During the past 50 years, air pollution has become a growing problem throughout the Intermountain West because of increases in personal vehicle ownership and usage. Scientists continue to design interventions to improve air quality by encouraging people to reduce their personal vehicle miles of travel (VMT). However, results of these interventions have only seen modest reductions in VMT because of some methodological and measurement issues. To address these limitations, a 14-week driving reduction intervention was conducted in Cache County, Utah. This intervention employed a prizebased contingency management system within a single-subject, A-B-A withdrawal research design that rewarded participants with prizes if they were able to reduce their VMT below their baseline mean. The VMT was measured each day with an in-car GPS electronic tracking device. Results of this intervention indicate both short- and long-term reductions in VMT as a result of the treatment. Specifically, 6 of the 10 participants showed a statistically significant reduction from the baseline to the intervention stage and maintenance of this reduction during the return-to-baseline stage. The other four participants exhibited a similar pattern but their change in vehicle miles of travel was not statistically significant. Interaction effects were not found between the quo;Choose Clean Airquo; social marketing campaign, gas prices, temperature, and PM 2.5 levels. Despite some problems with the transmission and recording of VMT data, this intervention provides further evidence for the application of prize-based contingency management systems to the reduction of a problematic behavior or encouragement of proenvironmental or pro-social behaviors. The in-car GPS devices improved VMT data collection and quality of the data but hardware and software improvements are still needed to prevent data loss. Further replication is necessary to determine the efficacy of driving reduction intervention that employs prize-based contingency management systems at the community or group level. Future research should also test the possible demographic differences between those that respond favorably to this type of intervention and those that do not, and the differences between prize delivery systems (immediate versus delayed) and prize magnitude (low- versus high-dollar amounts) on driving behaviors.

Vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and its relationship with the built environment has been extensively studied. Most notably, five D variables of the built environment including density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, and distance to transit are the key variables included in this research to explain VMT generation from housing developments. This thesis uses prior research that developed robust statistical models and findings to create a framework to estimate VMT reduction affected by infill housing developed using incentives provided by the state compared to a regional comparator. The regional comparator is typically a suburban single-family housing development in the region. The models recommended for future application of the framework are based on ease of finding the data on variables included in the model and statistical robustness. The application of the framework in the Central Coast and San Francisco Bay Area regions of California shows that infill prototypes developed can generate an 11-27% reduction in VMT per capita. The findings are specific to a synthetic household defined for this study. The research provides ways to apply this framework to other regions of the state along with ideas to consider for future work. These ideas include exploring the VMT reduction potential based on households with different income levels appropriate for the regions, future modeling efforts, and selection of existing models. The findings of this thesis support that the combination of the five D variables can help attribute to a larger VMT reduction than the VMT reduction caused by the change of a single variable. When destinations are clustered, and jobs are available at a reasonable distance to the residence, a significant reduction in VMT is more achievable. The results inform public agencies on which locations are ripe for devoting further resources for incentivizing housing development to reach climate and housing goals.

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I den här undersökningen har jag fördjupat mig i två framstående jazzmusikers improvisationergenom transkribering och analys. Med hjälp av egenproducerade backing tracks har tre egna improvisationer därefter spelats in i syfte att undersöka instuderingens inverkan på min egen musikaliska praktik och mina konstnärliga val därtill. De tre egna improvisationerna har haft olika utgångspunkter i avsikt att kunna jämföras med varandra. Arbetet har resulterat i nya insikter om mig själv som improvisatör, en djupare förståelse för Miles Davis och John Coltrane samt bidragit till ny konkret kunskap för improvisation på Rhythm Changes.

The success of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is critical to Europe’s economic health, however, our understanding of SME strategic behaviour is predominantly based on large enterprise theory. This study uses the Miles and Snow (1978) typology to examine the strategic behaviour of 150 UK SMEs. It also investigates whether strategy type, environment adaptation and organisational performance can be predicted by several contingency factors: organisation size, age, industry type, and management style. The findings confirm that the typology is not well suited for categorising SMEs; organisations that rarely develop through all three domains of the adaptive cycle to be sufficiently eligible for categorisation by one of the four pure archetypes. However, similar patterns of strategic behaviour were observed for certain dimensions, largely independent of the industry type or size of the SME, suggesting that an optimal configuration of mixed strategies may exist. Furthermore, Reactors, or those with mixed strategies, were found to perform similarly as Analysers and better than Defenders. The study also found that by fitting nominal logistic regression models to organisation age and size data, it was possible to predict strategic behaviour and environment adaptation, and to a lesser degree, financial performance. Surprisingly, the industry type and management style data were observed to exert minimal influence on the outcome variables. Finally, this research provides important insight relating to the validity concerns of the Miles and Snow typology and categorisation method employed, and demonstrates how these can be avoided.

Yes / Although IT-enabled dynamic capabilities (ITDCs) add value to firms operating in turbulent and rapidly changing environments, firms face several challenges in developing, deploying, and maintaining the right portfolio of ITDCs. Since ITDCs are not uniformly advantageous, firms need to make strategic decisions in order to accomplish the complex task of achieving optimal ITDC configurations. This conceptual paper draws on the strategic alignment perspective to identify the optimal configuration of ITDCs for a firm based on its business strategy orientation indicated by the Miles and Snow typology. This paper first explicates the theoretically ideal configurations of ITDCs based on the competitive strategy patterns associated with each Miles and Snow archetype and then develops a model for measuring the strategic fit of ITDCs. This paper contributes to the literatures on ITDCs and strategic alignment by identifying optimal ITDC configurations and by conceptualizing the strategic fit of ITDCs respectively.

Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka Miles Aldridges fotografi Immaculée#5 som gestaltar en Jungfru Maria som innehar ett uttryck av extas. Med hjälp av Panofskys ikonografiska metod och feministisk och psykoanalytisk teori analyseras verket för att utforska hur det religiösa verket kan tolkas i en samtida kontext. Slutsatsen innehåller en konklusion om att en förhistorisk kontext om Jungfru Maria och genomförda kritiska analyser visar att Immaculée#5 kan representera ett visuellt kvinnoförtryck baserat på bland annat sexuell voyeurism. / The purpose of the essay is to examine Miles Aldridge's photograph Immaculée#5, which depicts a Virgin Mary holding an expression of ecstasy. Using Panofsky's iconographic method and feminist and psychoanalytic theory, the work is analyzed to explore how the religious work can be interpreted in a contemporary context. The conclusion is that a prehistoric context about the Virgin Mary and critical analyses show that Immaculée#5 can represent a visual oppression of women based on sexual voyeurism, among other things.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur le développement et la comparaison d'outils numériques pour la simulation d'écoulements compressibles réactifs turbulents. Les objectifs de cette étude sont doubles : il s'agit d'une part de tester l'approche de la Simulation des Grandes Échelles Implicite (MILES) et d'autre part de doter le laboratoire d'une plate-forme de simulation numérique performante, évolutive, robuste et précise. Pour cela, deux programmes d'approches et de portées différentes ont été élaborés.<br />Le premier code, basé sur des schémas aux différences finies compactes centrées d'ordre 6, très précis et non dissipatifs, permet la simulation numérique directe (DNS) d'écoulements 3D turbulents sans chocs, en géométrie cartésienne. Ce code n'introduit pas de dissipation numérique et sert de référence pour tester l'approche MILES.<br />Le second code s'appuie sur l'utilisation de méthodes récentes à capture de chocs : les schémas WENO. La formulation aux différences finies des schémas WENO d'ordre 3 à 11 est implémentée dans un code bidimensionnel. Le pouvoir de résolution des schémas WENO des différents ordres est évalué par analyse linéaire. Les problèmes spécifiques au cas multi-espèces sont mis en évidence et la positivité des fractions massiques est respectée grâce à la méthode de Larrouturou. Les différentes reconstructions ainsi que l'ordre du schéma sont évalués sur une série de cas test.<br />Les deux codes font l'objet d'une comparaison sur la simulation d'une flamme 1D laminaire de prémélange et d'un jet 2D turbulent réactif H2/air. Enfin, les potentialités du schéma WENO sont démontrées sur une onde de détonation puis sur une interaction réactive onde de choc/bulle d'hydrogène.

Nathaniel Hawthorne uses Miles Coverdale to depict the process by which an individual reconstructs past experience into an emotionally and intellectually acceptable form. Through Coverdale's narrative, Hawthorne illustrates that truth is at best an approximation, that the transformational effects of time and distance obscure one's memory of remembered events, thus making absolute truth impossible to discover. As Coverdale attempts to understand his past--reordering, reassessing, and assigning it significance--a subjective interpretation of his past experience evolves. It iLs Coverdale's subjective interpretation of experience which Hawthorne presents in The Blithedale Romance; the ambiguity and mystery of Coverdale's narrativeare necessary to the design of the romance, for both elements characterize the area between truth and imagination in which experience is perceived and interpreted.

Les débats entre historiens qui étudient l’époque féodale, Xe-XIIe siècle, portent sur la seigneurie castrale, son apparition, son développement, mais avec un présupposé : l’apparition des châteaux traduit la crise de l’autorité publique, son éparpillement entre les mains de l’aristocratie pour laquelle les châteaux deviennent des instruments de domination, l’an Mil marquant une étape décisive de ce processus. Cette thèse tente d’apporter des éléments de discussion par l’étude du phénomène castral : la formation des châteaux, les autres formes de fortifications, leur rôle, leur évolution. Leur implantation et leurs fonctions permettent d’apporter un nouvel éclairage sur ce qu’est une châtellenie, et sa mise en perspective sur le long terme, depuis le premier millénaire. L’évolution de la villa en seigneurie rurale constitue un chapitre qui tente de comprendre ce qu’est une seigneurie, ses droits et ses fonctions, et les divers acteurs de la création des seigneuries. Dans une deuxième partie, l’étude des familles gravitant dans les châteaux et dans leurs ressorts permet d’apporter des éléments nouveaux sur l’origine des nouveaux comtes, des seigneurs de châteaux et des garnisons castrales. Elle s’intègre directement dans le débat sur la chevalerie : hommes nouveaux, soldats de fortune, ou héritiers de l’aristocratie carolingienne. Les comportements familiaux sont aussi étudiés, et les évolutions entre cousinages et lignages. Ils sont impactés par l’extension des liens féodo-vassaliques qui concernent de plus en plus tous les aspects de la vie, les héritages et les biens allodiaux. L’étude de l’évolution de la société « féodale » tente d’éclairer le passage du château, détenteur de la puissance publique, au château, résidence d’une aristocratie et point de crispation de la part des populations rurales dès le XIVe siècle. Elle cherche à établir s’il y a bien eu une « mutation » féodale à la veille de l’an Mil, ou s’il s’agit d’un processus évolutif sur le long terme. / The debates between historians who study the feudal period,10th-12thc., relate on the seigneurie castrale, its appearance, its development, but with one presupposition: the appearance of the castles translates the crisis of public authority, its scattering in the hands of the aristocracy for which the castles become instruments of domination, the year 1000 marking a decisive stage in this process. The thesis tries to bring elements of discussion by the study of the castle phenomenon formation of the castles, the shapes of the fortifications, their role, their evolution. Their establishment and their functions make it possible to bring a new light on what is a châtellenie, and its setting in prospect in the long term, since the first millenium. The evolution of the villa to seigneurie rurale constitutes a chapter which tries to understand what is a seigneurie, its rights and its functions, and the various actors of the creation of the seigneuries. In a second part, the study of the families evolving in the castles and their resorts makes it possible to bring new elements on the origin of the new counts, the lords of castles and the garrisons of the castles. It is integrated firmly in the debate on knighthood : new men, soldiers of fortune, or heirs to the Carolingian aristocracy. The behavior of the families is also studied, and the evolutions between kinships. They are impacted by the extension of the feodo-vassalic links which relate more and more to every aspect of life, inheritances and freehold possessions. The study of the evolution of the “feudal” society tries to clarify the passage from the castle, holder of the public power, to the castle, residence of an aristocracy and locus of tenseness by the rural populations as soon as the14th century. It seeks to establish if there were actually a feudal “change” on the eve of the year 1000, or if it was an evolutionary process on the long term.