Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:38:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3682.pdf: 5345883 bytes, checksum: af4693603b9504ccbb3b77cb8438987f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-01 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / ABSTRACT The management of the workforce takes different configurations. According with specific historical and social contexts, we observe the emergence of different orderings in which the relation between capital and labor is increased beyond the conditions stated objective. We analyzed one of these contexts in a traditional sugar mill and ethanol in the region of Ribeirao Preto, state of São Paulo, between the 1960 and 1990. Originated from a farm that was once the second largest producer of coffee, this plant has retained many features of that period as the provision of housing of old "colonies" and the management of patrimonial work, reconciled with elements of rationalization of production and work. The approach allows us to assert that conjuncture the existence of an effective link between the traditional and modern forms, which established relationships between plant owners and residents. So specifically, we found a set of counterparts given by the company families of residents, with regard not only to housing but also the entry and growth within the frameworks of these hierarchical the company. Through the company's historical reconstruction and recovery the trajectories of the families who resided in their homes, discuss this model, its intrinsic characteristics, as well as the conditions that led to his disappearance on account of restructuring production in the 1990. / A gestão da força de trabalho assume diversas configurações. De acordo com contextos histórico-sociais específicos, observa-se o surgimento de diversas estruturações nas quais a relação capital e trabalho é ampliada para além das condições ditas objetivas. Analisamos um desses contextos em uma tradicional usina de açúcar e álcool da região de Ribeirão Preto, estado de São Paulo, entre as décadas de 1960 e 1990. Originada a partir de uma fazenda que outrora foi a segunda maior produtora mundial de café, essa usina conservou muitas características daquele período, como a concessão da moradia das antigas colônias e a gestão patrimonialista do trabalho, conciliadas com elementos de racionalização da produção e do trabalho. A abordagem daquela conjuntura permite afirmar a existência de uma articulação eficaz de formas tradicionais e modernas, que se estabeleceram nas relações entre usineiros e moradores. De forma específica, constatamos um conjunto de contrapartidas dadas pela empresa às famílias de moradores, no que se refere não apenas à moradia, mas também ao ingresso e crescimento destes dentro dos quadros hierárquicos da empresa. Através da reconstituição histórica da empresa e recuperação das trajetórias das famílias que residiram em suas moradias, discutiremos este modelo, suas características intrínsecas, assim como as condições que levaram a seu desaparecimento por conta do processo de reestruturação produtiva na década de 1990.

L'histoire de Metz est, au Moyen Âge, indissociable de celle de ses cours d'eau. La première partie porte sur les relations étroites qui unissent la cité, la Moselle et la Seille. La ville est tout d'abord replacée dans son environnement fluvial. Son développement est reconsidéré sous l'angle des interactions avec la dynamique fluviale. Les formes multiples et intensives d'exploitation du milieu fluvial, pourvoyeur de ressources, sont ensuite évoquées. Elles impliquent de nombreux aménagements du cours d'eau et de ses berges qui transforment le paysage riverain. Les rivières constituent malgré tout, à travers des phénomènes extrêmes comme les crues ou les débâcles, un facteur de vulnérabilité pour la ville. Au-delà de l'adaptation de la société à ces phénomènes, les actions et les aménagements anthropiques peuvent être également envisagés comme des facteurs aggravants.Les enjeux, les défis et les rivalités liées à la maîtrise et à la gestion de la rivière sont au coeur de la deuxième partie. Ils se manifestent dans des domaines aussi divers que le franchissement des cours d'eau, le contrôle du trafic fluvial, l'encadrement de la pêche, la gestion des moulins, ou encore la défense de la cité. L'affirmation du pouvoir municipal, qui s'illustre par des mesures législatives et politiques, mais aussi par une implication croissante dans les affaires et les conflits liés aux cours d'eau, constitue un fil conducteur incontournable.La troisième partie aborde les relations entre les Messins et leurs rivières sous l'angle social et culturel. Au-delà des métiers étroitement liés au cours d?eau, comme les pêcheurs et les bateliers, ou des habitants des quartiers riverains, se dessine une véritable culture de la rivière partagée par une grande partie de la société messine. Elle passe par l'expérience, la perception et la connaissance des cours d'eau, et laisse une trace dans les domaines de la littérature, de la religion, de la symbolique ou de la justice. / The history of Metz in the Middle Ages is closely linked to the rivers that run through it. The first part focuses on the close relationship between the city, the Moselle river and the Seille river, which are tightly entwined. The town is first portrayed in relation to its fluvial environment. Its development is reconsidered in the light of its interactions with the river dynamics. The various and intensive forms of exploitation of the river environment which provides resources are then tackled. Many changes are made to the watercourse and the banks of the rivers, which in turns transforms the local landscape. Through extreme phenomena such as floods or debacles, rivers are however a cause for vulnerability for the city. The anthropic actions and alterations are not just the adaptation of society to these phenomena, they can also be seen as aggravating factors.The second part explores the stakes, challenges and rivalries connected to the rivers control and management. They concern river crossing, inland navigation, fishing regulations, mills management or even the defence of the city. The way municipal power asserts itself, through political and legislative measures but also a growing involvement in river matters and conflicts, can be seen as a central issue.The third part discusses the relationship between the inhabitants and the rivers from a social and cultural point of view. A real river culture emerges, not only reserved to the nearby residents nor to trades such as fishermen or boatmen. The largest part of the population shares experience, perception and knowledge of rivers, expressed through literature, religion, symbolism or justice.

A presença de Salmonella é uma das mais importantes barreiras sanitárias à exportação de alimentos. A ração contaminada representa potencial fonte de introdução de Salmonella nos rebanhos suínos, além do risco indireto de infecção ao consumidor. Um estudo transversal conduzido em quatro fábricas de ração teve como objetivos avaliar a frequência de isolamento de Salmonella e coliformes totais nestas unidades, verificar a presença desses agentes nas diversas etapas do processo de produção, correlacionar grupos clonais de Salmonella sp. obtidos pela análise de macrorestrição associada à eletroforese em campo pulsado (PFGE), além de avaliar a concordância entre o escore obtido na aplicação de roteiro de inspeção da Instrução Normativa (IN) 4 do Ministério da Agricultura e Abastecimento e os níveis de coliformes totais encontrados. De 1.269 amostras analisadas, sessenta e três (4,96%) apresentaram Salmonella sp. e 38,53% (n=489) apresentaram presença de enterobactérias. As freqüências de contaminação por Salmonella nas quatro fábricas avaliadas (A, B, C e D) foram, respectivamente, 3,5% (n=11/317), 1,7% (n=5/289), 7,1% (n=23/308) e 7% (n=25/355). Já para coliformes totais foram, respectivamente, 40,7% (129/317), 30,1% (87/289), 52,6% (162/308) e 31,3% (111/355). Nas fábricas A e D, Salmonella foi detectada em amostras de produto final. Estirpes apresentando genótipos semelhantes foram identificadas nos sorovares Orion, Montevideo, Worthington e Agona. Foi possível verificar que o sorovar Montevideo obteve o maior número de grupos clonais, apresentando pulsotipos distribuídos entre ingredientes, poeira, equipamentos e ração. O isolamento de Salmonella foi significativamente mais frequente (p =0,002) em amostras com a presença (36/489; 7,36%) do que com ausência de coliformes totais (27/780; 3,46%). As contagens logarítmicas médias encontradas de coliformes totais, considerando todas as amostras analisadas por fábrica, foram: A: 0,97 (IC 95%: 0,81-1,13); B: 0,78 (IC 95%: 0,61-0,94); C: 1,32 (IC 95%: 1,16-1,49) e D: 0,91 (IC 95%: 0,75-1,06). Constatou-se elevada variabilidade no número de coliformes totais em todos os pontos amostrados nas quatro fábricas, e não houve diferenças significativas entre os pontos amostrados e entre as fábricas (p=0,174). A regressão logística tendo como variável resposta a presença de coliformes totais apontou maiores razão de chance (OR) de isolamento no transportador (OR=3,67; IC 95%: 2,28-5,89), dosagem (OR=9,51, IC 95%: 4,43-20,41), moagem (OR=7,1; IC 95%: 3,27-15,40), mistura (OR=4,08; IC 95%: 2,04-8,17), poeira (OR=3,50; IC 95%:2,10-5,84), resíduos (OR=6,22; IC 95%: 3,88-9,95) e fábrica C (OR=2,43; IC 95%: 1,68-3,53). Da mesma forma, o transportador (OR= 4,43; IC95%: 2,43-8,09) foi o local com maior probabilidade de isolamento de Salmonella, seguidos da poeira coletada nas dependências da fábrica (OR=2,88; IC95%: 1,41-5,88). Comparadas à fábrica B, as unidades C e D apresentaram, respectivamente, 2,74 e 2,83 mais chances de isolamento de Salmonella. Ao analisar os 128 itens necessários no Roteiro de Inspeção da IN4, a fábrica B obteve o menor número de não conformidades. Nas demais fábricas, as maiores inconformidades foram encontradas quanto à estrutura da área interna e externa das fábricas. As fábricas A e D foram as que apresentaram o maior número de itens não conformes relacionados à limpeza e higienização de equipamentos. Entre os 29 itens imprescindíveis na Avaliação de Estabelecimento e Procedimentos Operacionais Padrão, oito não foram cumpridos em pelo menos uma das fábricas. A fábrica B apresentou todos os itens em conformidade, ao passo que as fábricas A e D não cumpriram os oito itens. A fábrica C apresentou três itens não conformes, relacionados à limpeza de piso e parede, recepção e armazenamento de matérias-primas. Não houve concordância entre os escores obtidos no roteiro de avaliação e a média de coliformes totais encontrada nas fábricas, demonstrando que apenas a adequação à legislação pode não garantir a inocuidade do alimento produzido. A partir disso, conclui-se que é necessário implantar programas de monitoramento e controle microbiológico ao longo da linha de produção, independente da situação da fábrica em relação à legislação vigente. A elaboração e produção de equipamentos de fácil limpeza e com mínimo acúmulo de poeira e resíduos deve ser incluída nos programas de controle de Salmonella concomitante às demais medidas de controle preconizadas. / The presence of Salmonella is one of the most important sanitary barriers to food exports. The contaminated feed is a potential source of introduction of Salmonella in pig herds, and may also represent a risk to the consumer. A cross-sectional study conducted in four feed mills was carried out to evaluate the frequency of isolation of enterobacteria and Salmonella at various stages of feed production, to identify clonal groups of Salmonella sp. Obtained by macrorestriction analysis associated with pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and to verify the association between the score obtained by feed mills after the application of the checklist of the Normative 4 (IN4) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Supply and the mean of total coliforms found in the unit. Among 1,269 samples analysed, sixty-three (4.96%) showed the presence of Salmonella. The four feeds mills evaluated (A, B, C and D) presented, respectively, 3,5% (n=11/317), 1.7% (n=5/289), 7,1% (n=23/308), and 7% (n=25/355) of positive samples. Total coliforms were isolated from 40.7% (129/317), 30.1% (87/289), 52.6% (162/308) e 31.3% (111/355) samples taken at unit A, B, C and D, respectively. In the units A and D, Salmonella was detected in samples of feed. Strains showing similar genotypes have been identified as Serovar Orion, Montevideo, Worthington and Agona. Serovar Montevideo presented the highest number of clonal groups, with common pulsotypes distributed among ingredients, dust, equipment and feed. The isolation of Salmonella was significantly higher (p=0,002) in samples with the presence of total coliforms (36/489; 7.36%) than in the negative ones (27/780; 3.46%). The mean logarithmic counts of total coliforms considering all samples were determined for each plant: A: 0.97 (95% CI: 0.81 to 1.13), B: 0.78 (95% CI: 0.61 to 0.94), C: 1.32 (95% CI: 1.16 to 1.49) and D: 0.91 (95% CI: 0.75 to 1.06). A high variability on the number of total coliforms in all the sampled points was found in all feed mills, and there was no statistical diference between the sampling sites and units (p=0.174). The logistic regression, with isolation of total coliforms as the response variable, showed a high odds ratio (OR) of isolation from conveyors (OR = 3.67, 95% CI: 2.28 to 5.89), dosing (OR = 9.51, 95% CI: 4.43 to 20.41), grinding (OR = 7.10, 95% CI = 3.27 to 15.40), mixing (OR = 4.08, 95 % CI: 2.04 to 8.17), dust (OR = 3.50, 95% CI: 2.10 to 5.84), crusts (OR = 6.22, 95% CI: 3.88 to 9.95) and unit C (OR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.68 to 3.53). The conveyors (OR = 4.43, 95% CI: 2.43-8.09) were the most likely sites of isolation of Salmonella, followed by the dust collected on the premises of the plant (OR = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.41-5.88). Feed mills C and D showed, respectively, 2.74 and 2.83 higher odds for Salmonella isolation than feed mill B. The verification of the 128 items addressed on the Guidelines for Inspection of Normative 4 (IN 4) of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture and Food Supply pointed out that factory B had the lowest number of nonconformities. The other three feed mills, presented most faults related to the physical structure of the facilities. Feed mills A and D presented the largest number of nonconformities related to cleaning and sanitizing of equipment. Among the 29 mandatory items in IN4, eight were not met in at least one of the factories. Feed mill B presented all items accordingly, while plants A and D did not meet any of the eight items. Feed mill C had three non-compliant items related to the floor and wall cleaning, reception and storage of raw materials. There was no association between the score obtained on the inspection checklist and the level of total coliforms found in the sampled units, demonstrating that only the compliance to the legislation cannot guarantee the safety of feed produced. It was concluded that programs for monitoring and control microbial contamination throughout the production line are needed, regardless of the status of the plant in the relation to the current legislation.The design of equipment that allow easy cleaning and with minimal accumulation of dust and debris should be added to other measures in Salmonella control programs.

A presença de Salmonella é uma das mais importantes barreiras sanitárias à exportação de alimentos. A ração contaminada representa potencial fonte de introdução de Salmonella nos rebanhos suínos, além do risco indireto de infecção ao consumidor. Um estudo transversal conduzido em quatro fábricas de ração teve como objetivos avaliar a frequência de isolamento de Salmonella e coliformes totais nestas unidades, verificar a presença desses agentes nas diversas etapas do processo de produção, correlacionar grupos clonais de Salmonella sp. obtidos pela análise de macrorestrição associada à eletroforese em campo pulsado (PFGE), além de avaliar a concordância entre o escore obtido na aplicação de roteiro de inspeção da Instrução Normativa (IN) 4 do Ministério da Agricultura e Abastecimento e os níveis de coliformes totais encontrados. De 1.269 amostras analisadas, sessenta e três (4,96%) apresentaram Salmonella sp. e 38,53% (n=489) apresentaram presença de enterobactérias. As freqüências de contaminação por Salmonella nas quatro fábricas avaliadas (A, B, C e D) foram, respectivamente, 3,5% (n=11/317), 1,7% (n=5/289), 7,1% (n=23/308) e 7% (n=25/355). Já para coliformes totais foram, respectivamente, 40,7% (129/317), 30,1% (87/289), 52,6% (162/308) e 31,3% (111/355). Nas fábricas A e D, Salmonella foi detectada em amostras de produto final. Estirpes apresentando genótipos semelhantes foram identificadas nos sorovares Orion, Montevideo, Worthington e Agona. Foi possível verificar que o sorovar Montevideo obteve o maior número de grupos clonais, apresentando pulsotipos distribuídos entre ingredientes, poeira, equipamentos e ração. O isolamento de Salmonella foi significativamente mais frequente (p =0,002) em amostras com a presença (36/489; 7,36%) do que com ausência de coliformes totais (27/780; 3,46%). As contagens logarítmicas médias encontradas de coliformes totais, considerando todas as amostras analisadas por fábrica, foram: A: 0,97 (IC 95%: 0,81-1,13); B: 0,78 (IC 95%: 0,61-0,94); C: 1,32 (IC 95%: 1,16-1,49) e D: 0,91 (IC 95%: 0,75-1,06). Constatou-se elevada variabilidade no número de coliformes totais em todos os pontos amostrados nas quatro fábricas, e não houve diferenças significativas entre os pontos amostrados e entre as fábricas (p=0,174). A regressão logística tendo como variável resposta a presença de coliformes totais apontou maiores razão de chance (OR) de isolamento no transportador (OR=3,67; IC 95%: 2,28-5,89), dosagem (OR=9,51, IC 95%: 4,43-20,41), moagem (OR=7,1; IC 95%: 3,27-15,40), mistura (OR=4,08; IC 95%: 2,04-8,17), poeira (OR=3,50; IC 95%:2,10-5,84), resíduos (OR=6,22; IC 95%: 3,88-9,95) e fábrica C (OR=2,43; IC 95%: 1,68-3,53). Da mesma forma, o transportador (OR= 4,43; IC95%: 2,43-8,09) foi o local com maior probabilidade de isolamento de Salmonella, seguidos da poeira coletada nas dependências da fábrica (OR=2,88; IC95%: 1,41-5,88). Comparadas à fábrica B, as unidades C e D apresentaram, respectivamente, 2,74 e 2,83 mais chances de isolamento de Salmonella. Ao analisar os 128 itens necessários no Roteiro de Inspeção da IN4, a fábrica B obteve o menor número de não conformidades. Nas demais fábricas, as maiores inconformidades foram encontradas quanto à estrutura da área interna e externa das fábricas. As fábricas A e D foram as que apresentaram o maior número de itens não conformes relacionados à limpeza e higienização de equipamentos. Entre os 29 itens imprescindíveis na Avaliação de Estabelecimento e Procedimentos Operacionais Padrão, oito não foram cumpridos em pelo menos uma das fábricas. A fábrica B apresentou todos os itens em conformidade, ao passo que as fábricas A e D não cumpriram os oito itens. A fábrica C apresentou três itens não conformes, relacionados à limpeza de piso e parede, recepção e armazenamento de matérias-primas. Não houve concordância entre os escores obtidos no roteiro de avaliação e a média de coliformes totais encontrada nas fábricas, demonstrando que apenas a adequação à legislação pode não garantir a inocuidade do alimento produzido. A partir disso, conclui-se que é necessário implantar programas de monitoramento e controle microbiológico ao longo da linha de produção, independente da situação da fábrica em relação à legislação vigente. A elaboração e produção de equipamentos de fácil limpeza e com mínimo acúmulo de poeira e resíduos deve ser incluída nos programas de controle de Salmonella concomitante às demais medidas de controle preconizadas. / The presence of Salmonella is one of the most important sanitary barriers to food exports. The contaminated feed is a potential source of introduction of Salmonella in pig herds, and may also represent a risk to the consumer. A cross-sectional study conducted in four feed mills was carried out to evaluate the frequency of isolation of enterobacteria and Salmonella at various stages of feed production, to identify clonal groups of Salmonella sp. Obtained by macrorestriction analysis associated with pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and to verify the association between the score obtained by feed mills after the application of the checklist of the Normative 4 (IN4) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Supply and the mean of total coliforms found in the unit. Among 1,269 samples analysed, sixty-three (4.96%) showed the presence of Salmonella. The four feeds mills evaluated (A, B, C and D) presented, respectively, 3,5% (n=11/317), 1.7% (n=5/289), 7,1% (n=23/308), and 7% (n=25/355) of positive samples. Total coliforms were isolated from 40.7% (129/317), 30.1% (87/289), 52.6% (162/308) e 31.3% (111/355) samples taken at unit A, B, C and D, respectively. In the units A and D, Salmonella was detected in samples of feed. Strains showing similar genotypes have been identified as Serovar Orion, Montevideo, Worthington and Agona. Serovar Montevideo presented the highest number of clonal groups, with common pulsotypes distributed among ingredients, dust, equipment and feed. The isolation of Salmonella was significantly higher (p=0,002) in samples with the presence of total coliforms (36/489; 7.36%) than in the negative ones (27/780; 3.46%). The mean logarithmic counts of total coliforms considering all samples were determined for each plant: A: 0.97 (95% CI: 0.81 to 1.13), B: 0.78 (95% CI: 0.61 to 0.94), C: 1.32 (95% CI: 1.16 to 1.49) and D: 0.91 (95% CI: 0.75 to 1.06). A high variability on the number of total coliforms in all the sampled points was found in all feed mills, and there was no statistical diference between the sampling sites and units (p=0.174). The logistic regression, with isolation of total coliforms as the response variable, showed a high odds ratio (OR) of isolation from conveyors (OR = 3.67, 95% CI: 2.28 to 5.89), dosing (OR = 9.51, 95% CI: 4.43 to 20.41), grinding (OR = 7.10, 95% CI = 3.27 to 15.40), mixing (OR = 4.08, 95 % CI: 2.04 to 8.17), dust (OR = 3.50, 95% CI: 2.10 to 5.84), crusts (OR = 6.22, 95% CI: 3.88 to 9.95) and unit C (OR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.68 to 3.53). The conveyors (OR = 4.43, 95% CI: 2.43-8.09) were the most likely sites of isolation of Salmonella, followed by the dust collected on the premises of the plant (OR = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.41-5.88). Feed mills C and D showed, respectively, 2.74 and 2.83 higher odds for Salmonella isolation than feed mill B. The verification of the 128 items addressed on the Guidelines for Inspection of Normative 4 (IN 4) of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture and Food Supply pointed out that factory B had the lowest number of nonconformities. The other three feed mills, presented most faults related to the physical structure of the facilities. Feed mills A and D presented the largest number of nonconformities related to cleaning and sanitizing of equipment. Among the 29 mandatory items in IN4, eight were not met in at least one of the factories. Feed mill B presented all items accordingly, while plants A and D did not meet any of the eight items. Feed mill C had three non-compliant items related to the floor and wall cleaning, reception and storage of raw materials. There was no association between the score obtained on the inspection checklist and the level of total coliforms found in the sampled units, demonstrating that only the compliance to the legislation cannot guarantee the safety of feed produced. It was concluded that programs for monitoring and control microbial contamination throughout the production line are needed, regardless of the status of the plant in the relation to the current legislation.The design of equipment that allow easy cleaning and with minimal accumulation of dust and debris should be added to other measures in Salmonella control programs.

Uppsatsen består av en textanalys av 10 Mills&Boon Harlequinromaner som med ett kultursociologiskt perspektiv lyfter fram den process hjältinnan i Harlequinromanen genomför då hon i böckerna förändras från att vara en vanlig kvinna (Everywoman) till att bli en idealkvinna (Idealwoman. Studien inleds med en presentation av förlaget Harlequin Mills&Boon samt en enkel introduktion av romanens uppbyggnad och handling. Vidare följer en tillbakablick på tidigare forskning kring populärkulturen i allmänhet och kärleksromaner i synnerhet. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten finns i Pierre Bourdieus teorier kring habitus, fält och kapital. Analysen delar upp hjältinnans process i fyra delar: Everywoman, Avkodning, Kapitalhöjning och Idealwoman. Genom att applicera Bourdieus teorier på Harlequinromanhjältinnorna kan så uppsatsen diskuteras på mikro- och makronivå. På mikronivå redogör textanalysen för hjältinnans olika strategier. På makronivå handlar uppsatsen om att se just dessa strategier som en del i ett kultursociologiskt mönster och därmed diskuteras böckernas sociala konstruktion och funktion. Uppsatsen vill visa på att hjältinnan kan fungera som en metafor för ett reflexivt tänkande kring vår vardag och att hon därmed kan säga oss något om oss själva.

A presença de Salmonella é uma das mais importantes barreiras sanitárias à exportação de alimentos. A ração contaminada representa potencial fonte de introdução de Salmonella nos rebanhos suínos, além do risco indireto de infecção ao consumidor. Um estudo transversal conduzido em quatro fábricas de ração teve como objetivos avaliar a frequência de isolamento de Salmonella e coliformes totais nestas unidades, verificar a presença desses agentes nas diversas etapas do processo de produção, correlacionar grupos clonais de Salmonella sp. obtidos pela análise de macrorestrição associada à eletroforese em campo pulsado (PFGE), além de avaliar a concordância entre o escore obtido na aplicação de roteiro de inspeção da Instrução Normativa (IN) 4 do Ministério da Agricultura e Abastecimento e os níveis de coliformes totais encontrados. De 1.269 amostras analisadas, sessenta e três (4,96%) apresentaram Salmonella sp. e 38,53% (n=489) apresentaram presença de enterobactérias. As freqüências de contaminação por Salmonella nas quatro fábricas avaliadas (A, B, C e D) foram, respectivamente, 3,5% (n=11/317), 1,7% (n=5/289), 7,1% (n=23/308) e 7% (n=25/355). Já para coliformes totais foram, respectivamente, 40,7% (129/317), 30,1% (87/289), 52,6% (162/308) e 31,3% (111/355). Nas fábricas A e D, Salmonella foi detectada em amostras de produto final. Estirpes apresentando genótipos semelhantes foram identificadas nos sorovares Orion, Montevideo, Worthington e Agona. Foi possível verificar que o sorovar Montevideo obteve o maior número de grupos clonais, apresentando pulsotipos distribuídos entre ingredientes, poeira, equipamentos e ração. O isolamento de Salmonella foi significativamente mais frequente (p =0,002) em amostras com a presença (36/489; 7,36%) do que com ausência de coliformes totais (27/780; 3,46%). As contagens logarítmicas médias encontradas de coliformes totais, considerando todas as amostras analisadas por fábrica, foram: A: 0,97 (IC 95%: 0,81-1,13); B: 0,78 (IC 95%: 0,61-0,94); C: 1,32 (IC 95%: 1,16-1,49) e D: 0,91 (IC 95%: 0,75-1,06). Constatou-se elevada variabilidade no número de coliformes totais em todos os pontos amostrados nas quatro fábricas, e não houve diferenças significativas entre os pontos amostrados e entre as fábricas (p=0,174). A regressão logística tendo como variável resposta a presença de coliformes totais apontou maiores razão de chance (OR) de isolamento no transportador (OR=3,67; IC 95%: 2,28-5,89), dosagem (OR=9,51, IC 95%: 4,43-20,41), moagem (OR=7,1; IC 95%: 3,27-15,40), mistura (OR=4,08; IC 95%: 2,04-8,17), poeira (OR=3,50; IC 95%:2,10-5,84), resíduos (OR=6,22; IC 95%: 3,88-9,95) e fábrica C (OR=2,43; IC 95%: 1,68-3,53). Da mesma forma, o transportador (OR= 4,43; IC95%: 2,43-8,09) foi o local com maior probabilidade de isolamento de Salmonella, seguidos da poeira coletada nas dependências da fábrica (OR=2,88; IC95%: 1,41-5,88). Comparadas à fábrica B, as unidades C e D apresentaram, respectivamente, 2,74 e 2,83 mais chances de isolamento de Salmonella. Ao analisar os 128 itens necessários no Roteiro de Inspeção da IN4, a fábrica B obteve o menor número de não conformidades. Nas demais fábricas, as maiores inconformidades foram encontradas quanto à estrutura da área interna e externa das fábricas. As fábricas A e D foram as que apresentaram o maior número de itens não conformes relacionados à limpeza e higienização de equipamentos. Entre os 29 itens imprescindíveis na Avaliação de Estabelecimento e Procedimentos Operacionais Padrão, oito não foram cumpridos em pelo menos uma das fábricas. A fábrica B apresentou todos os itens em conformidade, ao passo que as fábricas A e D não cumpriram os oito itens. A fábrica C apresentou três itens não conformes, relacionados à limpeza de piso e parede, recepção e armazenamento de matérias-primas. Não houve concordância entre os escores obtidos no roteiro de avaliação e a média de coliformes totais encontrada nas fábricas, demonstrando que apenas a adequação à legislação pode não garantir a inocuidade do alimento produzido. A partir disso, conclui-se que é necessário implantar programas de monitoramento e controle microbiológico ao longo da linha de produção, independente da situação da fábrica em relação à legislação vigente. A elaboração e produção de equipamentos de fácil limpeza e com mínimo acúmulo de poeira e resíduos deve ser incluída nos programas de controle de Salmonella concomitante às demais medidas de controle preconizadas. / The presence of Salmonella is one of the most important sanitary barriers to food exports. The contaminated feed is a potential source of introduction of Salmonella in pig herds, and may also represent a risk to the consumer. A cross-sectional study conducted in four feed mills was carried out to evaluate the frequency of isolation of enterobacteria and Salmonella at various stages of feed production, to identify clonal groups of Salmonella sp. Obtained by macrorestriction analysis associated with pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and to verify the association between the score obtained by feed mills after the application of the checklist of the Normative 4 (IN4) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Supply and the mean of total coliforms found in the unit. Among 1,269 samples analysed, sixty-three (4.96%) showed the presence of Salmonella. The four feeds mills evaluated (A, B, C and D) presented, respectively, 3,5% (n=11/317), 1.7% (n=5/289), 7,1% (n=23/308), and 7% (n=25/355) of positive samples. Total coliforms were isolated from 40.7% (129/317), 30.1% (87/289), 52.6% (162/308) e 31.3% (111/355) samples taken at unit A, B, C and D, respectively. In the units A and D, Salmonella was detected in samples of feed. Strains showing similar genotypes have been identified as Serovar Orion, Montevideo, Worthington and Agona. Serovar Montevideo presented the highest number of clonal groups, with common pulsotypes distributed among ingredients, dust, equipment and feed. The isolation of Salmonella was significantly higher (p=0,002) in samples with the presence of total coliforms (36/489; 7.36%) than in the negative ones (27/780; 3.46%). The mean logarithmic counts of total coliforms considering all samples were determined for each plant: A: 0.97 (95% CI: 0.81 to 1.13), B: 0.78 (95% CI: 0.61 to 0.94), C: 1.32 (95% CI: 1.16 to 1.49) and D: 0.91 (95% CI: 0.75 to 1.06). A high variability on the number of total coliforms in all the sampled points was found in all feed mills, and there was no statistical diference between the sampling sites and units (p=0.174). The logistic regression, with isolation of total coliforms as the response variable, showed a high odds ratio (OR) of isolation from conveyors (OR = 3.67, 95% CI: 2.28 to 5.89), dosing (OR = 9.51, 95% CI: 4.43 to 20.41), grinding (OR = 7.10, 95% CI = 3.27 to 15.40), mixing (OR = 4.08, 95 % CI: 2.04 to 8.17), dust (OR = 3.50, 95% CI: 2.10 to 5.84), crusts (OR = 6.22, 95% CI: 3.88 to 9.95) and unit C (OR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.68 to 3.53). The conveyors (OR = 4.43, 95% CI: 2.43-8.09) were the most likely sites of isolation of Salmonella, followed by the dust collected on the premises of the plant (OR = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.41-5.88). Feed mills C and D showed, respectively, 2.74 and 2.83 higher odds for Salmonella isolation than feed mill B. The verification of the 128 items addressed on the Guidelines for Inspection of Normative 4 (IN 4) of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture and Food Supply pointed out that factory B had the lowest number of nonconformities. The other three feed mills, presented most faults related to the physical structure of the facilities. Feed mills A and D presented the largest number of nonconformities related to cleaning and sanitizing of equipment. Among the 29 mandatory items in IN4, eight were not met in at least one of the factories. Feed mill B presented all items accordingly, while plants A and D did not meet any of the eight items. Feed mill C had three non-compliant items related to the floor and wall cleaning, reception and storage of raw materials. There was no association between the score obtained on the inspection checklist and the level of total coliforms found in the sampled units, demonstrating that only the compliance to the legislation cannot guarantee the safety of feed produced. It was concluded that programs for monitoring and control microbial contamination throughout the production line are needed, regardless of the status of the plant in the relation to the current legislation.The design of equipment that allow easy cleaning and with minimal accumulation of dust and debris should be added to other measures in Salmonella control programs.

Orientador: Silvia Hunold Lara / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T17:28:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_MariaEmiliaVasconcelosdos_D.pdf: 2963653 bytes, checksum: fcafd4c3687c44519ea182ea519fc016 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta tese tem por objetivo investigar as experiências sociais dos trabalhadores dos engenhos no contexto emancipacionista da década de 1880 e do imediato pós-abolição. Nosso estudo aborda as quebras e as linhas de continuidade entre a escravidão e a liberdade vivenciadas pelos senhores de engenho e os trabalhadores da cana-de-açúcar, entre eles, a população pobre e livre, principalmente, a negra e os escravos na Zona da Mata Sul de Pernambuco, notadamente, entre os anos de 1884 e 1893. Para atingir tal fim, lançamos mão de um corpus documental composto por fontes históricas diversas, como os ofícios policiais, processos judiciais, jornais, censos populacionais, memórias e cartas. No cruzamento destas fontes buscamos vislumbrar os diversos significados da Abolição, da liberdade e do trabalho para os personagens presentes nesta tese. A pesquisa evidenciou que, ao longo dos anos de 1884 a 1893, a Mata Sul pernambucana passou por transformações promovidas pelo processo das lutas pelo fim da escravidão e pela Abolição, que alterou as relações sociais e políticas na região. Neste momento de reordenação das relações sociais e de trabalho, a população negra procurou conquistar maior autonomia e dignidade expressa pelo movimento entre cidades e engenhos, impondo limites à opressão social; já os proprietários, por sua vez, viveram momentos de descontentamento com a perda das antigas prerrogativas senhoriais e criaram estratégias para controlar a mão-de-obra de ex-escravos e livres pobres. Assim, objetivamos, sobretudo, demonstrar como as experiências da escravidão e da Abolição vivenciadas pelos trabalhadores do açúcar, de variadas maneiras, influenciaram nas complexas relações de trabalho, nas alianças e negociações estabelecidas no cotidiano e nos modos de reivindicar direitos no pós-abolição / Abstract: This thesis aims to investigate the social experiences of the mills' workers in the emancipationist context of the 1880s and the immediate post-abolition. Our study discusses the breaks and lines of continuity between slavery and freedom experienced by the Lord of sugar mill and the workers of sugar cane. Among them, the poor and free population, mainly the black people and the slaves at the South Zona da Mata of the State of Pernambuco, especially between the years 1884 and 1893. To achieve this end, we make use a corpus consisting of several historical sources, such as police letter, lawsuits, newspapers, population census, memoirs and letters. At the intersection of these sources we intend to see the different meanings of Abolition, freedom and work for the characters presented in this thesis. The research showed that, throughout the years 1884-1893, the South Zona da Mata has undergone transformations promoted by the struggle to end slavery and Abolition, which changed the social and political relations in the region. At this time, of reordering of the social and labor relations, the black population sought to conquer greater autonomy and dignity, expressed by movement between towns and mills, imposing limits to the social oppression. Already the sugar mill owners, in turn, lived moments of discontentment with the loss of the old lordly prerogatives, and created strategies to control the manpower of former slaves and poor free. So, we aimed, above all, demonstrate how the experiences of slavery and abolition lived by the sugar workers influenced in complex working relationships, alliances and negotiations established on everyday and modes of claiming rights in post-abolition / Doutorado / Historia Social / Doutora em História

Cette thèse est dédiée à l'étude de la fonction à trois points dans la théorie de jauge super-symétrique (SYM) N=4, dans la limite du grand nombre de couleurs, à l'aide de l'intégrabilité. La théorie de jauge N=4 SYM est invariante conforme au niveau quantique est on pense qu'elle est résoluble exactement. Par la correspondance AdS/CFT, elle est duale à la théorie des cordes de type IIB dans l'espace courbe AdS5× S5. Les fonctions à trois points sont des quantités qui contiennent de l'information essentielle sur la dynamique de la théorie.Nous passons en revue les méthodes déjà existantes et outils de l'intégrabilité qui sont nécessaires pour le calcul de la fonction à trois points. Nous présentons le calcul de la fonction à trois points dans le secteur SU(3), de rang supérieur à un, nous avons utilisé une représentation sous forme de déterminant, qui nous permets de prendre la limite semi-classique. En exploitant la relation entre des chaines de spin à langue portée et la chaine de Heisenberg inhomogène, nous avons développé une nouvelle pur calculer la fonction à trois points dans le secteur SU(2) à l'ordre d'une boucle qui nous permets d'obtenir le résultat dans une forme très compacte. Dans la limite de Frolov-Tseytlin ce résultat est en accord avec celui qu'on obtient au couplage fort.Nous avons exploré des nouvelles formulations de la fonction à trois points. En nous inspirant de la formulation de la théorie des champs des cordes dans la jauge du cone de lumière nous avons construit un vertex de spin, qui est la version de couplage faible du vertex des cordes, pour tous les secteurs à l'ordre des arbres. Cette approche peut être reliée au programme des facteurs de forme pour les théories de champs bi-dimensionnelles intégrables, dont nous rappelons ici les bases. Nous étudions la dépendance dans la taille du système pour une classe spéciale de fonction à trois points qui correspond aux facteurs de forme diagonaux. / This thesis is devoted to the study of three-point functions of N=4 Super-Yang-Mills (SYM) theory in the planar limit by using integrability. N=4 SYM theory is conformal invariant at quantum level and is believed to be completely solvable. By the AdS/CFT correspondence, it is dual to the type IIB superstring theory on the curved background AdS5×S5. The three-point functions are important quantities which contain essential dynamic information of the theory.The necessary tools in integrability and the existing methods of computing three-point functions are reviewed. We compute the three-point functions in the higher rank SU(3) sector and obtain a determinant representation for one special configuration, which allows us to take the semi-classical limit. By exploring the relation between long-range interacting spin chain and inhomogeneous XXX spin chain, we develop a new approach to compute three-point functions in the SU(2) sector at one-loop and obtain a compact result. In the Frolov-Tseytlin limit, this result matches the result at strong coupling.We also explore new formulations of the three-point functions. In one formulation inspired by the light-cone string field theory, we constructed the spin vertex, which is the weak coupling counterpart of the string vertex for all sectors at tree level. Another formulation which is related to the form factor boostrap program in integrable field theory is reviewed. At weak coupling, we study the finite volume dependence of a special type of three-point functions which are related to the diagonal form factors.

A local integrated pulp and paper Kraft mill had come under pressure from the local communities and mill personnel to reduce the odours that were perceived to be generated at the Farm Dams and irrigation farm situated adjacent to the mill. The typical odours associated with Kraft mills are due to the generation of four reduced sulphur compounds such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methyl-mercaptan (CH3SH), dimethyl-sulphide (CH3)2S and dimethyl-disulphide (CH3)2S2. These compounds are collectively referred to as Total Reduced Sulphur (TRS) components which are generated as a direct result of the Kraft pulping and chemical recovery process. These components can either be in the gaseous or aqueous phase depending on the characteristics of the effluent. Gaseous and aqueous TRS profiling of the mill indicated that hydrogen sulphide (H2S) was the main odour component generated and emitted from the Clarifiers and the Treated Effluent Transfer Sump (TETS) at the effluent treatment plant. The hydrogen sulphide (H2S) emission levels were affected by process upsets, sludge removal frequencies, chemical composition of the effluent, Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) activity, pH and temperature fluctuations. Treatment options such as pH control using slaked lime, dosing of biocides, addition of biomodifiers and/or a sulphate reduction inhibitor were investigated. The use of slaked lime, Ca(OH) 2, for pH control was not practical due to continuous pH fluctuations, increasing the pH would increase the scaling tendencies of the effluent and would also affect the soil cation-anion exchange properties of the irrigated farm land. The use of non-oxidising biocides was effective in reducing SRB activity between 99.2% and 99.8% at dosages between 4 mg/l and 25 mg/l. However, the use of biocides was not considered as a long term treatment option due to the various disadvantages such as the stability of the biocides at fluctuating pH and temperatures, half-life, environmental accumulation, toxicity and costs. The aqueous H2S level was reduced by 79% using different combinations of biomodifiers (nitrates, nitrites, molybdenum). Increasing the dosages of the biomodifiers (> 500mg/l) would be required to increase the reduction of H2S levels by more than 79%. The increased dosages would significantly increase the cost of the treatment programme. The accumulation of nitrates, nitrites and molybdenum could affect the soil texture, cation-anion exchange capacity, permeability, Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) and nutrient availability. A more environmentally friendly and cost effective treatment was found using sodium nitrate (biomodifier) together with AQ (sulphate reduction inhibitor). The continuous dosing of 50 mg/l sodium nitrate together with 4 mg/l AQ would be effective in reducing the average aqueous H2S levels (40 mg/l) by at least 92%. This treatment would also be compatible with aeration or oxidation procedures to further increase the removal of H2S to achieve an aqueous H2S level of <1 mg/l. Aeration or oxidation would also increase the dissolved oxygen and COD levels, increase the inhibition of SRB activity and oxidise any reduced sulphur. The dosing of sodium nitrate and AQ to control the generation of H2S is not patented in South Africa. It can, therefore, be used to treat the Kraft mill effluent without violating any intellectual property rights in South Africa. / Dissertation (MSc(Applied Science))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

Farmer-led seed systems (FSS) provide the backbone for small-scale farmers and many rural communities that use traditional methods of farming to produce seeds that grow and adapt to local conditions. FSS differ from one community and farmer to the next, depending on the methods and practices used to maintain seed varieties. Seed diversity can enhance FSS by improving livelihoods and strengthening farmers' networks, thus contributing to resilient communities. Although nuanced, the dualistic agricultural system in South Africa consists largely of subsistence (small-scale) and commercial (large-scale) farming and includes different crop management systems and post-harvest practices. In South Africa, maize (Zea mays) is a major staple grain crop with a significant role as animal and poultry feed. The North West region is one of the highest white-maize-producing provinces in South Africa. Maize seed systems include both traditional, openpollinated varieties (OPVs) and cultivars such as modern hybrids and genetically modified (GM) seed varieties, including those engineered for specific purposes. The dominant GM maize is that designated for pest resistance using Bacillus thuringienesis (Bt), a soil bacterium which produces a toxin that is fatal to a wide variety of insects such as moths and flies. Many small-scale farmers prefer their own traditional seeds for breeding, planting, selection, selling and consuming. However, FSS based on traditional varieties are threatened by modern cultivars which may be introduced in different ways including through seed exchange, purchasing at shops or by pollination from nearby commercial farms. This study was conducted in the Sespond community of the North West Province. The aim of the study was to understand how small-scale farmers in Sespond maintain traditional maize varieties through selection and storage in a complex agricultural landscape that incorporates both formal and informal seed systems. The formal system represents industrialised farms and companies that work with commercial seed. The informal system represents small-scale farmers who rely on their own seed. Qualitative methods included mapping software which was used to obtain visual agricultural data in and around Sespond. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 small-scale farmers to collect information about their farming practices, including the maize varieties planted. Quantitative methods included collecting 20 maize samples from different farmers for genetic analysis. Agdia® immunostrip tests were used to detect for the presence of Crystal protein (Cry protein) produced by the Bt bacterium, engineered to improve the resistance of maize against insects. The results showed that 13 samples were negative for the protein and seven samples were positive for the protein. A key finding is that small-scale farmers are not able to detect the different maize varieties in their seed systems. This represents a threat for traditional seed varieties in the community as without this knowledge, farmers are not able to adequately manage their production and storage systems. Farmers made use of alternative storage methods such as the mill to reduce seed damage they experienced at home. However, the findings of this research showed that there was an increasing risk of farmers' traditional maize being mixed with GM maize at the mill. Farmers' rights to plant and consume traditional maize were therefore undermined. This study recommends that (a) efforts are made to increase awareness among farmers that help to distinguish transgenes from hybrids and traditional maize varieties; (b) measures are implemented at mills to both improve the transparency about the storage and processing of traditional maize and to separate traditional maize from hybrid and GM maize.