Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Cecilia da Silva Oliveira.pdf: 3966277 bytes, checksum: 4c57885866b646fbc854e0618ac947d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research analyses the investment in the aesthetics of secure life, which emerges from the proximities between development and security. The focus of the analysis is on the governmental practices accompanying the Millennium Development Goals derived from the Millennium Declaration of the United Nations. The aim is to study development through the relationship between government and governmentality, which evidence the investments in the management of life by means of political economy as a principle of calculation aiming at the improvement of human capital. Through the depletion of biopolitics, this thesis shows the operation of planetary governmentality through the shifts that make poverty management a shared objective aimed at the planet's population, providing interventions and regulations of governmental practices in environments. The United Nations used the turn of the millennium as a strategy to upgrade its structure and mission, and adopted the goal of reducing poverty and hunger as a transterritorial risk. This approach triggered development discourses about promoting sustainability, financial aid flows, expert knowledge and repositioned the UN s role in the humanitarian field. Relations formerly centered on the state were reshaped to include and expand civil society participation, illustrating how the diplomatic dispositif and development programs are actualized by the exercise of neoliberal freedom in the 21st century. This is the main axis of investment that improves the productivity of the population without giving up the predominance of control, and that makes security an essential mechanism for capitalist development to operate its technologies. The genealogy of power discussed by Michel Foucault guides the mapping of strategic knowledge produced in main conferences. These conferences highlight the interest in new nuances produced by the introduction of the diplomatic dispositif in the field of political economy, which acts as technology and language to expand development programs between the twentieth and twenty-first century. The emergence of food security was crucial in connecting sustainable development and the management of hunger, environment and misery on the planet. The case study shows how the use of food security in Brazil operationalized technologies to expand the discourse of the MDGs and the ethics of secure life as a universal project / Esta pesquisa aborda a emergência e investimento na estética da vida segura, a partir das proximidades entre desenvolvimento e segurança, situando as práticas governamentais esperadas pelos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio das Nações Unidas, derivados da Declaração do Milênio. O objetivo é apresentar os estudos sobre o desenvolvimento a partir do interesse nas relações governo e governamentalidade, que evidenciam os investimentos na gestão da vida por meio da economia política como princípio de cálculo para o aprimoramento do capital humano. A partir do esgotamento da biopolítica, esta tese mostra o funcionamento da governamentalidade planetária por meio dos deslocamentos que fazem da gestão da pobreza um objetivo compartilhado voltado à população do planeta, que proporcionam intervenções e regulações das práticas governamentais nos ambientes. As Nações Unidas utilizou a virada do milênio como estratégia para atualizar sua estrutura e missão, e adotou a redução da pobreza e da fome como risco transterritorial. Isto a fez acionar os discursos do desenvolvimento para impulsionar a sustentabilidade, os fluxos financeiros à assistência, os saberes dos especialistas, e reposicionar seu papel no campo dos humanitarismos. As relações centradas no Estado foram redimensionadas para incluir a participação da sociedade civil ampliada, mostrando que o dispositivo diplomático e os programas de desenvolvimento são acionados pelos exercícios da liberdade neoliberal no século XXI. Este é o principal eixo de investimento que viabiliza a produtividade da população sem abdicar da predominância dos controles, e que fazem da segurança mecanismo essencial para que o desenvolvimento capitalista possa operar suas tecnologias. A genealogia do poder tratada por Michel Foucault orienta o mapeamento de saberes estratégicos produzidos nas chamadas grandes conferências que marcam o interesse em ressaltar novas nuances produzidos pela introdução do dispositivo diplomático no campo da economia política, como tecnologia e linguagem própria da expansão dos programas de desenvolvimento entre o século XX e XXI. A emergência da segurança alimentar foi decisiva para associar desenvolvimento sustentável, gestão da fome, do meio ambiente e das misérias no planeta. O estudo de caso apresenta como o uso da segurança alimentar no Brasil operacionalizou as tecnologias necessárias para expandir o discurso dos ODM e da estética da vida segura como projeto universal

Internet is viewed as the most vital digital technology in the globe. Eastern Africa has the least penetration of ICT per capita in the world. Internet is a valuable resource that has propelled enormous economic growth in many developed countries. In order for Eastern African governments to narrow the socio-economic divide between developed countries and themselves, there is need to overcome this digital handicap. Enormous investments in ICT infrastructure are essential. The governments must participate in making crucial decisions to wisely allocate the limited resources to improve the current infrastructure.This thesis investigates Internet use, access and penetration in Eastern Africa. Theoretical research has been carried out to elaborate on the subject matter. Through empirical study, we will come up with a fresh way to verify and understand the Internet situation in the region. / Program: Magisterutbildning i informatik

Malaria is both a preventable and curable disease if treated early and appropriately. However, it is estimated that every 30 seconds a child dies of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. The use of innovative eHealth/mHealth tools for malaria that seamlessly integrate into the workflow of healthcare workers could potentially ameliorate this problem. Successful design and development of these tools require an overarching understanding of the socio-technical context for the problems and opportunities in the application domain. A series of studies involving malaria management in the Millennium Village Project (MVP) cluster in rural Ghana were performed. A new method introduced by the author was applied to prioritize health information needs of stakeholders that have the potential to have a higher impact in solving health related problems. The result of applying this method was a group of impactful interventions for the MVP malaria program in Ghana. Findings from this study were validated with the MVP Ghana eHealth team, and after mutual agreement, an eHealth/mHealth intervention around malaria supply chain management was selected for further study. User-Centered Design (UCD) methods were adapted for use in a resource poor setting. Functional and non-functional requirements were identified. A low fidelity prototype was created and early usability inputs were collected. A high fidelity prototype was created to provide decision support to health workers through visualizations of stock levels and recommendations of quantities to order. Results from evaluation studies of the high fidelity prototype with end users suggest that they perceive the prototype as both easy to use and useful, with a potential for adoption and with a low risk of implementation. Usability problems found during the course of the study should be addressed to increase the potential of adoption. To obtain a more complete list of usability issues, both users’ and experts’ evaluations are recommended as well as the use of native and foreign test facilitators.

La culture urukéenne de la Mésopotamie du Sud a fait l’objet de multiples analyses afin d’interpréter ses contacts au 4e millénaire. La découverte d'un nombre important de matériel de facture urukéenne sur les sites de la Mésopotamie du Nord a conduit les archéologues à proposer que cette présence était le résultat d'une expansion urukéenne dans cette région. Or, l'utilisation de théories anthropologiques pour l'étude archéologique des contacts culturels permet d'explorer d'autres formes de contact et de proposer l’hypothèse selon laquelle le matériel urukéen découvert en Mésopotamie du Nord est le fruit de la volonté des élites nord-mésopotamiennes visant des intérêts politiques, économiques et sociaux. L'émulation des dirigeants nord-mésopotamiens, qui veulent profiter de la puissance des Urukéens pour renforcer leur statut, ne peut qu'être le résultat d'un compromis entre les élites des deux régions qui y trouvent chacun leurs intérêts. / The urukeen culture of South Mesopotamia has been the subject of many studies to interpret its contacts in 4th millennium B.C. The important number of urukeen material discovered on many sites of northern Mesopotamia has led to the conclusion that this presence was the result of an urukeen expansion in this region. However, the use of anthropological theories for the archaeological study of cultural contacts enables to explore other forms of contact and to propose the hypothesis according to which the urukeen material discovered in these sites is the result of the will of the northern Mesopotamian leaders to reach political, economic and social advantages. The leaders emulation, who want to take advantage of the urukeen power to consolidate their status, is the result of a compromise between the elites of these two regions allowing both parties to find their interests.

Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans la continuité de nombreux travaux consacrés à l’un des thèmes de recherche préférentiel de l’archéologie syrienne, à savoir l’identification des étapes du processus qui voit, au cours du IIIe millénaire av. J.-C., la transformation des sociétés villageoises vers un niveau d’organisation complexe et l’émergence des villes. À travers une perspective d’analyse double, à la fois urbaine et architecturale, cette étude s’est attachée à identifier les différentes phases de la transformation urbaine de certains sites-clés, tels que Tell ‘Atij, Tell Bderi, Tell Chuera, Tell Habuba Kabira, Tell Hariri, Tell Melebiya et Tell al-Raqa’i. L’analyse approfondie de la morphologie de ces établissements, des modes d’aménagement de l’espace bâti, de leur nature, de leur développement au fil du temps, ainsi que des caractéristiques de leurs habitats et leurs évolutions, a permis de mettre en évidence certaines dynamiques évolutives propres aux agglomérations en voie de transformation vers un « statut urbain » proprement dit. La récurrence de ces dynamiques sur plusieurs des chantiers analysés – bien qu’à des époques différentes – conduit à reconnaître au moins trois étapes dans le processus d’urbanisation des sites proto-urbains de la région syrienne. C’est seulement à la suite de cette évolution en trois temps que les compétences urbanistiques nécessaires à la mise en place d’un vrai plan d’urbanisme sont acquises et maîtrisées, et que les premières villes font leur apparition. Enfin, l’analyse des habitats nous a permis de constater qu’au sein de chaque implantation, un « concept » propre et spécifique d’habitation est adopté et développé au cours du temps. Il a également été possible d’esquisser une évolution des caractères propres aux espaces publics et privés. / This thesis is part of the continuity of work devoted to one of the preferred research themes of Syrianarchaeology, namely the identification of the process through which, during the 3rd millennium BC, village societies attained a complex organizational level and cities emerged. Through a dual analytical perspective, both urban and architectural, this study focuses on identifying the different phases of urban transformation of key sites, such as Tell ‘Atij, Tell Bderi, Tell Chuera, Tell Habuba Kabira, Tell Hariri, Tell Melebiya and Tell al-Raqa'i. An in-depth analysis of the morphology of these establishments, the methods of planning the built environment, their nature, their development over time, as well as the characteristics of their housing and their evolution, has made it possible to highlight certain evolutionary dynamics specific to proto-urban areas undergoing transformation towards an "urban status" as such. The recurrence of these dynamics across several ofthe sites analysed – although carried out at different times – leads to the key contribution of this thesis: the definition of at least three stages in the urbanisation process of proto-urban sites in the Syrian region. It is only as a result of this three-stage evolution that the urban planning skills necessary to implement a real urban planning are developed and mastered, and that the first cities appear. Finally, the results of the analysis we conduct on habitats show that within each location, a precise and clear-cut "concept" of housing is adopted and developed over time. Here, it is also possible to sketch an evolution of the features specific to public and private spaces.

The Seventh-day Adventist Church is one of the youngest Christian denominations in modern history. It is also one of the smallest, numerically, in South Africa. However, because of the church’s high evangelistic zeal Adventists can be found in almost every part of South Africa. From a motley figure of about 3500 at the time of the church’s legal organisation in 1861, Adventists now number about 18 million globally. There is a notable presence of Adventists in Soweto, west of Johannesburg. In this study, the focus is on how the Adventist church responds to the phenomenon of poverty in Soweto. The intent is to identify current activities of the church relative to poverty alleviation, actual or possible weaknesses in the church’s response to poverty and whether these are consequences of socio-theological or other factors in the structures and institutions of the church. The end of the study will be a propositional discourse that will suggest pointers towards a more relevant and sustainable poverty alleviation programme informed by sound theological, practical pastoral and developmental considerations. This work is a missiological study focusing on Soweto, seeking to critically assess the extent to which Adventists are involved in alleviating poverty in Soweto. It also explores a model by which they can successfully and redemptive encounter the poor at their point of need. Although the main focus will be given to the missiological task of the Adventists of Soweto, the study will also integrate other disciplines to deal with sociological and political considerations. The approach adopted in this study is a pastoral contextual approach of doing theology in Soweto. Within this contextual approach I shall apply the pastoral cycle since this method converges with other relevant methods of analysis and social critique. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)

In recent years, much focus has been put on the sustainability of water and sanitation development projects. Experts in this field have found that many of the projects of the past have failed to achieve sustainability because of a lack of demand for water and sanitation interventions at a grassroots level. For years projects looked to create this demand through various subsidy schemes, with the "software" of behavior change and education taking a backseat to the "hardware" of infrastructure provision. Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is a fairly new way of looking at the issues of increasing basic sanitation coverage, promoting good hygiene practices, and facilitating the change in behaviors that is necessary for a level of basic sanitation coverage to be sustained for any significant length of time. CLTS looks to get people to come to the realization that open defecation is dangerous, and that they have to power to stop this practice. The purpose of this research study was to assess the water, sanitation, and hygiene situation on the ground in villages that through CLTS have achieved open defecation free (ODF) status in the Mopti region of Mali, West Africa. This assessment was done through a willingness-to-pay study, that showed how important sanitation infrastructure was in the daily lives of villagers in this region of Mali. This research study also examines any possible correlations between certain socioeconomic data and willingness-to-pay. A questionnaire was developed and completed with 95 household heads spread across 6 of the 21 ODF villages in the region. The results of this research study show that the behavior change brought about by CLTS was sustained. Every household in the study had at least one latrine (total latrines = 186), or had access to a neighbor's latrine because theirs had recently collapsed. Of these latrines 82.3% were reported as meeting the Malian nation government requirements of basic sanitation. 89.3% of the observed latrines were built by the participant families themselves using predominately materials that could be found in or harvested from the local environment (e.g., mud, rocks, sticks). Fifty-three percent of the latrines were built completely free of cost, and of the 88 latrines that were paid for in part or in whole the average cost was about US $13.00. The majority of the participants (64.2%) in the research study reported making improvements and maintaining their latrines, clearly showing the importance of sanitation infrastructure in the 6 study villages. The average cost of this maintenance was about US $1.50. Alongside of willingness-to-pay data, more qualitative data were collected on the relative importance of sanitation infrastructure in the daily lives of people in ODF villages in Mopti. This study found that on average throughout the 6 study villages, about 13% of discretionary funds are saved for or spent on maintenance and improvements to sanitation infrastructure on a monthly basis. When sanitation infrastructure investments were compared with other infrastructure and livelihood investments, on the average it was ranked 7th out of the possible 10. These data seem to indicate that future investment in sanitation infrastructure was not a high priority for the participants. This could be stem from the fact that many of the participants had not directly experienced the need for continued investments, because their original latrines were still functional. The willingness-to-pay regression analysis produced very few statistically valid results. Only a few of the correlations found between willingness-to-pay data and socioeconomic characteristics of the sample were found to be statistically valid. For example, the correlation coefficient between willingness-to-pay for pit maintenance, including emptying when full or covering the pit with top soil, digging a new one, and reconstruction, and education level of the participants was about 1.2 and was statistically valid with a t-statistic of about 2.2. Indicating that the more educated a participant was, the more they would be willing to pay for pit maintenance. None of the overall regressions explained enough of the variability in willingness-to-pay data to be considered statistically valid. Regressions for two scenarios, constructing a cement slab as an improvement to an existing latrine and sealing/lining the pit on an existing latrine with cement, explained 10.3% and 10.4% of the variability in willingness-to-pay data respectively. However, this did not meet the minimum criteria of 15%. While the willingness-to-pay data would have been useful to study partners that are piloting a Sanitation Marketing program in Mali, the main research objective of assessing the CLTS intervention was still met.

The threat of global warming is bringing a new pro-environmental paradigm all over the world under the Kyoto Protocol. Addressing climate change is beneficial to all countries because environment is global public good. However, because global warming is also closely related to each country’s specific condition such as industrial development and political situation, prudent approaches considering different situations of each country are required in order prevent unintended negative consequences. This study focuses on the weakness of the current CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) in terms of impeding sustainable development in LDCs (Least Development Countries). As a case study, the Grameen Shakti Program in Bangladesh demonstrates the potential scenario of sustainable development in LDCs through CDM markets and a new financial model of CERs (Certified Emissions Reductions) is suggested to support and replicate the Grameen Shakti Program other LDCs. / text

This paper has concluded that the Diaspora contribute to the development of social, economic and political fields, which also means a high level of poverty reduction. This has been largely possible not least because of developments in computing and telecommunications, but also through the Diaspora's grassroots involvement. By being the only player who can get access to specific locations, and through their local knowledge the Diaspora can easily be seen as legitimate actors and therefore also play a unique role in peace processes. They are also not tied to bureaucratic structures on which they can act with direct effect. For example, they can assist quickly to different kinds of crisis situations, such as environmental disasters. Many governments and organizations are interested in cooperating with the Diaspora, but they also see many challenges with it. Further on, Diaspora can feel that their voices are not always heard. The essay has also reached a conclusion that a balance between the UN's two main conventions International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights increasingly may arise. This is thanks to the co-operations between liberal organizations and the Diaspora whose efforts may be in the private markets to create jobs and development, and their contributions in construction of social infrastructure. Other impacts on the organizational level may be towards more complex models of organization and partnerships, where not least the private sector may be included to a greater extent, which also demonstrates the enhanced globalization trends, where the private market is seen to be the answer to the solution of poverty. As regards to States and the role of various actors in these somewhat newer landscapes, they can also be a result from the processes of globalization and shifts in power from the state to the different levels at which non-state actors gets a stronger role. These processes may also have contributed to greater regionalization; forces which this paper found over time may be a competitor to a weak UN (and the EU) and therefore attract the Diaspora who also may find themselves to be better received there.

The aim of this study is to explore if UNFPA’s work mission and methods direct for greater food security in the future. The analysis is based on one of UNFPA’s main frameworks; ICPD Programme of Action 1994. The analysis is based upon different themes that are recognized as tools for change; family planning, women’s empowerment and gender equality, education and child marriage. The theoretical frame of the analysis is liberalism which has been complemented with social constructivism, and has provided an insight to the discussion. The essay will also investigate whether the different theories can explain UNFPA’s framework, mission and methods.  The method used is a describing qualitative content analysis.    The research shows that UNFPA indirectly implement or propose a great deal that can have an impact on food security. In order to regulate population growth, which is one of the major trends threatening food security, different measures are proposed in the framework. Focus is on governments efforts and gender equality through SRH education. The liberal view put emphasis on human rights and the individuals right to freedom, as well as equality, which was obtained by a greater or lesser degree throughout the framework. Social constructivism could explain ICPD where liberalism failed to do so, such as the lack of emphasis on child marriage due to many societies identity and traditions.