La desinformación puede extenderse y absorberse muy rápidamente, provocando cambios en el comportamiento que pueden llevar a las personas a tomar malas decisiones y a asumir mayores riesgos. La difusión de la desinformación puede tener consecuencias muy graves, ya que genera miedo, disminución de la respuesta a las advertencias sobre el distanciamiento social o la higiene, desconfianza hacia los proveedores de atención médica e incluso hacia la vacuna covid19, que es ahora, nuestra arma para poner un alto y control de esta enfermedad que ha causado tanto daño mundial. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar los factores socioculturales y nivel de conocimiento sobre la vacuna covid-19 en adultos mayores del caserío Canchachalá – Incahuasi, 2021. La investigación fue no experimental, transversal y descriptiva. La población fue de 83 adultos mayores del caserío antes mencionado. Se trabajó con población muestral por ser finita, específica y no necesitar de una muestra representativa. La muestra fue de tipo no probabilístico y el muestreo por conveniencia. Se utilizó la encuesta compuesta por 3 dimensiones: “Conocimiento sobre inmunizaciones”, “Conocimiento sobre vacuna covid-19” y “Conocimiento sobre el virus covid-19”, con una escala de valoración: “bajo”, “medio” y “alto” y el instrumento cuestionario compuesto por 13 ítems que evalúan el factor social y cultural, además con alternativas estilo Likert en una puntuación de 1 a 5, donde: 1: Muy desacuerdo; 2: Desacuerdo; 3: Indiferente; 4: De acuerdo, Y 5: Muy de acuerdo, con un puntaje de 0 a 65 puntos; la encuesta y entrevista tienen una confiabilidad de 0,7 y 0,666 según Alfa de Cronbach respectivamente. Se obtuvieron los resultados: el 55% de los adultos mayores presentan factores socioculturales bajos; el 67% de los mismos, presenta un nivel de conocimiento bajo sobre la vacuna covid-19, dando por conclusion que los factores socioculturales y nivel de conocimiento de los adultos mayores de caserío Canchachalá – Incahuasi, fue bajo, de un 55% y 67%, respectivamente. / Misinformation can spread and be absorbed very quickly, causing changes in behavior that can lead people to make poor decisions and take greater risks. The spread of misinformation can have very serious consequences, as it generates fear, decreased response to warnings about social distancing or hygiene, distrust towards health care providers and even towards the covid19 vaccine, which is now, our weapon to stop and control this disease that has caused so much damage worldwide. Determine the sociocultural factors and level of knowledge about the covid-19 vaccine in older adults from the Canchachalá - Incahuasi village, 2021. The research was non-experimental, cross-sectional and descriptive. The population was 83 older adults from the aforementioned village. We worked with a sample population because it is finite, specific and does not require a representative sample. The sample was non-probabilistic and convenience sampling. The survey composed of 3 dimensions was used: "Knowledge about immunizations", "Knowledge about the covid-19 vaccine" and "Knowledge about the covid-19 virus", with an assessment scale: "low", "medium" and "high". ” and the questionnaire instrument composed of 13 items that evaluate the social and cultural factor, in addition to Likert-style alternatives on a score of 1 to 5, where: 1: Strongly disagree; 2: Disagree; 3: Indifferent; 4: Agree, and 5: Strongly agree, with a score of 0 to 65 points; the survey and interview have a reliability of 0.7 and 0.666 according to Cronbach's Alpha, respectively. The 55% of older adults have low sociocultural factors; 67% of them have a low level of knowledge about the covid-19 vaccine. The sociocultural factors and the level of knowledge of the older adults of the Canchachalá - Incahuasi village were low, 55% and 67%, respectively.

This study aimed to analyze the progression of autism information over time and investigate the relationships among various factors such as autism knowledge, awareness, stigma, misinformation, cultural beliefs, and social norms. Utilizing the knowledge-attitude-behavior (KAB) model, a conceptual framework was devised to examine the connections between these variables. Employing a mixed-method approach comprising of systematic literature review and survey, the study initially examined articles spanning twenty-two years to track the progression of autism knowledge, awareness, and stigma. Subsequently, a survey was conducted to assess the current understanding of autism among individuals on the spectrum and their families as well as to evaluate the impact of different autism variables. The systematic literature review indicated an overall increase in autism knowledge and awareness, although it revealed disparities in certain ethnicities and areas such as genetic testing. Despite advancements, stigma was found to persist. Survey findings validated these observations, emphasizing the necessity for heightened autism awareness and the continued presence of stigma. Furthermore, the survey demonstrated that knowledge influences awareness, whereas cultural beliefs and social norms directly affect autism misinformation. Importantly, the study highlighted how cultural beliefs and misinformation can hinder accurate understanding and knowledge of autism, potentially exacerbating stigma. By employing evidence-based approaches, this study offers comprehensive insights into autism, enriching the broader literature on the subject.

Background: The news media has spread misinformation about the toxicity and potency of fentanyl, exaggerating the extent to which bystanders could be harmed by fentanyl when responding to overdose situations. College students are increasingly among the victims of opioid overdose, and their peers may be the nearest person capable of administering naloxone – an overdose reversal medication. However, college students who fear incidental exposure to fentanyl may be worried about administering naloxone. Objective: I sought to understand the relationship between undergraduate college students’ perceptions of the risks of fentanyl and their intentions to administer naloxone in an overdose situation. Methods: An online survey was formulated based on the Health Belief Model to measure beliefs about the harm of fentanyl and the likelihood of administering naloxone. The survey was distributed to students at a major public university in the Southeastern US in 2024. The survey was analyzed using a Spearman Rank Correlation to assess the relationship between the variables: intent to administer naloxone, beliefs about administering naloxone in an overdose, and perceptions about fentanyl. Additional analysis included the differences in beliefs about fentanyl among health versus non health majors and first year versus non first year students. Results: Notable findings include no significant correlation between beliefs about fentanyl and intention to administer naloxone in a fentanyl overdose in the 182 respondents who completed the survey. However, a significant difference was found in intention to administer naloxone in a fentanyl overdose in those who know what action to take in a fentanyl overdose versus those who do not. Conclusions: This study is among the first of its kind to analyze the relationship between fentanyl beliefs and intentions to administer naloxone in a fentanyl overdose. As overdoses and overdose deaths continue to rise and students continue to be among the victims of accidental overdose deaths, universities should use this research to implement early training and resources to improve access to naloxone and naloxone administration.

In the presented thesis I study new media and their possible misuse in misinformation. In the first part I describe basics of misinformation theory, categorization and present real example of misinformation by using traditional and new media and warn against risks related to its anonymous using. A characteristic of concrete new media is complemented with specific user behavior patterns. On last part I suggest concrete prospective ways of creating misinformation campaign with minimal cost and risk.

This thesis deals with widespread, chemically-themed misinformation. The the- oretical part describes psychological effects leading to myth spreading. It also descri- bes the debunking possibilities of such myths and the didactic reasons for misinformation- based work on the high school level. General practical part uses methods of content analysis upon random sample of School educational programmes to prove the usability of misinformation-based work in education. It also summarizes the organisations and resources useful for myth debunking. Specific practical part deals with analysis of chosen suspicious information, their credibility and the possibilities of educational work based on them. The chosen in- formation was the "medicinal" usage of chlorine dioxide solution. Rumors of alkaline diet and alleged harmfulness of aspartame, an artificial sweetener, were also chosen. The way they tend to be presented, none of these claims are backed. In all these cases, multiple unsubstantiated claims were found among proponents of these ideas.

This paper analyses the interactions between Australian mainstream media and social media political influencers and how these interactions amplify ideological misinformation. Social media, particularly YouTube, is increasingly a primary source of news and information for people, principally in the younger 18 – 35-year demographic. Yet while social media has opened up horizontal networks of mass self-communication that allow anyone with an internet to communicate on a mass scale, it has also precipitated a significant rise in the dissemination of reactionary right and extremist messages. The analysis is embedded in Manuel Castells network society theory and utilising Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis framework and José van Dijck’s combination of the Network Society theory with Actor Network Theory. By analysing the discourses employed by News Corp around notions of “identity politics” “western civilisation” and “the left”, this paper argues that the discourses of News Corp Australia are largely the same as the Alternative Influence Network (AIN) on YouTube – a loosely connected group of reactionary right-wing influencers. It further analyses the way News Corp reports on these influencers, concluding that the intertwining discursive patterns of both News Corp and the AIN have the effect of discriminating against a range of minority groups due to its centring of white, western identity as default. News Corp produces and amplifies ideological misinformation through both power and counterpower communication networks. This is concerning considering News Corp’s prominence and influence in the Australian media landscape. Finally, it argues that the ideological misinformation amplified by News Corp Australia is contributing to a new ideological paradigm that combines populist nationalism with neoliberalism.

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Today's media landscape is larger and more diverse than ever before. Individuals are fedwith news and information from many different types of media. When competition ishigh, media actors need to stand out to be noticed, sometimes to the extent that the truthis omitted or embellished. The purpose of this essay is to examine the consequences ofthe spread of false information on social media. The material of the essay consists of 25Swedish videoclips from YouTube and is intended to investigate how well the videoportals (headlines & thumbnails) correspond to the actual content of the videos. Themethod used in the essay is a quantitative coding of these videoclips and a multimodalanalysis from a selection of these coded video clips. To fulfill the purpose of the essay,theories and concepts such as misinformation and disinformation, filter bubbles, andselective exposure theory are used. The results of the study showed that many videoportals do not correspond at all to the content that the clip possesses. They oftenexaggerate or add details that make the video clip stand out more or appear moreinteresting for the audience to engage with. The consequences of false information spreadon social media can be many. For example, it can contribute to somewhat distortedworldviews. If individuals in a society are fed with incorrect information, it becomes moredifficult to get a fair picture of the world. It can also become normalized that thingswritten on social media are often not true, which leads to it becoming commonplace tobuy into small lies and not trust the information and news consumed online.

Misinformation poses a significant threat to democracy, as it undermines informed decision-making, creates distrust among citizens, and exacerbates social and political polarization. Public libraries can in theory mitigate this threat by serving as trustworthy sources of information and promoting critical thinking, but must contend with issues such as the politicization of library services, which have the potential to erode public trust in libraries. This paper explores the critical role of public libraries as democratic institutions in countering the growing problem of misinformation and disinformation. Six librarians and library managers from Sweden's largest public libraries were interviewed using semi-structured interviews to gather qualitative data on this topic. Thematic content analysis was conducted on the data, which resulted in several key themes that demonstrate issues involved in public libraries’ approaches to addressing misinformation. The results reveal that public libraries grapple with whether an open, unrestricted acquisitions policy is better, or whether a more selective policy is more effective in combatting misinformation-related problems. The results also indicate public libraries’ uncertainty in deciding how active and outspoken of a role they should take in combatting the issue of misinformation at large. The study highlights the importance of public libraries in addressing this societal challenge and provides insights into the tensions surrounding the library’s preservation of public trust and the protection of its democratic values when challenged by misinformation.

<p>   </p> <p>Health-related misinformation presents a significant threat to public health and wellbeing. Misinformation exposure is associated with decreased compliance with public health initiatives, decreased trust in science, and greater levels of disease transmission. Unfortunately, fact-checking is not a panacea for mitigating the negative effects associated with misinformation exposure. The present dissertation, guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior, investigated across two studies whether providing participants with different levels of media literacy education could enable them to successfully determine news articles, on a variety of different health topics, contained either legitimate or illegitimate information. Both studies utilized a three-group, pretest-posttest, between-subjects experimental design in which participants were randomly assigned to either a brief or detailed media literacy skill promotion message, or a no-message control. The messages took the form of Facebook posts from a fictitious organization dedicated to promoting media literacy. The first study recruited 305 undergraduate students. Results from the first study indicated that participants assigned to the detailed message condition were more successful compared to the other conditions in identifying health-related misinformation. A content analysis of participants’ open-ended responses revealed that participants in the detailed message group were the most likely to utilize skills related to media literacy and were the least likely to utilize heuristics or to guess when determining whether news articles contained legitimate or illegitimate information. The second study sought to replicate and extend the results of the first study in a sample of adults recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. The results of the second study found that the detailed message condition promoted a greater ability to identify misinformation compared to either the brief message or control condition. Similarly, participants in the second study were most likely to use skills related to media literacy when completing the misinformation identification task. The results suggest that brief media literacy messages may be insufficient in enabling participants to successfully identify health-related misinformation online. However, more detailed media literacy education messages show promise for potentially limiting the spread of misinformation online. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. </p> <p>  </p>