MicroRNAs play an important role in protecting biological robustness during development. Biological robustness is the ability to maintain a consistent output despite variation in input, such as transcriptional noise or environmental stresses. Here, we show that the conserved microRNAs mir-34 and mir-83 promote the robust migration of the distal tip cells in Caenorhabditis elegans when stressed by changing environmental temperature. Our results show that distal tip cell migration is sensitive to temperature changes occurring within a two hour period during the first larval stage. mir-34 and mir-83 protect distal tip cell migration by regulating potential targets cdc-42, pat-3, and peb-1. cdc-42 and pat-3 are known components of the integrin signaling network controlling pathfinding during migration, while the involvement of peb-1 is a novel finding. Additionally, loss of the two microRNAs leads to a reduction in both fecundity and lifespan, suggesting that the loss of developmental robustness leads to a decrease in fitness. mir-34 and mir-83 are not only conserved in higher organisms, but duplicated. Both have been implicated as tumor suppressor genes in mammalian work. Our work has found a role for both microRNAs in integrin-regulated cell migrations that is potentially conserved in higher organisms. Additionally, our work supports the growing appreciation for the role of microRNAs in both stress response and promoting developmental robustness.

Autophagy delivers cytoplasmic material to the lysosome for degradation, and has been implicated in many cellular processes, including stress, infection, survival, and death. Although the regulation and role that autophagy plays in stress, infection, and survival is apparent, its involvement during cell death remains relatively unclear. In this thesis I summarize what is known about the roles autophagy can play in cell death, and the differences between the utilization of autophagy during nutrient deprivation and cell death. Utilizing Drosophila melanogaster as a model system, the roles autophagy plays in both of these contexts can be studied. The goal of this thesis is to provide a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that distinguish between autophagy as a survival mechanism and autophagy as a cell death mechanism. From my studies I was able to determine that microRNAs can regulate autophagy in vivo, and that the microRNA miR-14 controls autophagy specifically during the destruction of the larval salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster. I found that miR-14 regulates autophagy through modulation of IP3 and calcium signaling, and this miR-14 control of IP3 and calcium signaling does not influence the induction of autophagy during nutrient deprivation. Therefore, this knowledge demonstrates how autophagy can be regulated to distinguish its use during cell survival and death providing insight into how autophagy can used to treat diseases.

No description available.

The hair follicle (HF) is a cyclic biological system that progresses through stages of growth, regression and quiescence, each being characterized by unique patterns of gene activation and silencing. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critically important for gene silencing and delineating their role in hair cycle may provide new insights into mechanisms of hair growth control and epithelial tissue remodelling. The aims of this study were: 1) To define changes in the miRNA profiles in skin during hair cycle-associated tissue remodelling; 2) To determine the role of individual miRNAs in regulating gene expression programs that drive HF growth, involution and quiescence; 3) and to explore the role of miRNAs in mediating the effects of BMP signalling in the skin. To address Aims 1 & 2, global miRNA expression profiling in the skin was performed and revealed marked changes in miRNAs expression during distinct stages of the murine hair cycle. Specifically, miR-31 markedly increased during anagen and decreased during catagen and telogen. Administration of antisense miR-31 inhibitor into mouse skin during the early- and mid-anagen phases of the hair cycle resulted in accelerated anagen development, and altered differentiation of hair matrix keratinocytes and hair shaft formation. Microarray, qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses revealed that miR-31 negatively regulates expression of Fgf10, the components of Wnt and BMP signalling pathways Sclerostin and BAMBI, and Dlx3 transcription factor, as well as selected keratin genes. Luciferase reporter assay revealed that Krt16, Krt17, Dlx3, and Fgf10 serve as direct miR-31 targets. In addition, miR-214 was identified as a potent inhibitor of the Wnt signalling pathway in the keratinocytes. Mutually exclusive expression patterns of miR-214 and ¿-catenin was observed during HF morphogenesis. MiR-214 decreases the expression of ¿-catenin and other components of Wnt signalling pathways c-myc, cyclin D1, and Pten in the keratinocytes. Luciferase reporter assay proved that ¿-catenin serves as a direct target of miR-214. In addition, miR-214 prevented translocation of ¿-catenin into the nucleus in response to the treatment with an activator of the Wnt signalling pathway lithium chloride, and abrogated the lithium-induced increase of the expression of the Wnt target gene VI Axin2. This suggests that miR-214 may indeed be involved in regulation of skin development and regeneration at least in part, by controlling the expression of ¿-catenin and the activity of the Wnt signalling pathway. To address Aim 3, the role of miRNAs in mediating the effects of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling in the skin was explored. MiRNAs were isolated from the primary mouse keratinocytes treated with BMP4 and processed for analysis of global miRNA expression using the microarray approach. Microarray and real-time PCR analysis revealed BMP4-dependent changes in the expression of distinct miRNAs, including miR-21, which expression was strongly decreased in the keratinocytes after BMP4 treatment. In contrast, miR-21 expression was substantially higher in the skin of transgenic mice over-expressing BMP antagonist Noggin. Transfection of the keratinocytes with miR-21 mimic revealed existence of two groups of the BMP target genes, which are differentially regulated by miR-21. Thus, this suggests a novel mechanism controlling the effects of BMP signalling in the keratinocytes. Thus, miRNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression programs in the skin during hair cycle. By targeting a number of growth regulatory molecules, transcription factors and cytoskeletal proteins, miRNAs are involved in establishing an optimal balance of gene expression in the keratinocytes required for the HF and skin homeostasis.

Previous studies have shown that human platelets and megakaryocytes carry microRNAs suggesting their role in platelet function and megakaryocyte development, respectively. However, there is limited information on microRNAs' role in zebrafish thrombopoiesis. Zebrafish thrombocytes could be used as a model to study their role in megakaryocyte maturation and platelet function because thrombocytes have both megakaryocyte features and platelet properties. In our laboratory, I identified 15 microRNAs in thrombocytes using single-cell RNA sequencing. Knockdown of three microRNAs, mir-7148, let-7b, and mir-223, by the piggyback method in zebrafish led to an increase in the percentage of thrombocytes. Functional thrombocyte analysis using plate tilt assay showed no modulatory effect of the three microRNAs on thrombocyte aggregation/agglutination. I then verified these findings in zebrafish larvae after the knockdown of the above microRNAs followed by an arterial laser thrombosis assay. I concluded mir-7148, let-7b, and mir-223 are repressors for thrombocyte production. Furthermore, I explored let-7b downstream genes in thrombocytes detected by RNA-seq analysis and chose 14 targets based on their role in cell differentiation (rorca, tgif1, rfx1a, deaf1, zbtb18, mafba, cebpa, spi1a, spi1b, fhl3b, ikzf1, irf5, irf8, and lbx1b) that are transcriptional regulators. The qRT-PCR analysis of expression levels the above genes following let-7b knockdown showed significant changes in the expression of 13 targets. I then studied the effect of the 14 targets on thrombocytes production and identified 5 genes (irf5, tgif1, irf8, cebpa, and rorca) that showed thrombocytosis and one gene ikzf1 that showed thrombocytopenia. Furthermore, I tested whether mir-223 regulates any of the above 13 transcription factors after mir-223 knockdown using qRT-PCR. Six of the 13 genes showed similar gene expression as observed with let-7b knockdown and 7 genes showed opposing results. Thus, our results suggested a possible regulatory network in common with both let-7b and mir-223. I also identified that tgif1, cebpa, ikzf1, irf5, irf8, and ikzf1 play a role in thrombopoiesis. Since the ikzf1 gene showed a opposite expression profiles following let-7b and mir-223 knockdowns (decreased and increased expression, respectively) and knockdown of ikzf1 resulted in thrombocytopenia I confirmed a definitive role for ikzf1 using an ikzf1 mutant obtained from the Zebrafish International Resource Center (ZIRC). The arterial laser thrombosis assay of ikzf1 mutant progeny confirmed our piggyback hybrid knockdown results. Taken together, these studies shed light on understanding the role and the regulatory effects of zebrafish microRNA on thrombopoiesis and identified novel downstream target transcription factors for let-7b and mir-223.

No description available.

No description available.

Introdução: O câncer de próstata (CP) é a neoplasia mais comum do homem e o seu rastreamento e métodos de detecção têm sido motivo de grande discussão. Devido a sua alta prevalência, busca-se a identificação de tumores clinicamente significantes, evitando-se o supertratamento e seus consequentes efeitos colaterais. Atualmente a ressonância magnética multiparamétrica e outros marcadores moleculares têm sido utilizados, mas falham em acurácia. A busca de novos marcadores diagnósticos e de caracterização da agressividade do CP é urgente. Objetivos: Identificação do perfil de expressão dos genes ERG, SPOP, PTEN, AMACR, GOLM1, EN2 e NKX3.1 e dos miRNAs 21, 221, 100 e 141 no tecido proveniente de biópsias de próstata por agulha e avaliação de sua acurácia no diagnóstico e determinação do prognóstico do CP. Análise de proteínas glicosiladas na urina através da proteômica e espectometria de massa para o diagnóstico do CP. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, exploratório para identificação de biomarcadores diagnósticos e prognósticos de CP. Cento e trinta e dois pacientes com indicação de biópsia de próstata (PSA > 4,0 ng/ml e/ou alterações no toque retal) foram submetidos a biópsia prostática em sextantes no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP e no Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP). Uma amostra aleatória de biópsia foi submetida a qRT-PCR para análise da expressão dos genes e miRNAs. A urina foi coletada após a biópsia e mantida a -20oC. Doze amostras de urina sendo seis de pacientes com diagnóstico de CP e seis com hiperplasia próstatica benigna foram submetidas a análise proteômica com espectrometria de massa. Os perfis de expressão de miRNAs, genes e proteínas foram comparados entre pacientes com e sem diagnóstico de CP. Avaliamos também o perfil de expressão de genes e miRNAs e sua relação com a graduação histológica de Gleason. Resultados: Os níveis aumentados de expressão tissular de NKX3, SPOP, AMACR, EN2, GOLM1 e ERG foram significativamente maiores no grupo CP quando comparados ao grupo controle p=0.03, p=0.004, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p=0,002 respectivamente. A avaliação da curva ROC revelou AUC de 0,744; 0,726; 0,692; 0,659; 0,646; 0,609 e 0,469 respectivamente para AMACR, GOLM1, EN2, ERG, SPOP, NKX3 e PTEN no diagnóstico do CP. Com base na análise de regressão linear foi proposto um modelo de análise conjunta dessas variáveis e criado um nomograma com GOLM1 e AMACR integrados com idade e níveis de PSA. A acurácia do nomograma proposto foi de 78,2% no diagnóstico do CP. Na avaliação prognóstica comparando dois grupos de Gleason 6 vs 7 a 10, os genes EN2, GOLM1 e AMACR foram significativamente mais expressos nos tumores mais agressivos (p=0,027, p=0,002, p=0,013 respectivamente). A curva ROC revelou AUC de 0,675, 0,727 e 0,684 respectivamente para EN2, GOLM1 e AMACR. Seguindo o mesmo tratamento estatístico do modelo diagnóstico proposto nesse estudo, foi elaborado um nomograma prognóstico com integração do PSA, idade e expressão de GOLM1 que mostrou uma acurácia de 79%. Na avaliação prognóstica entre os grupos Gleason 6 e 7 vs 8, 9 e 10 apenas os marcadores NKX3 e SPOP foram diferencialmente expressos, p=0,036 e p=0,044 respetivamente. A avaliação da curva ROC revelou AUC 0,704 e 0,696 para NKX3 e SPOP respectivamente. O nomograma proposto, a partir dessas informações e tratamento estatístico das variáveis, integrando PSA, idade e expressão de SPOP mostra uma acurácia de 89% na identificação de tumores de alto grau. Os miRNAs não apresentaram expressão significativamente diferente entre os grupos tanto para o diagnóstico quanto para o prognóstico. A análise proteômica revelou um painel de 56 N-glicopeptídeos capaz de discriminar completamente os grupos de pacientes com e sem CP. A avaliação da curva ROC para o painel formado mostrou uma AUC=1. Conclusões: A análise da expressão de genes em fragmento de biópsia de próstata por agulha, aleatoriamente retirado foi capaz de identificar a presença ou não do CP e caracterizar a sua agressividade. O nomograma desenhado a partir da expressão de GOLM1 e AMACR associados a idade e aos níveis de PSA mostrou acurácia de 78,2% no diagnóstico da doença. Os níveis de expressão tecidual de GOLM1 associados ao PSA demonstraram uma acurácia de 79,1% para a identificação de carcinomas com graduação >=7 e os níveis de expressão tecidual de SPOP associados ao PSA demonstraram uma acurácia de 89,0% para a identificação de carcinomas com graduação >=8. Os níveis de expressão de 56 N-glicopeptídeos intactos na urina mostraram uma ROC: AUC de 1 para o diagnóstico do câncer de próstata / Introduction: Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer among men and screening and detection methods have been a matter of great discussion. Due to its high prevalence, there is an urgent need to search for new biomarkers able to distinguish the clinically significant PC, trying to avoid or postpone the side effects related to the curative treatment. Recently, multiparametric magnetic resonance and some molecular markers have been used but fail in accuracy. The search for new markers to diagnose and classify the aggressiveness of PC is urgent. Objective: Evaluate the expression of ERG, SPOP, PTEN, AMACR, GOLM1, EN2 and NKX 3.1 and miRNAs 21, 221, 100 and 141 in prostate tissue obtained by needle biopsy relating the results with the accuracy in the diagnosis and characterization of the aggressiveness of PC. Analysis of glycosylated proteins in the urine by proteomics and mass spectrometry to be applied in the diagnosis of PC. Materials and methods: Exploratory prospective study to identify diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PC. One hundred and thirty-two patients underwent prostate biopsy (PSA > 4.0 ng/ml and/or abnormalities in the digital rectal examination) at the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP and the Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo (ICESP). A random core was submitted to qRT-PCR for evaluation of gene and miRNA expression. The urine was collected after the biopsy and maintained at -20oC. Twelve samples of urine (six patients with PC and six with benign prostatic hyperplasia) were subjected to proteomic analysis with mass spectrometry. The expression profiles of miRNAs, genes and proteins were compared between patients with and without PC. In addition, the same analysis was performed considering the Gleason and ISUP grading. Results: NKX3, SPOP, AMACR, EN2, GOLM1 and ERG had significantly higher expression in the PC group (p=0.03, p=0.004, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p=0.002, respectively). Evaluation of ROC curve revealed an AUC of 0.744, 0.726, 0.692, 0.659, 0.646, 0.609 and 0.469 respectively for AMACR, GOLM1, EN2, ERG, SPOP, NKX3 and PTEN. Based on the linear regression analysis, a model of joint analysis of these variables was proposed and a nomogram was created with GOLM1 and AMACR associated with age and PSA levels. The accuracy of this nomogram in diagnosing PC was 78.2%. Considering the prognosis, comparing Gleason 6 vs 7 to 10, EN2, GOLM1 and AMACR were significantly more expressed in more aggressive tumors (p=0.027, p=0.002, p=0.013 respectively). ROC curve evaluation revealed an AUC of 0.675, 0.727 and 0.684 respectively for EN2, GOLM1 and AMACR. Following the same statistical treatment used for diagnosis, a nomogram was created with PSA, age and GOLM1 expression showing an accuracy of 79%. Another prognostic evaluation compared Gleason 6 and 7 vs 8,9 and 10. Only the NKX3 and SPOP were differentially expressed (p=0.036 and p=0.044, respectively) and the ROC curve revealed an AUC 0.704 and 0.696 for NKX3 and SPOP, respectively. A nomogram was designed including age, PSA and SPOP expression. The accuracy for this model in identifying high grade tumors was 89%. MiRNAs expression was not different between the groups considering diagnosis and prognosis. Proteomics analysis revealed a panel of 56 N-glycopeptides able to completely discriminate the groups with and without PC with an (ROC: AUC=1). Conclusion: Evaluating the expression of genes in a random core of prostate biopsy we were able to identify the presence of PC and to characterize its aggressiveness. A nomogram using GOLM1 and AMACR associated with PSA serum levels and age showed and accuracy of 78.2% in diagnose PC. The levels of GOLM1and PSA showed an accuracy of 79.1% in the identification of PC Gleason >=7. SPOP and PSA showed and accuracy of 89% in the identification of PC Gleason >=8. The expression levels of 56 N-glycoproteins perfectly discriminated PC and BPH (ROC: AUC=1)

INTRODUÇÃO: O carcinoma adrenocortical é uma neoplasia rara que carreia um prognóstico reservado. Recentemente, uma série de estudos demonstrou o potencial do perfil de miRNAs na diferenciação entre adenomas e carcinomas adrenocorticais, estratificação de risco e prognóstico. Entretanto, pouco se sabe ainda sobre a regulação pós-transcricional de miRNAs. Nesse contexto, o LIN28 é uma proteína ligadora de RNAs altamente conservada que surgiu como um modulador do let-7, uma importante família de miRNAs amplamente conhecida por seus efeitos supressivos tumorais. Além do let-7, o LIN28 também mostrou regular e ser regulado pelo mir-9, mir-30 e mir-125. OBJETIVOS: Analisar a expressão gênica e proteica do LIN28 em uma grande coorte de tumores adrenocorticais (TACs) de adultos e pediátricos, além de investigar a variação no número de cópias dos genes LIN28A e LIN28B e a expressão dos miRNAs regulatórios do LIN28 (família let-7, mir-9, mir-30 e mir-125) em um subgrupo desta coorte. MÉTODOS: A expressão proteica do LIN28 foi avaliada em um total de 266 TACs de adultos (78 adenomas e 188 carcinomas) e 44 pediátricos (35 clinicamente benignos e 9 clinicamente malignos). A expressão dos genes LIN28A e LIN28B foi avaliada em um subgrupo de 86 TACs adultos e pediátricos e a análise da variação no número de cópias destes genes em 58 TACs. O estudo de expressão das famílias dos miRNAs let-7, mir-9, mir-30 e mir-125 foi realizado em 28 carcinomas adrenocorticais de adultos. RESULTADOS: Em adultos, o gene LIN28A mostrou-se hiperexpresso em carcinomas agressivos quando comparado a adenomas [7,0 (0 a 174,3) vs. 3,6 (0 a 18,3); p = 0,006, respectivamente] e observou-se uma tendência a maior expressão quando comparados a carcinomas não agressivos [7,0 (0 a 174,3) vs. 7,1 (0 a 17,1); p = 0,092]. A expressão do LIN28B foi negativa na grande maioria (92%) dos TACs de adultos. Curiosamente, uma imunorreatividade fraca para o LIN28 foi significativamente associada com diminuição da sobrevida livre de doença nessa população (p = 0,01), mas para sobrevida global apenas uma tendência foi observada (p = 0,117). Na análise multivariada, somente o índice Ki67 >= 10% (RR 5,7, 95% IC 3,0-10,8; p= 0,0001) e imunorreatividade fraca para o LIN28 (RR 2,3, 95% IC 1,2-4,4; p = 0,008) foram preditores independentes de recorrência em adultos. De forma interessante, a expressão do mir-9, um regulador negativo do LIN28A/B, foi significativamente maior em carcinomas agressivos quando comparados a não agressivos [2076 (36 a 9307) vs. 133,4 (2,4 a 5193); p = 0,011] e fortemente associada com a redução da sobrevida global (p = 0,01) e livre de doença (p = 0,01). Na população pediátrica, não se observou diferença significativa entre expressão da proteína LIN28, assim como dos genes LIN28A e mir-9, entre tumores clinicamente benignos e malignos. Nas crianças, a hiperexpressão do LIN28B foi significativamente associada com redução da sobrevida livre de doença (p = 0,026), mas não da sobrevida global (p = 0,406). A análise da variação do número de cópias mostrou que somente uma criança com tumor virilizante benigno apresentou amplificação do LIN28B e uma mulher com carcinoma adrenocortical metastático apresentou deleção do LIN28B. Não houve variação no número de cópias para o gene LIN28A. Um índice de Ki67 >= 20% nas crianças foi capaz de discriminar pacientes com pior prognóstico: houve uma associação significativa tanto com diminuição da sobrevida global (p = 0,015) como da sobrevida livre de doença (p = 0,001) em 36 TACs pediátricos com Weiss >- 3. CONCLUSÕES: A imunorreatividade fraca para o LIN28 foi associada à diminuição da sobrevida livre de doença em uma grande coorte de carcinomas adrenocorticais de adultos. O gene LIN28A teve expressão aumentada em carcinomas agressivos de adultos, sugerindo uma regulação pós-transcricional negativa da expressão proteica do LIN28. A hiperexpressão do mir-9, um regulador negativo do LIN28, mostrou-se um importante preditor de desfecho desfavorável nos adultos. Adicionalmente, a hiperexpressão do gene LIN28B mostrou-se um potencial marcador de mau prognóstico na população pediátrica. Um índice de Ki67 >= 10% em adultos e >= 20% em crianças foram associados a mau prognóstico / INTRODUCTION: Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare neoplasm with overall poor prognosis. Recently, several studies demonstrated the potential of miRNA profiling in differentiating between adrenocortical adenomas and carcinomas, risk stratification and prognosis. Nevertheless, little is known about posttranscriptional regulation of miRNAs. LIN28 is a highly conserved RNA-binding protein that has emerged as a modulator of the processing of let-7, an important family of miRNAs widely known for its tumor-suppressive effects. Besides from let-7, LIN28 has also shown to regulate and be regulated by mir-9, mir-30 and mir-125. OBJECTIVES: To analyze LIN28 gene and protein expression in a large cohort of adult and pediatric adrenocotical tumors (ACTs), and investigate the copy number variation analysis for LIN28A and LIN28B genes and the expression of LIN28 regulatory microRNAs (let-7 family, mir-9, mir-30 e mir-125) in a subgroup of this cohort. METHODS: LIN28 protein expression was assessed in a total of 266 adult (78 adenomas and 188 carcinomas) and 44 pediatric ACTs (35 clinically benign and 9 clinically malignant). LIN28A and LIN28B gene expression was evaluated in a subgroup of 86 adult and pediatric ACTs and copy number variation analysis of these genes in 58 ACTs. The expression of let-7 family, mir-9, mir-30 and mir-125 was performed in 28 adult carcinomas. RESULTS: In adults, LIN28A gene was overexpressed in aggressive carcinomas when compared with adenomas [7.0 fold change (from 0 to 174.3) vs. 3.6 (from 0 to 18.3); p = 0.006, respectively] and a trend towards greaten expression when compared with non-aggressive carcinomas [7.0 (from 0 to 174.3) vs. 7.1 (from 0 to 17.1); p = 0.092]. LIN28B expression was undetectable in the great majority (92%) of adult ACTs. Surprisingly, weak LIN28 staining was significantly associated with reduced disease-free survival in this population (p = 0.01), but for overall survival only a trend was detectable (p= 0.117). In the multivariate analysis, only Ki67 index >- 10% (HR 5.7, 95% CI 3.0-10.8; p = 0,0001) and weak LIN28 staining (HR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.4; p = 0,008) were independent predictors of recurrence in adult patients. Interestingly, mir-9 expression, a negative LIN28A/B regulator, was significantly higher in aggressive than in non-aggressive ACCs [2076 (from 36 to 9307) vs. 133.4 (from 2.4 to 5193); p = 0.011] and was highly associated with reduced overall survival ( p= 0.01) and disease-free survival (p = 0.01). In the pediatric population, no significant difference was observed in the expression of LIN28 protein and LIN28A and mir-9 gene expression between clinically benign and clinically malignant tumors. Additionally. overexpression of LIN28B was significantly associated with reduced disease-free survival (p = 0.026), but not with overall survival (p = 0.406). Copy number variation analysis showed that only a child with a virilizing benign tumor had LIN28B amplification and a woman with a metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma had LIN28B deletion. No LIN28A copy number variation was detected. A Ki67 >= 20% in children was able to discriminate patient with worse prognosis: there was a significant associtation with reduced overall (p = 0,015) and disease-free survival (p = 0,001) in 36 pediatric ACTs with Weiss >- 3. CONCLUSIONS: Weak LIN28 staining was associated with reduced disease-free survival in a large cohort of adult adrenocortical carcinoma. LIN28A had higher expression in aggressive carcinomas in adults, suggesting there might be negative posttranscriptional regulation of LIN28 protein expression. Interestingly, overexpression of mir-9, a negative LIN28A regulator, predicted poor outcome in adult patients. In addition, LIN28B overexpression was an potential marker of poor prognosis in the pediatric population. A Ki67 index >- 10% in adults and >- 20% in children were associated with poor prognosis

Introdução: Os mecanismos moleculares que levam ao desenvolvimento de tumores do córtex suprarrenal ainda são pouco compreendidos. Uma alta frequência de carcinomas adrenocorticais na infância tem sido relatada nas regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil, com a presença de uma única mutação germinativa do supressor tumoral p53 (p.R337H) sendo evidenciada em 80- 97% dos casos. Outros fatores implicados na tumorigênese adrenocortical incluem a hiperexpressão das vias IGF2 e Wnt. Os microRNAs, fragmentos de RNA que não codificam proteínas, são capazes de controlar a transcrição gênica exercendo um papel importante no crescimento e proliferação celular. O papel dos microRNA na tumorigênese adrenal ainda não está totalmente elucidado. Objetivos: Avaliar diferenças no perfil de expressão de microRNAs entre tumores benignos e malignos do córtex da suprarrenal da população adulta e pediátrica. Comparar esta expressão entre as amostras caracterizadas pela presença da mutação germinativa p.R337H do supressor tumoral p53, hiperexpressão da via Wnt e da via do IGF2. Métodos: Trinta e seis pacientes não relacionados, adultos e crianças, foram estudados. Os pacientes tiveram avaliação do perfil de produção hormonal e das vias moleculares p53, IGF2 e Wnt. O perfil de expressão de microRNAs foi determinado utilizando-se produto comercial específico TaqMan MicroRNA Human Array (AppliedBiosystems, Forster City, CA, USA). Os dados de expressão foram analisados com o programa Expression Suite (AppliedBiosystems, Forster City, CA, USA) e Realtime Statmainer (Integromics, Granada, Espanha). O estudo de alvos e das redes gênicas afetadas foram estudados com o programa Ingenuity - IPA (Ingenuity, EUA). Resultados: A comparação do perfil de expressão entre adenomas e carcinomas revelou alteração de expressão em 89 e 21 miRNAs em adultos e crianças, respectivamente. Após a correção estatística para múltiplos testes, nove miRNAs mantiveram diferenças significantes em adultos e nenhum em crianças. Dentre os microRNAs com expressão alterada em adultos estavam o miR-483-3p (p=0,011), miR-1290 (p=0,011) e miR-106b (p=0,048). Esses microRNAs foram selecionados para avaliação como biomarcadores por meio de curva ROC. O miR-1290 apresentou o melhor resultado (AUC=1,0; IC 95% 1,0; p=0,003), com valores de expressão de miR-1290 de 10,3 sendo capazes de diferenciar adenomas de carcinomas em adultos com 100% de sensibilidade e especificidade. Na população pediátrica, não foi possível diferenciar adenomas de carcinomas com o uso de microRNAs individuais. A comparação direta entre o perfil de expressão de adenomas da população adulta e pediátrica revelou 38 miRNAs com alteração de expressão. O miR-483-3p e miR-483-5p estavam dentre os mais desregulados e foram os únicos a manter diferença estatística significativa (p=0,009 para ambos), estando hiperexpressos em crianças. A comparação direta do perfil de expressão entre carcinomas da população adulta e pediátrica revelou 26 microRNAs com alteração de expressão, porém sem significância estatística após correção para múltiplos testes. A comparação entre as amostras caracterizadas pela mutação p.R337H do supressor tumoral p53 revelou 53 genes alterados. A comparação entre as amostras caracterizadas por alteração do Wnt revelou 46 genes desregulados. Entretanto, essas alterações não mantiveram significância estatística após correção estatística para múltiplos testes. A comparação entre as amostras caracterizadas por alteração do IGF2 revelou 83 genes alterados, com miR-483-3p (p < 0,001), miR-483-5p (p < 0,001), miR-296-5p (p=0,047) e miR-1290 (p=0,011) mantendo significância estatística após correção para múltiplos testes. O estudo dos potenciais alvos e das redes genicas afetadas pelos miRNAs desregulados observados nesse estudo revelou novas e promissoras vias moleculares que podem ajudar a melhor entender a tumorigenese adrenocortical. Conclusões: Diferenças no perfil de expressão de microRNAs foram observadas entre tumores benignos e malignos do córtex da suprarrenal da população adulta e pediátrica. O ganho de expressão foi o evento mais comum. Os genes miR-483-3p, miR-1290 e miR-106b foram reconhecidos em diversas comparações entre os grupos de interesse e parecem apresentar papel importante na tumorigenese adrenocortical. Além disso, o miR-1290 demonstrou atuar como biomarcador capaz de diferenciar adenomas de carcinomas na população adulta. O estudo de redes gênicas potencialmente afetadas pelos microRNAs que apresentaram alteração de expressão nesse estudo poderá ajudar no melhor entendimento da tumorigênese adrenocortical / Introduction: The molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of tumors of the adrenal cortex are still poorly understood. A high frequency of pediatric adrenocortical carcinomas has been reported in South and Southeast of Brazil, and a single germline mutation of the tumor suppressor p53 (p.R337H) has been identified in 80-97% of cases. In addition, the overexpression of IGF2 and Wnt pathways are also involved in adrenal tumorigenesis. MicroRNAs, a class of small nonconding RNA, are able to control gene transcription regulating cellular growth and proliferation. However, the role of microRNA has not been fully elucidated in adrenal tumorigenesis. Objectives: To evaluate differences in the expression profile of microRNA between adult and pediatric adrenocortical tumors. To compare microRNA expression profile among samples with and without TP53, Wnt and IGF2 abnormalities. Methods: Thirty-six unrelated patients, adults and children, were studied. Patients had comprehensive hormonal evaluation and tumor samples were studied for TP53, Wnt and IGF2. The expression profile of microRNAs were determined using specific commercial product TaqMan MicroRNA Human Array (AppliedBiosystems, Forster City, CA, USA). The expression data were analyzed with the program Expression Suite (AppliedBiosystems, Forster City, CA, USA) and Realtime Statmainer (Integromics, Granada, Spain). The study of gene networks and affected targets genes have been studied with the Ingenuity program - IPA (Ingenuity, USA). Results: Comparing expression profile between adenomas and carcinomas revealed 89 and 21 deregulated miRNAs in adults and children, respectively. After false discovery rate correction, nine microRNA have maintained significant diferences in miRNAs between adults and none in children. Among microRNAs deregulated in adults were miR-483-3p (p = 0.011), miR-1290 (p = 0.011) and miR-106b (p = 0.048). These microRNAs were selected for evaluation as biomarkers through ROC curve. The miR- 1290 presented the best result (AUC = 1.0; IC 95% 1.0; p = 0.003), with values of expression of miR-1290 of 10.3 being able to differentiate adenomas from carcinomas with 100% sensitivity and specificity. It was not possible to differentiate adenomas from carcinomas by using microRNAs. The direct comparison between the expression profile of adult and pediatric adenomas revealed 38 degulated miRNAs. The miR-483-3p and miR-483-5p were hiperexpressed in children and were the only ones that keept a statistically significant difference (p = 0.009 for both). The direct comparison of the expression profile between adult and pediatric carcinomas revealed 26 deregulated microRNAs, but without statistical significance after correction for multiple testing. The comparison between samples characterized by the p.R337H mutation of tumor suppressor p53 revealed 53 genes deregulated. The comparison between samples characterized by alteration of Wnt reveled 46 microRNAs deregulated. However, after statistical correction for false discovery rate none of them maintained significance. The comparison between samples characterized by change in the IGF2 gene revealed 83 deregulated microRNAs, miR-483-3 p (p < 0.001), miR-483-5 p (p < 0.001), miR-296-5 p (p = 0.047) and miR-1290 (p = 0.011) maintaining statistical significance after correction for false discovery rate. The study of potential targets and molecular networks affected by the deregulatad microRNAs showed promising new molecular pathways that may help better understand the adrenocortical tumorigenese. Conclusions: There were changes in the microRNAs expression profile between malignant and benign tumors of the adrenal cortex of adult and pediatric population. Hyperexpression were the most common presentation. MiR-483-3p, miR-1290 and miR-106b were recognized in various comparisons among groups of interest and appear to have an important role in adrenocortical tumorigenese. In addition, the miR- 1290 can act as a biomarker differentiating adenomas from carcinomas in the adult population. The study of molecular networks potentially affected by the microRNAs deregulated culd contribute to better understanding of adrenocortical tumorigenesis