de déterminer le répertoire et la fonction des petit ARNs au cours du cycle cellulaire. / In all eukaryotes, regulated gene expression is key to orchestrate cell cycle progression. Not only genes encoding important core cell cycle regulators, but also genes of a variety of other factors involved in signal transduction, hormonal regulation and metabolic control are expressed at specific time points of the cell cycle. These changes in gene expression are controlled at multiple levels, including transcriptional and post-translational controls. In mammals, it became evident that microRNAs contribute to this regulation by targeting the transcripts of numerous cell cycle-regulated genes. However, in plants we still know little about the regulatory roles of small RNAs in the control of cell proliferation. During my thesis, I showed that depletion of Arabidopsis AGO1 impairs cell proliferation and root meristem activity. To further determine the repertoire and role of sRNAs in cell cycle regulation, we thus sequenced total RNAs and small RNAs, AGO1-associated small RNAs and the RNA degradome of synchronized BY2 cells at S-, G2-, M- and G1-phases of the cell cycle.