Tūkstantmečio vystymosi tikslai tai viso pasaulio valstybių indėlis, sprendžiant visuotines problemas ir užtikrinant kiekvienos šalies gyventojų gyvenimo sąlygas atsižvelgiant į aplinkos tausojimą bei darnaus vystymosi užtikrinimą. Šio darbo tikslas ir yra išanalizuoti bei įvertinti aplinkosauginių Tūkstantmečio vystymosi tikslų įgyvendinimą Lietuvoje 1990-2008 metų laikotarpius. Siekiant įvertinti gyventojų nuostatas bei požiūrį Tūkstantmečio vystymosi tikslų atžvilgiu, buvo atliekama gyventojų apklausa, sudaryto klausimyno pagalba. Kiekvienos valstybės padėtį, įgyvendinant Tūkstantmečio vystymosi tikslus nusako numatytų rodiklių įgyvendinimo lygis. Lietuvoje, siekiant užtikrinti darnią aplinkos apsaugą yra stebimi šie rodikliai: miškingos ir saugomų teritorijų dalis, biologinės įvairovės ir rūšių, kurioms gresia išnykimas išsaugojimas, anglies dioksido dujų ir ozono pirmtakų emisija bei bendras vandens išteklių suvartojimas šalyje. Atskaitos taškas, nuo kada stebimas rodiklių kitimas yra 1990 metai, o numatyti tikslai turi būti pasiekti, pagal Tūkstantmečio deklaraciją, iki 2015 metų. Vykdant gyventojų apklausą buvo nustatyta, jog didžioji dauguma, 74 % apklaustųjų, nėra girdėję apie Tūkstantmečio vystymosi tikslus. 26 % respondentų, kurie žino, apie šiuos pasaulinius tikslus yra įgiję universitetinį išsilavinimą (67 %). Atliekant rangavimą, gyventojų nuomone svarbiausi Tūkstantmečio vystymosi tikslai yra skurdo ir bado panaikinimas pasaulyje, vaikų mirtingumo mažinimas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Millennium development goals – all world countries input in solving universal problems and assuring living conditions for every country‘s citizens, also considering environment and sustainable development aspects. The aim of this work is to analyse and evaluate the implementation of environmental Millennium development goals in Lithuania during 1990-2008. In order to evaluate people attitudes in regard to Millennium development goals, population survey was conducted, with the help of questionnaire. Implementation level of foreseen indicators indicates every country’s progress in implementing Millennium development goals. In Lithuania, pursuing to assure sustainable environment protection, such indicators are observed: parts of forested and protected territories, protection of biological diversity and species, which are at risk of extinction, emission of carbon dioxide and ozone prosecutors and general water consumption in the country. Year 1990 is a starting point. According to Millennium declaration, the intended aims must be reached up to 2015. Survey reveals that the majority – 74 % of respondents have not heard about Millennium development goals. 26 % of respondents, who are aware of those global aims, hold a university degree (67 %). In citizens’ opinion, most important Millennium development goals are elimination of poverty and hunger in the world, reducing of children’s death-rate and assurance of friendly environment. These aims were named as very important by... [to full text]

Lietuvos archeologiniuose tyrimuose iki pastarojo laiko didžiausias dėmesys buvo skiriamas materialinei ir dvasinei kultūrai. Paskutiniaisiais metais pradėta daugiau domėtis socialiniais ir demografiniais procesais, kuriuos geriausiai atspindi laidojimo paminklų duomenys. Tokius tyrimus apsunkina medžiagos fragmentiškumas, todėl tyrinėjamos temos chronologinės bei teritorinės ribos yra plačios. / Until recently in Lithuanian archaeological researches the biggest attention was paid to the material and spiritual culture. In recent years, the interest is growing in social and demographic processes which are reflected by burial data. The researches are aggravated because of material fragmentation, consequently chronological and territorial margins of topic explored are wide. Not all cemeteries and data of them allow to draw conclusions.

The need for donor funding has increased significantly over the last decade. Without donor funding millions of people wouldn’t be alive today. Thanks either to research finding a cure, successful treatment, funds donated for food, aid toward building infrastructure, or giving people the opportunity to further their education. Donor funding thus facilitates a better future. A literature review was conducted to give background on the health sector and how these funds were distributed, ethical clearance, different types of reporting, the role project managers pays in a project and the sustainability of projects. Expenses in different countries were evaluated by gathering data from the internet, while two international funded projects are also used to state how funders divide their line items into different categories. The empirical study used a qualitative research approach by collecting and analysing data obtained from the MDG 2010 report and other freely available data on the web. The main findings from this thesis are: *The Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) influence donor funding as it gives donors a guide towards funding needs. Donors are also influenced by their own preferences or what poses a burden to them individually. *The different types of reporting required for funding received, delay a project and the bureaucratic structures thereof are a hindrance. *Ethical clearance plays a fundamental role in the outcome of a project, as without ethical clearance a project cannot commence. *The objectives of a project play a critical role when applying for funding. This can change the focus of a project. *Expenses differ from country to country and funders need to take this into account when giving funding to recipient countries. *Project Managers and community involvement plays a critical role in ensuring sustainability of projects. THE SUSTAINABILITY OF DONOR FUNDED PROJECTS IN THE HEALTH SECTOR *The MDG’s are not on track and aid are focus on singular goals instead of multiple goals, to ensure an overall improved result. There is a major gap between needed funds and given funds. A single injection of funds will not be the solution to our health problem; different sectors need to collaborate together as we are facing a multi-dimensional problem. Trade and reform must also form part of this aid, ensuring a sustainable progression in the life’s of people. Donor funded projects may have a sustainable future, when taking in account the abovementioned findings. With the world trend in reporting changing rapidly, cost and management accountants as well as financial accountants and project managers have to equip them to adhere to the new way of reporting, namely integrated and sustainability reporting. South Africa is way behind and needs to catch up fast if they want to stay competitive in the “global donor funding market”. The limitations in this study were that not all expenses were evaluated and only 15 countries were looked at. An indebt look was taken into Africa with the empirical review, while Asia is also combating poor health issues. Some African countries like Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe did not have sufficient data to compare with other countries. From the research conducted, the following topics were identified that require further research: *Why are most projects in Third World countries not sustainable? *What plans are put into action to ensure that the MDG goals are reached? *Investigate what works for First World countries health systems and consider how that can be applied to Third World countries to ensure that they also get the best health care available. *Do donors take into account the different costs of countries when allocating funding to that specific country? *Establishing models to evaluate the sustainability of pilot projects and normal projects. *Establishing a model on how to distribute donor funds across different needs and not only one specific need. / MCom (Management Accountancy), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

The start of the 21th century is notable for the apparent lack of safe drinking water and sanitation. Over one billion people in all parts of the world lack access to clean water. Most live in developing countries, such as Africa. Unsafe water and poor sanitation have been primary causal factors in the vast majority of water-borne diseases, especially diarrheal ones. The South African Constitution (Act 108 of 1996, Chapter 2, Section 24) states: “Everyone has the right: (a) To an environment that is not harmful to their health and their wellbeing; and (b) To have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that prevent pollution and ecological degradation; promote conservation; ecologically sustainable development, and the use of natural resources, while promoting justifiable economic and social development.” Secondly, section 27 states that: “Everyone has the right to have access to: (a) Health-care services, including reproductive health care; (b) Sufficient food and water; and (c) Social security, including, if they are unable to support themselves and their dependants, appropriate social assistance.” These factors have prompted this research within the Ugu District Municipality on the perceptions of inadequate rural water service delivery. This study reveals information on those areas in the Ugu District Municipality, which do not have access to clean water, and on the health hazards that might lead to death if residents’ lack of access to clean water persists. The Ugu District Municipality, is situated in KwaZulu-Natal Province, and covers a surface area of 5866 km2. There are six local municipalities in this district. These are: Ezinqoleni, Umzumbe, Umziwabantu, Hibiscus Coast, Umdoni and Vulamehlo. The node is 77% rural and 23% urban, and the total population for this area is 704027 (Ugu District Municipality IDP 2nd 2011/2012:19). / M. Development and Management (Water Studies), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

The start of the 21th century is notable for the apparent lack of safe drinking water and sanitation. Over one billion people in all parts of the world lack access to clean water. Most live in developing countries, such as Africa. Unsafe water and poor sanitation have been primary causal factors in the vast majority of water-borne diseases, especially diarrheal ones. The South African Constitution (Act 108 of 1996, Chapter 2, Section 24) states: “Everyone has the right: (a) To an environment that is not harmful to their health and their wellbeing; and (b) To have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that prevent pollution and ecological degradation; promote conservation; ecologically sustainable development, and the use of natural resources, while promoting justifiable economic and social development.” Secondly, section 27 states that: “Everyone has the right to have access to: (a) Health-care services, including reproductive health care; (b) Sufficient food and water; and (c) Social security, including, if they are unable to support themselves and their dependants, appropriate social assistance.” These factors have prompted this research within the Ugu District Municipality on the perceptions of inadequate rural water service delivery. This study reveals information on those areas in the Ugu District Municipality, which do not have access to clean water, and on the health hazards that might lead to death if residents’ lack of access to clean water persists. The Ugu District Municipality, is situated in KwaZulu-Natal Province, and covers a surface area of 5866 km2. There are six local municipalities in this district. These are: Ezinqoleni, Umzumbe, Umziwabantu, Hibiscus Coast, Umdoni and Vulamehlo. The node is 77% rural and 23% urban, and the total population for this area is 704027 (Ugu District Municipality IDP 2nd 2011/2012:19). / M. Development and Management (Water Studies), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Diese Dissertation basiert auf einer auf den Menschen bezogenen, multidimensionalen Betrachtung von Entwicklung. Sie soll empirisch Übereinstimmungen und Determinanten der Gesundheit von Kindern in Ländern mit niedrigem und mittlerem Einkommen analysieren. Der erste Essay – mit verfasst von Stephan Klasen - wendet bivariate Cluster Analyse an, um die Beziehung der Verbesserungen verschiedener Gesundheits- und Bildungsindikatoren der Millennium Development Goals (MDG) zu untersuchen. Die MDGs beinhalten Schlüsselaspekte des menschlichen Wohlbefindens und sollten daher eng miteinander verkoppelt sein. Trotz der substantiellen theoretischen Grundlage für enorme Synergien zwischen MDG Zielen, ist die empirische Heterogenität der Kopplung der Prozesse zwischen verschiedenen MDGs erheblich groß.  Die zentrale Fragestellung des ersten Essays dieser Dissertation ist daher, ob klare Gruppen eben jener Länder ausgemacht werden können, in denen derartige Synergien existieren (und in denen diese nicht existieren), und was die Zugehörigkeit in derartigen Gruppen treibt.   Unser Beitrag ist, den MDG Fortschritt durch Indikatoren relativer Leistung zu definieren. Diese bezeichnen die Änderungsrate, die die empirisch "erwartete" Änderungsrate bei gegebenen ursprünglichen Bedingungen übersteigt. Diese Maßnahme erlaubt es uns für den unterschiedlichen Grad an Ambition impliziert durch die MDGs bei Ländern mit unterschiedlichen Ausgangslagen zu kontrollieren und lässt uns im Grunde fragen ob Länder, die außerordentlichen Fortschritt bei der Erreichung von MDGs gemacht haben, von Synergien profitiert haben. Indem wir die Cluster Analyse auf diese Indikatoren der relativen Leistung in Bezug auf verschiedene MDG Indikatoren für Gesundheit und Bildung anwenden konnten wir jene Länder, in denen sich Indikatoren in die selbe Richtung ("gute" oder "schlechte" Performer) bewegten, von solchen Ländern unterscheiden, bei denen sich Indikatoren in unterschiedliche Richtungen ("partielle" Performer) bewegten. Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass Synergien existieren, diese jedoch nur bei einer eingeschränkten Gruppe von Ländern auftreten (die "guten" Performer, die mit Fortschritt einhergehen und die "schlechten" Performer, die mit Rückschritt einhergehen). Andererseits können wir zeigen, dass bei einer beträchtlichen Anzahl an Ländern Synergien schwach oder abwesend sind, was zu umgekehrten Bewegungen  im MDG Fortschritt bei mindestens einem oder zwei Paaren von nicht einkommensbezogenen MDG Indikatoren führt. Unsere Regressionsergebnisse zeigen, dass diese partielle Performance gut durch steigende Ungleichheit und niedrige institutionelle Qualität erklärt wird. Andererseits kann Wirtschaftswachstum, welches als die robusteste Determinante der Cluster-Zugehörigkeit erscheint, insbesondere gute von schlechten Performern unterscheiden. Der zweite Essay - in alleiniger Urheberschaft - analysiert die kurz- und langfristigen Determinanten von Errungenschaften bei der Gesundheit von Kindern unter Verwendung von Längsschnittsdaten aus Indonesien. Basierend auf dem analytischen Ansatz von Mosley und Chen (1984), werden insbesondere die Effekte einer Reihe von kindspezifischer, Haushalts- und Gemeindecharakteristika auf den Ernährungszustand von Kindern, gemessen in height-for age z-scores, betrachtet. Der besondere Beitrag dieser Studie ist die Verwendung von Paneldaten auf der Mikro-Ebene und einer Methodologie (dem Mundlak-Ansatz für fixe  Haushalteffekte), die  robuste und unverzerrte Schätzungen liefert. Desweiteren ermöglicht sie die Identificationkurz- und langfristiger Effekte unmittelbarer und sozioökonomischer Determinanten der Gesundheit von und trägt so zur bestehenden Literatur bei. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass mütterliche Bildung einen positiven und langfristigen Einfluss auf die Gesundheit von Kindern hat. Dies zeigt sich teilweise in reproduktivem Verhalten und wird teilweise durch Praktiken im Umgang mit Kindern (d.h. Stillen) vermittelt. Andererseits zeigt sich kein langfristiger Effekt von Einkommen, obgleich temporäre Einkommenssteigerungen zu höheren Ausgaben und somit zu einer Verbessereung des Eernährungsstatus führen., Hierbei zeigt nur der Erwerb und die Verwendung von Vorleistungsgütern der Gesundheitsproduktion wie einer verbesserten Hygieneinfrastruktur einen ausgeprägten und signifikanten Einfluss auf die Gesundheit von Kindern. Insgesamt implizieren die Ergebnisse, dass eine Politik der Linderung von Einkommensarmut ergänzt durch Investitionen in grundlegende Gesundheitsinfrastruktur erheblich dazu beitragen, die Gesundheit von Kindern zu verbessern. Da der Zusammenhangzwischen der Bildung von Müttern, Praktiken der Kindesernährung und der Gesundheit von Kindern stark ausgeprägt ist, könnten auch Strategien, die die Qualität von Bildung erhöhen,  den Ernährungszustand von Kindern verbessern. Der dritte Essay - in alleiniger Urheberschaft - untersucht die Auswirkungen des Ernährungszustandes auf den Bildungserfolg. Dabei werden Paneldaten auf der Miko-Ebene aus Indonesien verwendet. Außerdem wird eine Spezifikation mit Mutter-Fixed Effects, die durch einen Instrumentalvariablen-Ansatz erweitert wird, verwendet um für mögliche Korrelationen zwischen verschiedenen Komponenten des Fehlerterms und der unabhängigen Variable zu kontrollieren. Wir nutzen Flächenbrände, die im Jahr 1997 in Inodensien zu einer Dürre führten, und Variation zwischen Geschwistern und identifizieren so den Effekt des Ernährungszustands in den frühen Lebensmonaten auf den späteren Bildungserfolg. Schätzungen zeigen, dass Gesundheitskapital (gemessen in height-for-age z-scores in der Kindheit) die Anzahl an abgeschlossenen Schuljahren und das Ergebnis bei kognitiven Testes signifikant positiv beeinflusst.  Dies impliziert, dass von einer politischen Perspektive aus Zielsetzungen im Bereich Schule und Ernährung nicht als rivalisierend betrachtet werden sollten, sondern eng miteinander verzahnt sind. Daher konkurrieren finanzielle Ressourcen, die der Kindesernährung gewidmet sind, nicht unbedingt mit solchen für Bildungszwecke. Im Gegensatz könnten sie - wie in diesem Essay beschrieben - als eine kosteneffizientere Art betrachtet werden, gegenwärtige und zukünftige sozio-ökonomische Entwicklung anzuheben.

Honors Project--Smith College, Northampton, Mass., 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-73).

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / The South African schools act, (number 5, 1996), asserts that all learners have a right to access both basic and quality education without discrimination of any sort. Since the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals there has been a drive by the Department of Education to ensure that all learners have access to basic education by 2015. However what remains a challenge after almost 20 years of democracy is the poor quality of education and this is clear from the results of international assessment studies. Results from studies like the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study and Southern and East Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality, show that South African children perform well below international averages. In this study learner Mathematics achievement scores taken from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study 2011 cycle will serve as a proxy for educational quality. Using multilevel analysis the current study aims to use a 2-level Hierarchical Linear Model to firstly; determine the learner and family background factors associated with education quality. Secondly; factors at the school level will be identified and proven to be associated with education quality. Variables selected for the study was based on Creamer’s theory of school effectiveness which looked at school, classroom level inputs as well as learner background variables to explain student level achievement. The results show that at the learner’s level the most significant factors were the age of the leaner, in the sense that grade age appropriate learners obtained higher scores than overage learners. Learner’s perception of mathematics is extremely important and has a positive effect on mathematics performance. In the current study mathematics perception refers to learners valuing and liking mathematics as well learner confidence in learning mathematics. Learners who said they were bullied as school generally scored lower than learners who were not bullied. At the school level the most significant factors were teacher working conditions, teachers’ specialisation in mathematics, school socio-economic status, and general infrastructure. Interesting to note at the school level is when socioeconomic status was included in the model as a single variable the score difference between low socio-economic status and high socio-economic status schools was almost 46 points. However when the factors mentioned above were added to the model the difference in scores dropped by almost half.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:15:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6431.pdf: 1795909 bytes, checksum: f53b24dcea4cd392276f6f4fba9db718 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-24 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / What influence Family Health Program‟ (in portuguese, Programa Saúde da Família, or PSF) had on Brazilian states in their attempt to achieve the Millennium Development Goals - especially on reducing infant mortality until 2015? In 2000, the United Nations along with global leaders established an international research agenda with eight Millennium Development Goals, intending to promote human dignity. The purpose of the present thesis is to evaluate the influence of the Family Health Program - the main strategy to reformulate the basic care - in reducing child mortality within Brazilian states. For this matter, I analyze descriptive and inferential statistics, with bi and multivariate techniques, and data from DATASUS, IBGE and SIGO databases. The present thesis covers the period from 2000 to 2011, when Brazil reached the goal. Throughout this time ten states went above the goal specified by ODM (1,79): in all of them the Program had low range. However, the states with higher PSF range presented higher average rates of reduction of infant mortality. Overall, the hypothesis that PSF has a positive influence on reducing infant mortality rate can be confirmed, considering that the states with higher reduction of the rate had a higher proportion of population benefiting from the PSF. / Qual a influência do Programa Saúde da Família para os estados brasileiros atingirem a meta do Objetivo de Desenvolvimento do Milênio redução da mortalidade na infância, até 2015? No ano 2000 a Organização das Nações Unidas em conjunto com líderes mundiais estabeleceu uma agenda global com oito Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio que visavam a promoção da dignidade humana. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a influência do Programa Saúde da Família, principal estratégia de reformulação da atenção básica, na redução da mortalidade na infância nos estados brasileiros. Para tanto, fazemos uso de estatística descritiva e inferencial, com técnicas de análise bi e multivariada, analisando dados oriundos do DATASUS, IBGE e SIGO. O recorte temporal foi de 2000 a 2011, ano que o Brasil atingiu a meta. Nesse período dez estados bateram a meta de 17,9 de mortalidade na infância estipulada pela ODM, todos com baixa cobertura do PSF. Contudo, os estados com maior cobertura apresentaram maior média de redução da taxa de mortalidade na infância. De modo geral foi possível afirmar que hipótese se confirma, isto é, existe uma influência positiva do PSF na diminuição da mortalidade infantil havendo uma maior redução da taxa nos estados com maior proporção populacional coberta.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:53:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WellingtonA_DISSERT.pdf: 14102064 bytes, checksum: 78702039b725e34f918e73accb37c546 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-10 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The general aim of this research was to analyze the factors that determine the environmental management strategies in the industry Millennium Inorganic Chemicals: Crystal Global, but also analyze which environmental management strategies are used by industry. For the achievement of the proposed objective, we conducted a case study organization based in twenty-eight environmental management strategies raised in the literature. Following this survey, it was possible to ascertain which of these strategies are used in the industry studied, as well as which factors are decisive for the implementation of these. The research is characterized as qualitative and applied, as the goals is exploratory and descriptive, with regard to the data, these were obtained through interviews with the directors of the organization and also documents made available by the industry. As a main result, it was realized that the industry practices twenty-eight twenty of environmental management strategies proposed in this study, the scale Waste Management that encompasses more strategies. Regarding the determinants realized that the endogenous factors that are most pressing for the organization creating environmental strategies, and these determinants, since the exogenous, with the exception of environmental legislation, not put pressure on the organization / O objetivo geral dessa pesquisa foi analisar os fatores que determinam as estrat?gias de gest?o ambiental na ind?stria Millennium Inorganic Chemicals: Cristal Global, como tamb?m analisar quais estrat?gias de gest?o ambiental s?o usadas pela ind?stria. Para o atingimento do objetivo proposto, foi realizado um estudo de caso na organiza??o baseado em vinte e oito estrat?gias de gest?o ambiental levantadas na literatura. Ap?s esse levantamento, p?de-se verificar quais dessas estrat?gias s?o usadas na ind?stria estudada, como tamb?m quais fatores s?o determinantes para implanta??o destas. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como qualitativa e de natureza aplicada, quanto aos objetivos ? explorat?ria e descritiva, no que se refere aos dados, estes foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas junto aos diretores da organiza??o e tamb?m documentos disponibilizados pela ind?stria. Como principal resultado, percebeu-se que a ind?stria pratica vinte das vinte e oito estrat?gias de gest?o ambiental propostas nesse estudo, sendo a dimens?o Gest?o de Res?duos que mais engloba estrat?gias. Quanto aos fatores determinantes percebeu-se que os fatores end?genos s?o os que mais pressionam a organiza??o para cria??o de estrat?gias ambientais, sendo estes determinantes, j? os ex?genos, com exce??o da legisla??o ambiental, n?o exercem press?o sobre a organiza??o