Tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus L) are recognized as a high potential, alternative source of food nutrients. However, there is limited scientific literature on the technological possibilities for developing value-added foods, such as fermented products from tiger nut milk. Therefore, strategies for producing and improving the properties of fermented tiger nut milk were investigated for generating lactose-free, nutritious yogurt-like products with acceptable sensory properties and a prolonged shelf life quality. A wet-milling procedure was standardized for extracting tiger nut milk from tiger nuts, and the effects of the extraction process on nutrient distribution, colour properties and colloidal stability of the milk were analyzed. Next, tiger nut milk was enriched with proteins and/or hydrocolloids and the impact of the additives on the physical properties of the milk were determined. Enriched tiger nut milk was fermented by using classical yogurt cultures and the obtained products were analyzed for the microbiological, physico-chemical and sensory characteristics. Additionally, effects of enriching tiger nut milk with microbial transglutaminase cross-linked proteins on the microbiological and physico-chemical properties were evaluated. Higher wet-milling intensity improved the nutrient composition, colloidal stability and colour of the milk. Enrichment of tiger nut milk with milk proteins and xanthan gum enhanced the viscosity and stability, and after fermentation, led to homogenous gel-like products with superior microbiological, physico-chemical and different sensory properties compared to the fermented plain tiger nut milk. Microbial transglutaminase cross-linked proteins improved the physical characteristics of the fermented product, especially during storage. This product would be relevant in many developing countries with high prevalence of lactose intolerance, limited access to nutritious food but show a high distribution of tiger nut vegetation. / Erdmandeln (Cyperus esculentus L) haben ein hohes Potential als alternative Quelle Lebensmittelinhaltsstoffen. Allerdings gibt es nur in begrenztem Ausmaß Literatur über technologische Möglichkeiten zur Entwicklung von Mehrwert-Lebensmitteln wie fermentierter Erdmandelmilch. Daher wurden Strategien zur Herstellung und Verbesserung der Eigenschaften von fermentierter Erdmandelmilch zur Erzeugung laktosefreier joghurtähnlicher Produkte mit akzeptablen sensorischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Für die Extraktion der Erdmandelmilch wurde ein Nassmahlverfahren standardisiert und der Einfluss des Verfahrens auf die Nährstoffverteilung, die Farbeigenschaften und die kolloidale Stabilität der Milch analysiert. Als nächstes wurde Erdmandelmilch mit Proteinen und/oder Hydrokolloiden angereichert, und der Einfluss der Additive auf die physikalischen Eigenschaften des Extrakts bestimmt. Angereicherte Erdmandelmilch wurde mit klassischen Joghurtkulturen fermentiert, und die mikrobiologischen, physikalisch-chemischen und sensorischen Eigenschaften der Produkte wurden untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden Effekte der Anreicherung von Erdmandelmilch mit enzymatisch vernetzten Proteinen auf die mikrobiologischen und physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften bewertet. Eine höhere Nassmahlintensität verbesserte die Nährstoffzusammensetzung, die kolloidale Stabilität und die Farbe der Milch. Die Anreicherung erhöhte die Viskosität und Stabilität und führte nach der Fermentation zu homogenen gelartigen Produkten mit verbesserten mikrobiologischen, physikalisch-chemischen und sensorischen Eigenschaften im Vergleich zur fermentierten Erdmandelmilch. Mikrobielle Transglutaminase-vernetzte Proteine verbesserten die physikalischen Eigenschaften des fermentierten Produkts, insbesondere während der Lagerung. Dieses Produkt wäre in vielen Entwicklungsländern mit hoher Prävalenz von Laktoseintoleranz und begrenztem Zugang zu nahrhaften Lebensmitteln als Alternative von Interesse.

Afin de contribuer à la préservation du patrimoine laitier libanais, l'objectif principal de cette étude a été de caractériser le fromage Darfiyeh, une variété traditionnelle fabriquée à partir de lait de chèvre cru et affinée dans une outre en peau de chèvre. Parallèlement à cet objectif, et pour mieux comprendre l'affinage du Darfiyeh, le transfert de composés d’arôme à travers la peau de chèvre a été étudié au moyen d’un dispositif expérimental original. Trois lots indépendants de production de Darfiyeh ont été analysés après 20, 40 et 60 jours d'affinage. Les résultats des analyses physico-chimiques ont montré que le Darfiyeh est un fromage à pâte mi-dure, caractérisé par une protéolyse et une lipolyse modérées. Le 3-méthyl butanal, le 1-phényl éthanol et le 1-octanol contribuent à la fraction aromatique particulière du Darfiyeh. Les analyses microbiologiques ont mis en évidence (Log cfu.g-1 fromage) des lactobacilles mésophiles (7,1-10,4), des bactéries lactiques (BL) thermophiles cocciformes (6,6-8,4) et des lactobacilles thermophiles (5,5-7,2). Afin d'explorer l'écosystème naturel du Darfiyeh, une combinaison d'approches classiques et moléculaires a été appliquée. L'identification classique a révélé des espèces appartenant aux genres Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus et Lactobacillus. Les profils de Temporal Temperature Gel Electrophoresis (TTGE) ont révélé des bandes communes avec l'identification classique. Des analyses menées par PCR spécifiques de l'espèce bactérienne ont confirmé la présence of S. thermophilus, E. faecium, E. durans, Lc. lactis subsp. lactis et Lc. lactis subsp. cremoris. La PCR en temps réel a permis la quantification de S. thermophilus et d' E. faecium, avec un seuil de détection respectif de 104 ufc.g-1 de Darfiyeh et une gamme de 107-109 ufc.g-1 de Darfiyeh, respectivement. Pour le transfert d'arômes à travers la peau de chèvre, l'absorption et la perméabilité de trois molécules aromatiques modèles (2-butanone, 2,3-butanedione, 2-butanol) dans un système solution aqueuse/peau de chèvre a été suivi, après 20, 40 et 60 jours d'exposition. Jusqu'à 40 j d'exposition, le transfert des molécules aromatiques était régi par leurs propriétés physico-chimiques et par le temps d'exposition. Après 60 j, le système solution aqueuse/peau s’est traduit par une tendance à la migration des molécules modèles depuis la peau vers la solution simulée de Darfiyeh. Autrement dit, le transfert de ces molécules modèles dans le système simulé paraît s’établir de façon cyclique. Ce travail est une première contribution scientifique et technique au secteur de la valorisation durable de la tradition fromagère libanaise / In order to contribute for the preservation of the Lebanese dairy heritage, the aim of this study was to characterize Darfiyeh cheese, a traditional variety made from raw goats' milk and ripened in goat's skin. Parallel to this objective, and for a better understanding of Darfiyeh ripening, aroma transfer towards goat skin was conducted through an experimental device. Three independent batches of Darfiyeh production were analyzed after 20, 40 and 60 days of ripening. Physico-chemical results showed that Darfiyeh is a semi-hard goat's milk cheese which undergoes a moderate proteolysis and lipolysis. 3-methyl butanal, 1-phenyl ethanol and 1-octanol contribute to the distinctive aromatic fraction of Darfiyeh. As for microbiological results, bacterial counts (Log cfu.g-1 cheese) for mesophilic lactobacilli (7.1-10.4), thermophilic coccal-shaped lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (6.6-8.4) and thermophilic lactobacilli (5.5-7.2) were found. In order to explore Darfiyeh natural ecosystem, a combination of classical and molecular approaches was applied. Classical identification revealed members of the genera Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus and Lactobacillus. Temporal Temperature Gel Electrophoresis (TTGE) profiles revealed common bands between the classical identification. Species-specific polymerase chain reactions (PCR) confirmed the presence of S. thermophilus, E. faecium, E. durans, Lc. lactis subsp. lactis and Lc. lactis subsp. cremoris. Real time PCR enabled quantification of S. thermophilus and E. faecium, with a detection threshold of 104 ufc.g-1 of Darfiyeh and a range of 107-109 ufc.g-1 of Darfiyeh, respectively. As for aroma transfer towards goat skin, absorption and permeability of three model aroma molecules (2-butanone, 2,3-butanedione, 2-butanol) in aqueous solution/goat skin system were followed, after 20, 40 and 60 days of exposure. Until 40 days, the transfer of aroma molecules was dependent on their physico-chemical properties and exposure time. After 60 days, the molecules migrate from the skin to the aqueous solution. Therefore, in such a simulated system, aromatic molecules seem to move under a cyclic way. This work is a first scientific and technical contribution to the preservation of traditional Lebanese cheesemaking

L’exposition aux aérosols microbiologiques présents dans les environnements clos est susceptible de provoquer, chez les occupants, diverses pathologies telles que des infections, des toxi-infections et des allergies. Pour s’en prémunir, diverses stratégies passant notamment par l’emploi de dispositifs épurateurs d’air, ont été développées et commercialisées par les industriels de la ventilation et du traitement de l’air. Cependant, à ce jour, aucune méthodologie d’évaluation y compris normative ne permet d’évaluer la pertinence de ces stratégies. Ce travail de recherche se propose, d’une part, d’appréhender le devenir des aérosols microbiologiques au sein des espaces clos : de la source à l’individu exposé, en explorant le rôle de la ventilation dans ce transport et, d’autre part, d’explorer le gain apporté par les nouvelles technologies de traitement microbiologique de l’air sur l’exposition des occupants. Pour ce dernier point de l’étude, une démarche globale d’évaluation en 3 volets a été adoptée avec l’étude de l’efficacité du ou des principes d’épuration mis en oeuvre, la détermination du rendement intrinsèque en condition dynamique de ces systèmes et l’évaluation du gain apporté par ces derniers sur l’exposition des occupants. Les travaux menés avec les dispositifs épurateurs (filtration et photocatalyse) ont montré que les efficacités intrinsèques des systèmes ne permettent pas de préjuger de leur gain vis-à-vis du niveau de l’exposition des individus lorsqu’ils sont mis en oeuvre en environnement intérieur. Les résultats obtenus ont également mis en évidence que la prise en compte des flux aérauliques et du transport des particules induit par la ventilation et le dispositif épurateur est indispensable à la définition d’une stratégie cohérente de traitement d’air / Exposure to bioaerosols in indoor environments is associated with a wide range of adverse effects on health including infectious diseases, acute toxic effects and allergies. In order to guard against this phenomenon, the ventilation and air treatment industry has developed and marketed many air control strategies. However, at present, there is no methodology adapted to the evaluation of the relevance of these strategies. The aim of this research work was to characterize, in a first time, the progress of microbiological aerosol from the original source, to their eventual inhalation by person exposed, considering their dissemination through the indoor environments. Secondly, the work consisted of determining the efficiency of air cleaner devices applied to control indoor air quality. For this point, a global approach of evaluation in 3 steps was adopted, consisting of studying the efficiency of the epuration principle implemented, determining the intrinsic performance of the systems in dynamic conditions and their impact on the exposure level of the exposed persons. The tests carried out with air cleaner devices (filtration and photocatalysis) have shown that the intrinsic performance wasn’t able to estimate the beneficial impact of these systems on the exposure level of people when there were applied in indoor environments. So the intrinsic performance of devices is not the single impact factor, the airflow promoted by the device is also a factor to consider. Moreover, the characterization of indoor airflows and airborne particles transport is essential to define a coherent strategy of air treatment

Les travaux de thèse ont permis de quantifier l'efficacité de confinement de deux dispositifs distincts (un poste de sécurité microbiologique et une sorbonne classique) lors de la production simultanée de nanoaérosols et d'un gaz traceur (SF6). Deux techniques de mesure différentes ont été exploitées : la première basée sur la mesure de la distribution granulométrique de l'aérosol s'échappant (SMPS-C), l'autre reposant sur la détection de fluorescence d'échantillons prélevés (fluorescéine sodée utilisée comme marqueur des nanoparticules). Les résultats ont permis d'établir une forte corrélation entre le comportement d'un nanoaérosol et celui d'un gaz traceur lorsqu'ils sont émis simultanément dans une enceinte ventilée. Plus encore, on a observé une rétrodiffusion gazeuse quasiment deux fois plus importante pour le gaz traceur que pour les nanoparticules testées dans différentes configurations. Le dépôt ainsi que l'agglomération présents dans le cas du transport d'un nuage de nanoparticules peuvent expliquer ces écarts dans le niveau global de confinement obtenu. Cependant, ce constat n'est pas un gage de protection suffisante dans la mesure où il n'existe pas de valeur spécifique de référence lors de l'exposition à des nanoparticules. Il est alors utile de respecter les règles de bonne conduite qui ont été définies dans de nombreux guides INRS ou au travers de multiples études de l'IRSN. En plus de ces études expérimentales, le banc d'essai développé à l'INRS a fait l'objet d'une simulation numérique permettant de valider un modèle eulérien de transport et de dépôt implémenté dans un code de CFD destiné à modéliser le comportement d'un nanoaérosol. Les résultats numériques/expérimentaux sont concordants ; les ordres de grandeur des niveaux de confinement atteints sont comparables / The thesis works have enabled us to quantify the containment efficiency of two devices (a microbiological safety cabinet and classical fume hood) during the simultaneous production of nanoaerosols and a tracer gas (SF6). Two different measurement techniques were used: the first based on the measurement of particle size distribution of the escaping aerosol (SMPS-C), the other based on the detection of fluorescence of samples (sodium fluorescein used as marker of nanoparticles). The results have established a strong correlation between the behavior of a nanoaerosols and the tracer gas when they are emitted simultaneously in a ventilated enclosure. More, we observed that tracer gas back diffusion was almost twice greater than for nanoparticles back diffusion in all the tested configurations. The deposit and the agglomeration present in the case of transport of a cloud of nanoparticles can explain these differences in the overall level of containment. However, this observation does not guarantee sufficient protection since there is no specific reference value for nanoparticle exposure. It is useful to observe the guidelines that have been defined in many INRS publications or through IRSN studies. In addition to these experimental studies, the test-rig developed at INRS has been numerically simulated to validate an eulerian transport and deposition model implemented in a CFD code for modeling the behavior of a nanoaerosol. Numerical and experimental results are concordant; orders of magnitude for the achieved containment levels are comparable

L'industrie viti-vinicole est affectée par la présence d’Ochratoxine A (OTA) dans ses produits en raison de la contamination des raisins par des souches fongiques d'Aspergillus section Nigri, notamment A. carbonarius. Le vin et le jus de raisin sont considérés comme les deuxièmes contributeurs en Europe à l'ingestion par les consommateurs de cette mycotoxine ayant des effets néphrotoxiques, neurotoxiques et tératogènes. L'objectif principal de ce travail est de proposer des méthodes alternatives aux traitements phytosanitaires chimiques pour prévenir la contamination en OTA dans les raisins et le vin, dans le respect de l'environnement et de la santé des producteurs et consommateurs. Différents traitements ont été comparés en station expérimentale après contamination artificielle du cépage Mourvèdre par une souche d’A. carbonarius fortement productrice d’OTA (CP-OTA) isolée de raisin : un fongicide chimique (Scala®) servant de témoin conventionnel et 3 traitements alternatifs, un extrait de plante agissant comme éliciteur (Stifénia®), et Saccharomyces cerevisiae et Trichoderma atroviride utilisés comme agents biologiques antagonistes. Deux parcelles non traitées ont servi de témoins non traités, l'une a été artificiellement contaminée. Une réduction significative de la teneur en OTA dans les jus (de 38 à 42 %) a été observée pour les traitements avec le fongicide chimique, la levure en tant qu’agent biologique et l’éliciteur Stifenia permettant une amélioration notable de la qualité sanitaire des jus et une réduction en dessus de la norme à 2 g/Kg. Les dénombrements microbiologiques et la Q-PCR utilisant des amorces spécifiques d’A. carbonarius ont montré les plus fortes réductions de son occurrence dans les jus de raisin et les rafles après traitement avec l’éliciteur. L’analyse des résultats de PCR-DGGE a permis de bien de discriminer les différents traitements par rapport à des modifications d’écosystèmes. Des espèces des genres Penicillium et Fusarium non productrices d’OTA ont été isolée des baies traitées par le Stifénia® alors qu’elles n’ont pas été mises en évidence sur les autres parcelles. Les deux traitements biologiques et le traitement par éliciteur ont considérablement augmenté l'épaisseur des peaux de baies (quantités de cire et de cuticule et épaisseur de la peau de la baie). Ceci pourrait être due à des mécanismes de résistance des baies de raisin à certains agents pathogènes et pourraient expliquer simultanément la réduction d’OTA ainsi que l'amélioration de la qualité globale du jus de raisin, qui présentent notamment des teneurs en polyphénols augmentées. Le trans-6-nonenal et trans-2-octenal, rencontrés à plus haute concentration dans les feuilles traitées au Stifénia® lors de l’analyse des profils des composés organiques volatils (COV) des feuilles ont montré une activité antifongique sur la croissance et toxinogenèse du CP-OTA alors qu’aucune activité antifongique de la poudre Stifénia® n’a pu être mesurée. Cela pourrait expliquer en partie le mode d'action de défense de la plante suite au traitement éliciteur par production au niveau des feuilles des COV induisant des modifications métaboliques sur le CP-OTA et engendrant les teneurs d’OTA réduites dans les raisins. Suite aux modifications d’écosystème obtenus, l’autre possibilité envisagée de défense induite par le Stifénia serait la promotion de souches microbiennes antagonistes des souches fongiques mycotoxinogènes. Lors de test d’antagonisme, certaines souches des genres Penicillium et Fusarium, isolées sur parcelles traitées au Stifenia, ont eu un effet positif de réduction de la croissance et toxinogenèse du CP-OTA. C'est notamment le cas pour Penicillium adametzioides qui présente la meilleure réduction de toxinogenèse du CP-OTA. Le traitement par éliciteur présente donc de très bonnes alternatives aux traitements phytosanitaires chimiques pour lutter contre les champignons toxinogènes ainsi que des potentialités de nouveaux agents biologiques. / The grape and wine industry is affected by the presence of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in its products because of contamination of grapes by strains of Aspergillus section Nigri. Grapes and wine are considered as the second contributors in Europe to the ingestion of this mycotoxin with nephrotoxic, neurotoxic and teratogenic effects. The main objective of this work is to provide non-chemical alternative methods to control OTA contamination in grapes and wine, in respect with environment and health of producers and consumers. Different treatments were compared in experimental vineyard PECH-ROUGE of INRA and IFV, Narbonne, France on near parcels after artificial contamination of the Mourvèdre grape cultivar by A. carbonarius: (OTA producing fungus; OTA-PF) a chemical fungicide (Scala®); Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Trichoderma atroviride as antagonists; and a plant extract as elicitor (Stifénia®). Two untreated parcels served as controls, one was artificially contaminated. A significant reduction (38 - 42%) was observed in the OTA juice content by the chemical, yeast bioagent and elicitor treatments with juice safety improvement under the standard at 2 g/Kg. The microbiological enumeration and Q-PCR using universal and specific primers for A. carbonarius had shown the highest reduction of its occurrence on grapes and stems from elictor treatment. The DGGE gave an overview on their effect on the fungal ecosystem, that showed higher similarity between the non-contaminated and elicitor treatment (76%) followed by yeast one and the lowest treatment was the contaminated one. The results obtained from traditional methods of isolation showed that the elicitor treatment had a higher proportion of fungal species from Penicillium and Fusarium genera not isolated in the other treatments. The two biological treatments and one elicitor treatment significantly increased the thickness of the berry skins in general (wax, cuticle layers and skin thickness), which could be related to the enhancement of the disease resistance of the grape berries to certain pathogens and could also simultaneously explain the OTA reduction and the grape juice quality improvement whith particular increasment of polyphenol contents. Further study was conducted in order to understand the Stifénia® mode of action because the reduction effect of the black aspergilli incidence and the OTA contamination while the isolated strains still have the high ability of producing OTA. Trans-6-nonenal and trans-2-octenal, which recognized in Stifénia® treatment leaves with the highest significant concentration regarding to their concentration with the chemical treatment during volatile organic compound (VOC) analyses, have antifungal activity against the OTA-PF growth and OTA production with low concentrations. No antifungal activity of the Stifénia® powder against the OTA-PF mycelial growth or toxigenesis were measured. That may partially explain the mode of action of plant defence by producing leaf VOCs that induce positive changes on the OTA-PF and its OTA contents in grapes. Due to ecosystem changes observed, an other potential effect of the induced defense with Stifénia treatment could be to promote fungal strains with antagonistic effect on A. carbonarius. In vitro antagonistic test was performed with Stifénia® non-Aspergillus isolates from Penicillium and Fusarium genera. Certain strains had a positive effect on mycelial growth reduction on OTA-PF and have also an effect on OTA production of OTA-PF. Penicillium adametzioides showed the highest reduction of toxigenesis of OPT-PF. This could be accomplished by applying as the elicitor one of the tested fungi with an antagonistic effect on OTA production, such as P. adametzioides. The Elicitor treatment therefore offers very good alternatives to chemical treatments to fight against toxigenic fungi directly or by giving new potential biological agents.

L'objectif de ces travaux est de contribuer à augmenter la connaissance sur la réutilisation des eaux de ruissellement de toiture. Une maison individuelle située en zone rurale et équipée d'une toiture en tuiles, et un bâtiment collectif situé en zone périurbaine avec une toiture terrasse bitumée, ont été étudiés. Les eaux de pluie collectées sont réutilisées dans l'habitat pour l'alimentation des chasses d'eau. Un suivi analytique a permis l'étude de la qualité de l'eau en plusieurs points des systèmes. Les eaux stockées sont clairement non potables et révèlent une contamination microbiologique très variable. Des pathogènes ont été quantifiés à plusieurs reprises. La qualité de l'eau distribuée ne peut donc pas être garantie au cours de l'année, d'où la recommandation d'une désinfection de l'eau avant distribution. Un suivi hydraulique a permis de déterminer les volumes d'eau potable substitués et les taux de couverture de besoins en eau. Un modèle du comportement hydraulique a été développé puis utilisé pour discuter le dimensionnement des cuves. En présence d'une désinfection, les installations ne sont économiquement pas rentables. En l'absence de désinfection, le bilan économique est positif mais la période de retour sur investissement supérieure à la durée de vie de l'installation. Une première analyse de cycle de vie a été réalisée pour comparer les deux échelles étudiées. Dans les deux cas, les processus les plus impactants sont liés aux consommations électriques de l'éventuelle désinfection ultra-violet et des pompes. En présence d'une désinfection, l'échelle du bâtiment collectif présente des impacts plus faibles. Une deuxième analyse de cycle de vie a été réalisée pour étudier la pertinence de la substitution de l'eau du réseau d'eau public par de l'eau de pluie à l'échelle d'un particulier. Elle n'est pas probante d'un point de vue environnemental. / The aim of this work is to contribute to knowledge on roof runoff reuse. A private house located in rural area with a tiled sloping roof and a research building located in suburban zone with a bituminous flat roof were studied. The collected rainwater is reused for toilet flushing. An analytical monitoring allowed the study of water quality in several points of the systems. Stored rainwater is clearly non drinkable and reveals a very variable microbiological contamination. Pathogenic agents were quantified on several occasions. Distributed water quality cannot thus be guaranteed over the year and a disinfection before distribution is recommended. A hydraulic follow-up made it possible to determine substituted volumes of drinking water by collected rainwater and water saving efficiencies. A model of the hydraulic behaviour of systems was developed then used to discuss dimensioning of the tanks. In the presence of disinfection, the installations are economically not profitable. In the absence of disinfection, the economic assessment is positive but the payback period is longer than the lifespan of the installation. A first life cycle assessment was carried out to compare the two studied scales. In both cases, the more impacting processes are related to electricity consumptions of possible ultra-violet disinfection and the pumps. In the presence of disinfection, the scale of the building presents weaker impacts. A second life cycle assessment was carried out to study the relevance of the substitution of drinking water by rainwater on a private individual scale. It is not convincing of an environmental point of view.

Orientador: Marcos Franke Pinto / Resumo: O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de ovos do mundo e devido ao fato desse alimento estar cotidianamente na mesa do brasileiro, um controle contínuo e rigoroso deve ser desenvolvido a fim de garantir sua qualidade físico-química e microbiológica. Neste estudo foi avaliada a qualidade microbiológica e físico-química de ovos frescos submetidos a metodologias alternativas para desinfecção da casca. Foram realizadas diversas combinações de tratamentos, utilizando a lavagem dos ovos com água clorada e água ozonizada, e a exposição dos ovos ao gás ozônio e à radiação ultravioleta (UV), e foi avaliado seu efeito em comparação a ovos não higienizados. Após os tratamentos, os ovos foram submetidos à contagem total de microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios e facultativos viáveis e à contagem de coliformes a 30-35oC.Também foi avaliado o efeito dos tratamentos no comportamento dos parâmetros físico-químicos de qualidade dos ovos armazenados sob refrigeração e a temperatura ambiente. Todos os tratamentos foram eficazes na redução da contaminação microbiana da casca dos ovos. A exposição à luz U.V. e ao gás ozônio, sem lavagem prévia dos ovos, não diferiu dos tratamentos nos quais os ovos foram lavados com água clorada, que é o procedimento normalmente empregado na higienização dos ovos. A qualidade dos ovos durante o armazenamento abaixo de 4ºC e a 25ºC foi avaliada durante 28 dias por análises semanais de unidade Haugh, índice de gema, pH e pela perda de peso dos ovos. Não houve diferença ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Brazil is one of the largest egg producers in the world and because this food is daily in the table of the Brazilians, a continuous and rigorous control must be developed in order to guarantee its physical-chemical and microbiological quality. In this study, the microbiological and physicochemical quality of fresh eggs submitted to alternative methodologies for disinfecting the shell was evaluated. Several combinations of treatments were performed, using egg washing with chlorinated and ozonated water, and egg exposure to ozone gas and ultraviolet radiation (UV), and their effect was evaluated comparing with not sanitized eggs. After treatments, the eggs were submitted to total count of viable mesophilic aerobic and facultative microorganisms and 30-35oC coliforms count. The effect of the treatments on the behavior of physicochemical quality parameters of the eggs stored under refrigeration and at room temperature was also evaluated. All treatments were effective in reducing the microbial contamination of eggshell. The exposure of the eggs to U.V. and ozone gas, without previous washing, did not differ from the treatments in which the eggs were washed with chlorinated water, which is the normal procedure used in the hygiene of the eggs. Eggs quality during storage below 4°C and at 25°C was evaluated for 28 days by weekly Haugh unit, yolk index, pH and weight loss analyses. There was no significant difference between the treatments, but the temperature was determinant for egg ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Para efetivamente tratar uma infecção, é necessário que o antibiótico possua atividade antimicrobiana adequada e seja capaz de inibir o crescimento do microrganismo patogênico. O doseamento microbiológico é uma metodologia indicada para a análise do antimicrobiano de forma simples, quando comparado com outras metodologias. A Food and Drug Administration (FDA) tem encorajado uma abordagem proativa para introduzir inovações e benefícios associados ao processo de produção farmacêutica. A Qualidade por Design Analítico (AQbD) ajuda no desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos robustos e de baixo custo, que são aplicáveis durante todo ciclo de vida do produto. Os métodos microbiológicos tradicionais, de forma geral, apresentam baixa reprodutibilidade e alta incerteza. Desta forma, justifica-se o desenvolvimento de métodos microbiológicos alternativos para a análise de antimicrobianos empregando-se os conceitos de Qualidade por Design Analítico, com a finalidade de melhorar a reprodutibilidade e reduzir a incerteza final. O objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar o conceito de Qualidade por Design Analítico (AQbD) no desenvolvimento de método colorimétrico para análise de sulfato de neomicina. O sulfato de neomicina é um antimicrobiano aminoglicosídeo amplamente empregado no tratamento de infecções cutâneas ou mucosas, tais como queimaduras, úlceras, e dermatites infecciosas. Métodos cromatográficos como a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência em fase reversa, de pareamento iônico ou cromatografia iônica com derivatização (pré ou pós-coluna) são utilizados para a análise de aminoglicosídeos, inclusive sulfato de neomicina. Contudo, de acordo com as farmacopeias, o método microbiológico é o método analítico de escolha para a análise de sulfato de neomicina e outros aminoglicosídeos. A análise colorimétrica é um método amplamente utilizado para a detecção e quantificação de diferentes substâncias, incluindo o crescimento microbiano em estudos de eficácia terapêutica. Neste trabalho, propomos o uso de resazurina como marcador colorimétrico. O indicador sofre uma reação de oxido-redução na qual altera a coloração em resposta à redução química resultante do crescimento celular. O uso de microplacas para a análise colorimétrica é uma alternativa ao método realizado em tubos de ensaio. Uma alternativa ao uso de espectrofotômetros para a análise colorimétrica é o uso de aparelhos smartphones, pois são equipados com CPUs rápidas, câmeras de alta resolução e sensores de imagem. O processamento da imagem captada pela câmera do dispositivo é utilizado como um analisador colorimétrico. Portanto, a aplicação dos conceitos de Qualidade por Design Analítico (AQbD) possibilitou o desenvolvimento racional de método microbiológico colorimétrico para análise de sulfato de neomicina. / To effectively treat an infection, the antibiotic must have adequate antimicrobial activity and be capable of inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic microorganism. The microbiological assay is an indicated methodology for the analysis of the antimicrobial in a simple way, when compared with other methodologies. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has encouraged a proactive approach to introducing innovations and benefits associated with the pharmaceutical production process. Analytical Design Quality (AQbD) assists in the development of robust, low cost analytical methods that are applicable throughout the product life cycle. Traditional microbiological methods, in general, have low reproducibility and high uncertainty. Thus, it is justified the development of alternative microbiological methods for the analysis of antimicrobials using the concepts of Quality by Analytical Design, in order to improve reproducibility and reduce final uncertainty. The objective of this work was to apply the concept of Quality by Analytical Design (AQbD) in the development of a colorimetric method for the analysis of neomycin sulfate. Neomycin Sulfate is an aminoglycoside antimicrobial widely used in the treatment of cutaneous or mucosal infections, such as burns, ulcers, and infectious dermatitis. Chromatographic methods such as reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, ion-pairing or ion chromatography with derivatization (pre or post-column) are used for the analysis of aminoglycosides, including neomycin sulfate. However, according to pharmacopoeias, the microbiological method is the analytical method of choice for the analysis of neomycin sulphate and other aminoglycosides. Colorimetric analysis is a widely used method for the detection and quantification of different substances, including microbial growth in studies of therapeutic efficacy. In this work, we propose the use of resazurin as a colorimetric marker. The indicator undergoes an oxidation-reduction reaction in which it alters the coloration in response to the chemical reduction resulting from cell growth. The use of microplates for colorimetric analysis is an alternative to the method carried out in test tubes. An alternative to the use of spectrophotometers for colorimetric analysis is the use of smartphones because they are equipped with fast CPUs, high resolution cameras and image sensors. The image processing captured by the device\'s camera is used as a colorimetric analyzer. Therefore, the application of the concepts of Quality by Analytical Design (AQbD) allowed the rational development of a microbiological colorimetric method for analysis of neomycin sulfate.

In low-resource contexts, household-level point-of-use water treatment (POUWT) techniques are the final, and sometimes only, barrier against waterborne illnesses, and in these and other water-related applications, health risks can be quantified using one of two methods. Firstly, Escherichia coli (or other indicator organism) counts can be used to monitor water and determine adherence to a health-based limit (i.e. compliance monitoring). Secondly, E. coli can be used to conduct a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), indicating the level of protection conferred by a given POUWT device by spiking test water with E. coli to ascertain a reduction efficacy relative to that target organism, a process referred to as challenge testing, which is typically carried out in a laboratory context. Although both methods are well established, both have scope for improvement for effective field application in low-resource contexts. Regarding compliance monitoring, I assessed the performance of a new low-cost field kit for E. coli enumeration, which was designed by others. I also assessed the feasibility of re-using some disposable materials, in terms of sterility and mechanical wear. The use of the new low-cost field kit was successful during the fieldwork campaign; however, re-using disposable materials introduced a relatively high occurrence of false positive results during E. coli enumeration. Use of the new low-cost field kit can reduce financial barriers, thus enabling greater water quality testing coverage. Regarding challenge testing, the aim of this study was to adapt current protocols to assess the household performance (as opposed to laboratory performance) of POUWT techniques. I developed a conceptual framework to conduct Field Challenge Tests (FCT’s) on POUWT techniques, using a probiotic health supplement containing E. coli as the challenge organism. I successfully carried out a FCT in Malawi with limited resources, verifying FCT viability. Applications of such FCT’s include quality control practices for manufactured devices, guiding QMRA and recommendations by public health organizations regarding POU device selection, and assessing the impact of user training programmes regarding POUWT techniques. / Graduate

Introdução. O comércio de baguncinha, sanduíche típico da região metropolitana de Cuiabá - MT é fonte de renda no mercado informal e alternativa de alimentação fora de casa. A vigilância sanitária tem problemas estruturais e financeiros para a fiscalização enquanto os organismos de saúde pública recomendam a capacitação dos manipuladores. Objetivo. Avaliar a eficácia de uma intervenção educativa na representação social e na prática de manipuladores de sanduíche baguncinha. Método. Foram pesquisados 35 pontos de venda, divididos em grupo controle e teste, antes e depois de intervenção educativa. Foram observadas as condições de higiene ambiental e pessoal por meio de check list e realizadas análises microbiológicas e medição de temperatura interna do sanduíche. Por meio de entrevista semi-estruturada foram coletados dados representacionais e comportamentais relativos à manipulação segura de alimentos. Os depoimentos foram tratados pela técnica do discurso do sujeito coletivo e os dados comportamentais pela estatística paramétrica. A análise dos dados representacionais e comportamentais foi baseada na triangulação de teorias educativas. Resultados. As condições de higiene pessoal e ambiental se mostraram precárias nos pontos de venda. As mãos dos manipuladores apresentaram altos índices de contaminação microbiológica. Os sanduíches estavam impróprios para consumo em 31,4% das amostras. Predominou a não-conformidade para a temperatura de armazenamento dos ingredientes. A temperatura segura de cocção não foi alcançada em 84,2% dos baguncinhas. O conhecimento foi considerado de mediano a baixo. Os ambulantes preocupavam-se em manter a clientela e a principal dificuldade foi à falta de infra-estrutura no ponto de venda. Como incentivo à mudança de comportamento, a redução de impostos e o acesso a financiamentos predominaram na representação social dos ambulantes. Sentimento de discriminação por parte dos consumidores apresentou-se como ancoragem. Conclusões. O treinamento não foi eficaz para mudar a representação e o comportamento dos manipuladores. A importância sócio-econômica deste comércio na baixada cuiabana e a condição sanitária precária no ponto de venda requerem políticas de fiscalização e intervenção educacional baseada na nova Psicologia Social. A metodologia da Problematização poderia obter mudanças positivas no comportamento e nas representações destes trabalhadores, associada às outras mudanças estruturais e regulamentais. / Introduction. The commerce of the baguncinha sandwich is typical of the metropolitan area of Cuiabá - MT. It is the source of income for many families and an alternative for dining out. The sanitary commission has structural and financial problems to over see the activity and the public health department recommends the qualification of who sells. Objective. Evaluate the effectiveness of an educative intervention in the social representation and behavioral of whom sells the baguncinha sandwich. Method. Thirty five places where the baguncinha was sold were investigated, divided into control and test groups, before and after the education intervention. It was evaluated the sanitary of the place and person manipulating the food through a check list also a microbiological analysis and internal temperature of the sandwich were done. Through a semi-structural interview data were collected about the social representation and behavioral of manipulation of the food. The speechs were treated with the collective subject discussion software and the behavioral by the parametric statistic. Results. The personal hygiene and the condition of the place were precarious. The hands of the food manipulators showed high levels of microbiological contamination. The sandwich were not fit for consumption 31,4% of the samples. The predominant problem was the wrong temperature of the storage of the ingredients. The safe firing was not reached in 84,2% of the baguncinha. The knowledge was considered medium to low. The ambulant were worried in keeping its clients and the main difficulty was the lack of infrastructure of the point of sell. As incentive to change its behavioral, a reduction of taxes and access to finance is predominant in the social representation of the ambulant. A feeling of discrimination the consumers presented themselves as anchorage. Conclusion. The training did not effective to change the representation and behavioral of the manipulators of the baguncinha sandwich. The social economical importance of the commerce in Cuiaba and the precarious sanitary conditions in the point of sell requires a harsh focalization policy and education intervention based on the Social Psychology. The Problem Solving Methodology could have some positive changes in the behavioral and in the workers representation, associated with other structural and regulation changes.