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Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The dissertation focuses on the history of Russian chemistry between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. Present scholarship contends that the growth and maturation of chemistry in Russia was a straitlaced process, state imposed and directed, and critically tied to the founding of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg (1724-1725). Within this generally accepted school of thought, the infrastructure, codes of conduct, and ways of thinking that are the precursors of a vibrant chemical culture had no precedent in Russia, and historians portray them as having sprung up overnight by the founding of this institution. This dissertation refutes this seemingly immaculate conception of chemistry on Russia soil. Through a detailed examination of primary sources, including manuscript collections of artisanal recipes, legal contracts, tsarist decrees and acts (Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov), canon codes (Stoglav), synodal correspondence, printed annual calendars (Kalendar' ili Mesiatsoslov Khristianskii) and almanacs (Brius Calendars), as well as academic papers, chemical journals, public lectures, odes, correspondence, and artifacts of Mikhail Vasil'evich Lomonosov (1711-1765), this study details how chemical practices, practitioners, and ideas across a multiplicity of sites grew, diversified, and entered the scholarly and courtly domains in the course of the eighteenth century in Russia. By uncovering a vibrant chemical culture that existed before the founding of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and continued to thrive alongside it, this dissertation shows not only that Early Modern Russia hosted a robust knowledge-generating culture, but also that practical chemistry was endemic to Russia’s material and cultural landscape. In doing so, it lays to rest the enduring but erroneous scholarly assumption that the natural sciences, including chemistry, had no indigenous roots in Russia and were forcibly and belatedly transplanted onto Russian soil only in the eighteenth century. Such assertions imply that Russia was not only a docile recipient of scientific disciplines and thus played no role in their formation but also that scientific disciplines arrived on Russian shores as fully mature sciences with stable disciplinary identities and practices agreed upon by an international community of practitioners. This dissertation makes two central claims. First, it argues that the entry of chemistry into the Academy was a dynamic process, negotiated by a confluence of actors, historical contingencies, and private interests, and not imposed by the state from above. To do so, it broadens the category of “science” and “scientific” to include pre-industrial processes and technologies, while outlining the essential preconditions for the development of a scientific culture. Second, it underscores the centrality of projects and projecting strategies to the crystallization of Russia’s popular scientific culture and discourse, and the development of chemistry as an academic discipline and a courtly science. This forces us to look at projecting not only as a hobbyhorse of adventurers, parvenus, and profit-seekers, but as a meaningful and epistemologically generative activity. In the middle of the eighteenth century, there were still many ways of doing academic chemistry, including Lomonosov’s Wolffian synthesis of “Physical Chymistry” (chymiae physicae or физическая химия), which had crystallized in the course of his projecting. Despite being grounded in corpuscular philosophy, Lomonosov’s “Physical Chymistry” offered a promising experimental framework for the study of chemical principles (first order constituents of mixed bodies), which was still mostly considered beyond the reach of chymical inquiry.

The literary depiction of prostitutes and courtesans in early modern Spanish and Italian literature (15th-17th centuries) generally follows the misogynistic and patriarchal norms characteristic of the period. Female characters associated with sexual commerce (including go-betweens and procuresses) are presented negatively and tend to meet forms of punishment (death, public humiliation) in line with the moralizing parameters in which they operate. The dissertation centers on three works—the anonymous Carajicomedia (1519), Francisco Delicado’s Retrato de la Lozana andaluza (1524), and Pietro Aretino’s Le sei giornate (1536)—that go against the dominant moralizing representation of female sexual workers, even to the point of celebrating their mode of existence and behavior rather than condemning it. Male characters, in turn, are often presented in a disparaging light, challenging readers’ patriarchal expectations. The dissertation seeks to explain these anomalous works through the lens of Mikhail Bakhtin’s theoretical approach to François Rabelais’s Gargantua et Pantagruel (composed in the same period) whose fundamental characteristics closely conform to the popular-festive environment and practices of Carnival and related phenomena. The “logic” of Carnival is based on systematic transgression, on forms of symbolic inversion (the “world-upside-down”), and the celebration of the human body and its pleasures in a way that breaks the norms of an “official culture” as established by the Church and State. The dissertation strives to place the three works studied in the same unique sociohistorical context that enabled the genesis not only of Rabelais’s works, but several by Erasmus, Cervantes, and Shakespeare: all writers—according to Bakhtin—that activated the worldview of the popular-festive culture that surrounded them. The subsequent ambivalent, if not overtly negative, reception of the three works at the center of the dissertation is largely due to the inability of scholars from later periods to comprehend the precise sociocultural dynamics in play in their production—a fate similar to that suffered by Rabelais’s masterful Gargantua et Pantagruel. / 2026-10-01T00:00:00Z

O presente trabalho se propõe a esboçar a primeira apresentação em língua portuguesa de uma das mais importantes figuras do pensamento, letras e educação da Rússia, absolutamente central em seu desenvolvimento técnico, científico e literário, Mikhail Vassílievitch Lomonóssov. Nele, juntamente com uma introdução provendo uma contextualização geral do século XVIII russo, seguida de um panorama biográfico do polímata centrado em sua produção literária e findada em um relato sobre sua contribuição para a formação da língua russa moderna, são apresentadas as traduções integrais de quatro obras suas na área das letras, duas das quais poemas longos acrescidos de comentários, bem como outras traduções secundárias ilustrativas da primeira parte. / The goal of the present work is to provide a sketch presenting for the first time in Portuguese language one of the most important individuals in Russian thought, language and education, who played a fundamental role in the technological, scientific and literary development of the country, Mikhail Vasilievitch Lomonosov. Here, along with an introduction containing a general outline of 18th century Russia, followed by a biographical overview of the polymath and ending in an account of his main contributions to the shaping of the modern Russian language, four full translations of his works in the realm of letters are presented, two of which duly commented long poems, as well as minor secondary translations, illustrating the first part.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:14:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4715.pdf: 16730774 bytes, checksum: d768455056e10756be408d6e470403c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-22 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The objective of this thesis was to discuss the election of 2010 under the bias of print journalism. The analysis was made by the editorial in the Folha de S.Paulo and O Estado de S.Paulo. We had as hypothesis that newspapers represent concepts and ideas of the reading public medium that would influence the editorial published in the coverage of the three major presidential candidates. Then, we compare the final result of the election with the different approaches of the editorials in relation to candidates in order to know whether an editorial could influence the election or not. The theory was founded on the philosophy of language, concept and method created by Mikhail Bakhtin and based on ideological correctness of the text and context, relating the socio-historical moment. The theory was founded on the philosophy of language, concept and method created by Mikhail Bakhtin and based on the correlation of the text and ideological context, relating the socio-historical moment. The qualitative results showed that O Estado de S.Paulo quoted 14.02% of 442 collected texts cited presidential candidates, while the Folha de S.Paulo quoted presidential candidates in 22.8% of 285 texts - with the name appearing Rousseff on average 59 times, Jose Serra quoted 37.5 and Marina Silva quote 10.5. The qualitative result proved the trajectory of incandescent Election: Nine themes were prevalent in newspaper articles and revealed a complex scenario of the race to the presidency. We observed that the effect of former President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva and political scandals have earned high relief - generating protests from editorial writers - highlighting the role of the press watchdog - to the point of the O Estado de S.Paulo first take position in an election. In the other one was related issues directly with the electoral rules, the relationship with government plans while the other (FARC, Abortion/religion and Privatization) resumed discourses that traditionally appear at critical moments in which it is called when it is necessary to trigger the review public. / O objetivo desta tese foi abordar a Eleição de 2010 sob o viés do jornalismo impresso. A análise foi feita pelos editoriais da Folha de S.Paulo e O Estado de S.Paulo. Tínhamos como hipótese primeira que os jornais representam conceitos e ideias do público leitor médio, o que influenciaria no que os editoriais publicaram na cobertura dos três principais candidatos à presidência. Depois, buscamos comparar o resultado final do pleito com as diversas abordagens dos editoriais em relação aos candidatos a fim de saber se um editorial poderia influenciar ou não a eleição. A base teórica foi fundada na Filosofia da Linguagem, conceito e método criado pelo russo Mikhail Bakhtin que se apoia na correlação ideológica do texto e contexto, relacionando o momento sócio-histórico. O resultado qualitativo mostrou que O Estado de S.Paulo citou 14,02% de 442 textos coletados citavam os presidenciáveis, enquanto a Folha de S.Paulo citou os presidenciáveis em 22,8% dos 285 textos com o nome de Dilma Rousseff aparecendo em média 59 vezes, José Serra 37,5 citação e Marina Silva com 10,5. O resultado qualitativo mostrou a trajetória candente da Eleição: nove temas foram preponderantes nos textos jornalísticos e revelaram um cenário complexo da corrida ao Palácio do Planalto. Pudemos constatar que o efeito do ex-presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva e os escândalos políticos ganharam alto relevo gerando protestos dos editorialistas ressaltando o papel da imprensa cão de guarda até o ponto do O Estado de S.Paulo pela primeira vez assumir posição em uma eleição. Nos demais temas um foi relacionado diretamente com as regras eleitorais, a relação com os planos de governo enquanto os outros (FARC, Aborto/religião e Privatização) reassumiram discursos que aparecem tradicionalmente nos momentos críticos em que se é convocado quando é preciso acionar a opinião pública.