This dissertation studies three forms of mobility in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The first chapter uses newly collected data from Union Army widows' pension files to isolate the causal effect of women's income on their decisions about marriage. Making use of exogenous variation in the processing time of pension applications, I show that receiving a pension caused widows to remarry at a significantly slower rate. This suggests that women's income directly influenced marital outcomes, largely by making women more selective in the marriage market. The second chapter explores the extent to which nineteenth century internal migrants in the United States were motivated by the possibility of upward occupational mobility. Drawing on the literature on contemporary migrant selection and sorting, I argue that workers with greater potential for occupational upgrading should have selected themselves out of counties with low skill premiums and sorted themselves into counties with high skill premiums. Using linked data from the U.S. Census and county-level wage data, I present results consistent with this argument. The third chapter of the dissertation (co-authored with Claudia Olivetti and Daniele Paserman) examines intergenerational income mobility across three generations between 1850 and 1930. Making use of the socioeconomic content of names, pseudo-panels of three generations are created by grouping samples of individuals by first name. Using G1, G2, and G3 to index generations one two and three, respectively, we find a significant correlation between G1 and G3, controlling for G2. We also find differences in this correlation by gender, suggesting that the process by which income was transferred from fathers to daughters was not the same as the process by which it was transferred from fathers to sons.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivos: identificar os conceitos que estruturam o referencial de mobilidade urbana sustentável, desenvolver uma ferramenta para diagnóstico e monitoração da mobilidade urbana e realizar a sua avaliação a partir de uma aplicação em uma cidade de médio porte. O processo de construção do referencial de mobilidade urbana sustentável, feito a partir de workshops realizados em onze cidades brasileiras através da metodologia multicritério de apoio à decisão construtivista (MCDA-C), revelou questões-chave que devem ser consideradas para a implementação do conceito. Ao mesmo tempo, forneceu as bases para a construção da ferramenta denominada de índice de mobilidade urbana sustentável - IMUS. O índice é constituído de uma hierarquia de critérios que agrega nove domínios, trinta e sete temas e oitenta e sete indicadores. Seu sistema de pesos permite identificar a importância relativa de cada critério de forma global e para cada dimensão da sustentabilidade (social, econômica e ambiental). Seu método de agregação permite a compensação entre critérios bons e ruins. O índice apresenta ainda escalas de avaliação para cada indicador, permitindo verificar o desempenho em relação a metas pré-estabelecidas e realizar análises comparativas entre diferentes regiões geográficas. A aplicação do IMUS para a cidade de São Carlos, estado de São Paulo, indicou a viabilidade de sua utilização para a monitoração da mobilidade e avaliação de impactos de políticas públicas em cidades de médio porte, e revelou aspectos importantes sobre as condições de mobilidade no município. O resultado global do IMUS para a cidade alcançou valor em torno de 0,58, considerado médio segundo a escala de avaliação proposta para o índice. A aplicação do índice permitiu identificar fatores críticos e fatores de maior impacto para a melhoria de aspectos globais e setoriais da mobilidade urbana, fornecendo subsídios para a proposição de políticas e estratégias visando melhorar a mobilidade urbana sustentável. A compatibilidade dos resultados obtidos segundo o cálculo dos indicadores e análise expedita feita por um especialista sugere que o IMUS fornece resultados confiáveis para o acompanhamento das condições de mobilidade urbana em cidades e médio e grande porte. / The objectives of this research are: (i) to identify the concepts that shape the sustainable urban mobility framework; (ii) to develop a tool for assessing and monitoring urban mobility conditions; and (iii) to evaluate the proposed tool through an actual application in a medium-sized city. The main elements of the sustainable urban mobility framework were identified in workshops conducted in eleven brazilian cities. The use of a multicriteria decision analysis-constructivist (MCDA-C) approach in the workshops revealed key elements that shall be considered in the concept implementation. In addition, it provided the basic elements for the development of the so-called index of sustainable urban mobility - I_SUM. The index is formed by a hierarchy of criteria with nine domains, thirty-seven themes, and eighty-seven Indicators. The weighting system makes it possible to identify the relative importance of each criterion for the global Index as well as for each sustainability dimension (social, economic, and environmental). Furthermore, the aggregation procedure adopted allows for trade-offs, therefore compensating good and bad performances found among the indicators. The index is also associated with evaluation procedures for each Indicator, which makes it possible to compare index values with predefined goals and to carry out comparative analyses between different geographic regions. The application of I_SUM to São Carlos, a city in the state of São Paulo, has shown the feasibility of its use to monitor local mobility conditions and to evaluate impacts of public policies in medium-sized cities, revealing important mobility aspects in the city. The global I_SUM value for the city was 0.58, what can be considered a reasonable value when compared with the reference values proposed for the index. The use of the index highlighted critical factors and those that have significant impact on the global and certain dimensions of urban mobility. These inputs might be useful for the formulation of policies and strategies aiming at achieving greater sustainable urban mobility. Lastly, the comparison between the value obtained with the index calculation procedures and that estimated by an expert suggests that I_SUM can give reliable estimates of mobility conditions in medium and large-sized cities.

L’objet de cette recherche est de comprendre comment le touriste utilise son smartphone pour découvrir une destination touristique. Nous développons et testons un modèle de diffusion des usages du smartphone. Nous identifions trois catégories d’usages de services mobiles, les services mobiles d’orientation, d’organisation et de recherche d’informations localisées (SMOORIL). Le modèle considère 4 déterminants liés aux caractéristiques personnelles du touriste et 3 déterminants liés au contexte d’usage. Des conséquences de ces usages sont identifiées pour l’expérience touristique et la satisfaction avec ces services. Les relations entre les variables sont examinées à l’aide d’une modélisation par équations structurelles. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que les usages de SMOORIL sont principalement expliqués par les usages quotidiens du smartphone et que le besoin de déconnexion n’a pas d’effet sur ce type d’usages. En outre, si les usages de SMOORIL ont un effet positif sur l’expérience touristique, le fait pour le touriste de percevoir des effets de ces usages sur la dimension sociale de l’expérience touristique affecte négativement sa satisfaction des SMOORIL. D’un point de vue conceptuel, ce travail propose un cadre d’analyse des relations entre le comportement virtuel et physique du consommateur. Au niveau théorique, cette recherche montre l’intérêt d’étudier les usages pour comprendre comment le consommateur utilise le smartphone pour découvrir l’espace géographique. Enfin, cette recherche invite les professionnels à réfléchir à la pertinence de proposer des services mobiles aux touristes en fonction du type d’expérience(s) offert par la destination. / The purpose of this research is to understand how the tourist uses his smartphone to discover a tourist destina- tion. We develop and test a model of use-diffusion of smartphone .We identify three categories of mobile services uses, orientation, organization and search for information located (SMOORIL). The model considers four deter- minants related to the personal characteristics of the tourist and 3 determinants related to the context of use. The consequences of these practices are identified for tourist experience and satisfaction with these services. The re- lationships between variables were examined using a structural equation modeling. Results of this research show that SMOORIL uses are mainly explained by smartphone daily uses. Need to disconnect has no effect on this kind of use. Also, if SMOORIL uses have a positive effect on tourism experience, the fact that tourists perceive effect of these practices on social dimension of tourism experience negatively affect satisfaction with SMOORIL. From a conceptual point of view, this work proposes a framework to analyzing relationships between virtual and physical consumer behavior. From a theoretical perspective, this research shows importance of studying uses to understand how the consumer uses smartphone to discover geographical space. Finally, this research invites professionals to reflect on the relevance of offer mobile services to tourists according to type of experience(s) offered by the destination.

The software integration with new network architectures via Software-Defined Networking (SDN) axis appears to be a major evolution of networks. While this paradigm was primarily developed for easy network setup, its ability to integrate services has also to be considered. Thus, the mobility service for which solutions have been proposed in conventional architectures by defining standardized protocols should be rethought in terms of SDN service. Mobile devices might use or move in SDN network. In this thesis, we proposed a new mobility management approach which called "SDN-Mobility" and has shown that SDN can be implemented without IP mobility protocol for providing mobility like as Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) that is the solution adopted by 3GPP, with some performance gain. However, PMIPv6 and SDN-Mobility have some packets loss during Mobile Node (MN) handover. Thus, in this thesis, we proposed a new paradigm based on caching function to improve the quality of transfer during handover. Caching policy cooperates with SDN controller for automatic buffering of the data during the handover. We proposed two caching policies that are compared through a performance analysis regarding the quality of transfer for the user and for the operator. This thesis also presented that SDN-Mobility with caching policy can be applied easily for mobility management in heterogeneous network architectures able to integrate the future Internet based on the Information-Centric Networking (ICN).

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivos: identificar os conceitos que estruturam o referencial de mobilidade urbana sustentável, desenvolver uma ferramenta para diagnóstico e monitoração da mobilidade urbana e realizar a sua avaliação a partir de uma aplicação em uma cidade de médio porte. O processo de construção do referencial de mobilidade urbana sustentável, feito a partir de workshops realizados em onze cidades brasileiras através da metodologia multicritério de apoio à decisão construtivista (MCDA-C), revelou questões-chave que devem ser consideradas para a implementação do conceito. Ao mesmo tempo, forneceu as bases para a construção da ferramenta denominada de índice de mobilidade urbana sustentável - IMUS. O índice é constituído de uma hierarquia de critérios que agrega nove domínios, trinta e sete temas e oitenta e sete indicadores. Seu sistema de pesos permite identificar a importância relativa de cada critério de forma global e para cada dimensão da sustentabilidade (social, econômica e ambiental). Seu método de agregação permite a compensação entre critérios bons e ruins. O índice apresenta ainda escalas de avaliação para cada indicador, permitindo verificar o desempenho em relação a metas pré-estabelecidas e realizar análises comparativas entre diferentes regiões geográficas. A aplicação do IMUS para a cidade de São Carlos, estado de São Paulo, indicou a viabilidade de sua utilização para a monitoração da mobilidade e avaliação de impactos de políticas públicas em cidades de médio porte, e revelou aspectos importantes sobre as condições de mobilidade no município. O resultado global do IMUS para a cidade alcançou valor em torno de 0,58, considerado médio segundo a escala de avaliação proposta para o índice. A aplicação do índice permitiu identificar fatores críticos e fatores de maior impacto para a melhoria de aspectos globais e setoriais da mobilidade urbana, fornecendo subsídios para a proposição de políticas e estratégias visando melhorar a mobilidade urbana sustentável. A compatibilidade dos resultados obtidos segundo o cálculo dos indicadores e análise expedita feita por um especialista sugere que o IMUS fornece resultados confiáveis para o acompanhamento das condições de mobilidade urbana em cidades e médio e grande porte. / The objectives of this research are: (i) to identify the concepts that shape the sustainable urban mobility framework; (ii) to develop a tool for assessing and monitoring urban mobility conditions; and (iii) to evaluate the proposed tool through an actual application in a medium-sized city. The main elements of the sustainable urban mobility framework were identified in workshops conducted in eleven brazilian cities. The use of a multicriteria decision analysis-constructivist (MCDA-C) approach in the workshops revealed key elements that shall be considered in the concept implementation. In addition, it provided the basic elements for the development of the so-called index of sustainable urban mobility - I_SUM. The index is formed by a hierarchy of criteria with nine domains, thirty-seven themes, and eighty-seven Indicators. The weighting system makes it possible to identify the relative importance of each criterion for the global Index as well as for each sustainability dimension (social, economic, and environmental). Furthermore, the aggregation procedure adopted allows for trade-offs, therefore compensating good and bad performances found among the indicators. The index is also associated with evaluation procedures for each Indicator, which makes it possible to compare index values with predefined goals and to carry out comparative analyses between different geographic regions. The application of I_SUM to São Carlos, a city in the state of São Paulo, has shown the feasibility of its use to monitor local mobility conditions and to evaluate impacts of public policies in medium-sized cities, revealing important mobility aspects in the city. The global I_SUM value for the city was 0.58, what can be considered a reasonable value when compared with the reference values proposed for the index. The use of the index highlighted critical factors and those that have significant impact on the global and certain dimensions of urban mobility. These inputs might be useful for the formulation of policies and strategies aiming at achieving greater sustainable urban mobility. Lastly, the comparison between the value obtained with the index calculation procedures and that estimated by an expert suggests that I_SUM can give reliable estimates of mobility conditions in medium and large-sized cities.

Neste trabalho apresentamos medidas de fotocondutividade, decaimento da fotocondutividade persistente, resistência em função da temperatura em amostras de AlxGa1-xAs de gap direto e indireto, dopadas com Si. Comparamos as teorias de Brooks-Herring e Takimoto, ambas referentes ao espalhamento por impurezas ionizadas, e sua aplicabilidade para nosso material. Interpretamos a presença de um estado de energia intermediário nos cálculos da energia de ativação baseado nos resultados de concentração de elétrons livres em função da temperatura .como devido ao defeito D-. Nos resultados de decaimento da fotocondutividade persistente no intervalo de 80 - 100K, contamos com a contribuição do espalhamento por dipolos e propomos o par d+ - VAS- como os responsáveis pela formação destes dipolos e conseqüente melhoria do ajuste da simulação numérica. / In this work, we show results of photoconductivity, decay of persistent photoconductivity, resistance x temperature in Si doped direct and indirect bandgap AlxGa1-xAs. We compare Brooks-Herring and Takimoto theories, both in reference to ionized impurity scattering applied to our material. We interpret the intermediate state in our calculation of activation energy as a D- defect. In the numerical simulation of decay of persistent photoconductivity in the range 80-100 K, we propose the dipole pair d+ - VAS- responsible for the fitting improvement, when the dipole scattering is taken into account.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Student mobility is an issue for high poverty schools in the shadow of increased rigor and accountability for student performance. Whereas mobility is not a sole cause for poor achievement, it is a contributing factor for students in poverty who are already considered to be at risk of low achievement. Student mobility creates a hardship for schools and districts and hampers attempts to properly monitor the progress of students. This quantitative study examined the differences between mobile and nonmobile 4th grade students from 4 high poverty schools in a Northeast Tennessee school district. Research before and after the No Child Left Behind Act of 2002 (NCLB) was explored. A two-way contingency analysis was used to determine if differences exist between mobile and nonmobile students on reading and math achievements tests. Additionally, the frequency of mobility and mobile and nonmobile among 3 ethnic groups were explored to determine the effects of mobility on achievement. The analyses suggested that no significant relationship exists between the independent variables. This quantitative study examined the differences between mobile and nonmobile fourth grade students from four high poverty schools in a Northeast Tennessee school district. Research before and after the No Child Left Behind Act of 2002 (NCLB) was explored. A two way contingency analysis was used to determine if differences exist between mobile and nonmobile students on reading and math achievements tests. Additionally, the frequency of mobility and mobile and nonmobile among three ethnic groups were explored to determine the effects of mobility on achievement. The analyses suggested that no significant relationship exists between the independent variables.

This paper attempts to uncover the relationship between violent crime and economic mobility in the United States using cross-sectional time series data and multiple regression analysis.

The ability to characterize the interactions between ions and solvent molecules plays a critical role in understanding fundamental aspects of thermodynamics in solution chemistry. These interactions are often difficult if not impossible to observe in solution due to the number of solvent molecules far exceeding that of the ions. However, this challenge can be circumvented in the gas phase which enables the isolation and study of reactions between a single ion and single solvent molecule. Within the field of ion-molecule chemistry are two sub-categories of interactions known as ionic hydrogen bonds (IHBs) and ionic halogen bonds (IXBs). In these interactions, the incorporation of a charged species permits ion-dipole interactions which are innately stronger than those found in dipole-dipole interactions among neutral molecules. This dissertation describes and explains the interactions which take place between halogenated benzenes (F-, Cl-, Br-, and Iodobenzene) and neutral polar molecules (water, acetonitrile, acetone, and methanol). Additional studies on ionic hydrogen bonding involve the exploration of protonated benzonitrile monomer and dimer solvated by methanol. All systems were examined using the mass-selected ion mobility technique using the VCU mass selected ion mobility mass spectrometer. Thermochemical equilibrium measurements, in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, were performed, enabling comparison between experimentally and theoretically determined binding energies. Additionally, the DFT calculations were able to validate hypothetical predictions for the lowest energy structures of each interaction. Furthermore, the averaged collision cross sections of the benzonitrile dimer radical cation, protonated benzonitrile dimer, and benzonitrile solvated hydronium ion were elucidated using the technique of ion mobility where experimentally determined cross sections were compared with theoretical collision cross section calculations on predetermined geometries that were optimized using DFT calculations.