Sammanfattning Mobilitetsplaneringen har växt fram från globala trender som stärks av urbaniseringen, den tekniska utvecklingen och nya mobilitetsbehov. Mobilitetsplaneringen framför nya krav gällande sociala, ekonomiska och hållbara aspekter och är i behov av nya mobilitetslösningar. Bäst praktik, används inom internationella och nationella nätverk, för att dela nya lösningar, processer och innovationer. En mobilitetslösning som delas genom kunskapsdelningsmetoden bäst praktik, är det nya fenomenet mobilitetshus. Idag saknas en gemensam definition av mobilitetshus, vilket skapar oklarhet för mobilitetsplaneringen. Syftet med studien är att undersöka fenomenet mobilitetshus; dels vilken funktion ett mobilitetshus är tänkt att fylla och vilka transportbehov det är tänkt att adressera och dels att undersöka planeringen av bäst praktik angående mobilitetshus i Sverige. Studien undersöker exempel på befintliga och planerade mobilitetshus i Sverige. Studiens valda metoder grundas av befintlig teori och metodologi gällande bäst praktik. Kunskapsdelningen av bäst praktik kommer att förstås som en diskursiv process. Metoderna har ett förhållningssätt till befintlig data som innefattar Sveriges planering av det nya fenomenet mobilitetshus. Genom dokumentstudie, litteraturstudie och platsbesök, samlas en omfattande data för bäst praktik angående mobilitetshus i Sverige. Studiens resultat för de empiriska frågeställningarna delger att det finns en otydlighet av mobilitetshus definition och innehåll. Studien konstaterar att det saknas uppföljningsdokument, som redogör mobilitetshusens inverkan, resultat och funktion i staden. Studien rekommenderar att planeringen med bäst praktik angående mobilitetshus skulle kunna underlättas, genom att skapagemensamma förståelser av vad för “problem” mobilitetshus ska förväntas lösa i staden. I studien framkommer även att bäst praktik som kunskapsdelningsmetod, bidrar till en läroprocess. Lärprocessen tydliggörs vid undersökningen av befintliga och planerade mobilitetshus i Sverige.

Paying specific attention to influences of life events and different timing of taking compulsory military service for Taiwanese people, this dissertation explores time-dependence of job mobility and class mobility throughout careers. The author criticizes that previous research of social mobility focusing on either differences between father’s and son’s classes or the relationship between one’s initial and current statuses do not realize the process of status attainment in which individual characteristics and life courses continuously interact with external structures in the labor market. The analyses in this dissertation demonstrate the dynamics of career mobility by specifying two career stages and investigating the differences in paces and mechanisms of job change and class mobility. All findings lead to the conclusion that the time dependence of career mobility is deeply embedded in the context of life course in a society. For Taiwanese men, the timing of taking CMS (i.e., before or after their first entry into the labor force), which is strongly correlated with their educational level, is crucial to the pace and type of career development. For Taiwanese women, their trajectories of mobility follow the typical scenario of career mobility in which job change happens often during the early career and then settles into relatively stable employment in the later stage. Compared to job mobility, status attainment is more stable and consistent throughout the life time. After specifying the directions of job mobility, results show that upward and downward mobility, which bring significant change in occupational prestige, do not show gender differences in their transition rates, and their patterns are consistent throughout careers. With respect to the transition between social classes, moving into ownership (including employers and self-employed) in later careers is a mainstream transition for all Taiwanese people in spite the fact that women have much lower transition rates than do men. Moreover, this dissertation also examines inter-sector and intra-sector mobility in segmented labor market in Taiwan. Taking selection bias into consideration, this research found that under the assumption of homogeneity, the treatment effects of initial attainment in the public sector have negative effects on job mobility throughout careers. However, when heterogeneity of treatment effects are taken into account, findings reveal that there is no significant heterogeneity in this treatment effect for Taiwanese men, but for Taiwan women, the more likely they are to attain a position in the public sector at the time of first entry into the labor market, based on their educational achievement and social background, the more they benefit via low transition rates of job mobility in their work lives. / text

With the convergence of the wireless networks and the Internet and the booming demand for multimedia applications, the next-generation (beyond the third generation, or B3G) wireless systems are expected to be all IP-based and provide real-time and non-real-time mobile services anywhere and anytime. Powerful and efficient mobility support is thus the key enabler to fulfil such an attractive vision by supporting various mobility scenarios. This thesis contributes to this interesting while challenging topic. After a literature review on mobility support architectures and protocols, the thesis starts presenting our contributions with a generic multi-layer mobility support framework, which provides a general approach to meet the challenges of handling comprehensive mobility issues. The cross-layer design methodology is introduced to coordinate the protocol layers for optimised system design. Particularly, a flexible and efficient cross-layer signalling scheme is proposed for interlayer interactions. The proposed generic framework is then narrowed down with several fundamental building blocks identified to be focused on as follows. As widely adopted, we assume that the IP-based access networks are organised into administrative domains, which are inter-connected through a global IP-based wired core network. For a mobile user who roams from one domain to another, macro (inter-domain) mobility management should be in place for global location tracking and effective handoff support for both real-time and non-real-lime applications. Mobile IP (MIP) and the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) are being adopted as the two dominant standard-based macro-mobility architectures, each of which has mobility entities and messages in its own right. The work explores the joint optimisations and interactions of MIP and SIP when utilising the complementary power of both protocols. Two distinctive integrated MIP-SIP architectures are designed and evaluated, compared with their hybrid alternatives and other approaches. The overall analytical and simulation results shown significant performance improvements in terms of cost-efficiency, among other metrics. Subsequently, for the micro (intra-domain) mobility scenario where a mobile user moves across IP subnets within a domain, a micro mobility management architecture is needed to support fast handoffs and constrain signalling messaging loads incurred by intra-domain movements within the domain. The Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) and the Fast Handovers for MIPv6 (FMIPv6) protocols are selected to fulfil the design requirements. The work proposes enhancements to these protocols and combines them in an optimised way. resulting in notably improved performances in contrast to a number of alternative approaches.

The inherent broadcast nature of satellites, their global coverage and direct access to a large number of subscribers give satellites unrivalled advantages in supporting IP multicast applications. A new generation of satellite systems that support regenerative on-board processors and multiple spot beam technology have opened new possibilities of implementing IP multicast communication over satellites. These new features enable satellites to make efficient use of their allocated bandwidth resources and provide cost effective network services but equally, create new challenges for mobile satellite terminals. IP mobility support in general and IP mobile multicast support in particular on mobile satellite terminals like the ones mounted on continental flights, maritime vessels, etc., still remain big challenges that have received very little attention from the research community. Up till now, there are no proposed mechanisms to support IP multicast for mobile receivers/sources in multi-beam satellite networks in open literature. This study explores the suitability of IP multicast mobility support schemes defined for terrestrial networks in a satellite environment and proposes novel schemes based on the concepts of Home and Remote subscription-based approaches, multiple interface and PMIPv6 protocol. Detailed analysis and comparison of results obtained from the proposed schemes, Mobile IP (MIP) Home and Remote subscription-based approaches (for terrestrial networks) when implemented on a reference multi-beam satellite network are presented. From these results, the proposed schemes outperform the MIP Home and Remote subscription-based approaches in terms of gateway handover latency, number of multicast packets lost and signalling cost over the satellite air interface.

Nesta dissertação são analisados os impactos da implantação de medidas de gerenciamento da mobilidade (GM) em uma área urbana localizada na cidade de Porto Alegre com vários pólos atratores de viagens. O GM – abordagem européia do gerenciamento da demanda de viagens – busca uma mobilidade urbana mais sustentável, tentando influir no comportamento de viagem das pessoas. São discutidos seu conceito, suas ferramentas, medidas e serviços de transporte, incluindo exemplos de implantação no mundo. Foram escolhidas duas medidas de GM, dentro de um pacote de medidas a serem implantadas pelo projeto Moviman na área de estudo, localizada na zona leste de Porto Alegre, onde atualmente há uma universidade (PUCRS), hospitais, um shopping center, hipermercados, entre outros estabelecimentos. A primeira medida analisada foi a carona programada, uso compartilhado de um automóvel com divisão de custos. Foi feita uma pesquisa com alunos da PUCRS para verificar sua receptividade em relação a esta medida. A partir dos resultados desta pesquisa, foi avaliado o possível impacto da implantação desta medida no tráfego da área de estudo. Também foi feita pesquisa com trabalhadores de uma empresa local para comparar a receptividade a esta medida por usuários diferentes. A segunda medida foi a implantação de um Sistema de Informação ao Usuário (SIU) de transporte coletivo em duas paradas de ônibus, através da realização de pesquisas de importância e satisfação, para priorizar as informações e de uma pesquisa final de satisfação e análise de intenção de mudança modal causada pelo SIU. Os resultados demonstram que a carona programada é uma medida com boa receptividade entre os grupos-alvo pesquisados, que causa uma melhora das condições de tráfego locais. E um novo SIU nas paradas de ônibus é uma medida de qualificação do transporte coletivo com um bom potencial de atração de novos usuários e de fidelização dos atuais. Portanto, comprovouse o impacto positivo da implantação destas medidas de GM em uma cidade brasileira, pois ambas atenderam aos objetivos de uma mobilidade urbana sustentável sem a limitação da mobilidade das pessoas. / This dissertation presents the evaluation of the impacts produced by mobility management (MM) measures introduced in an urban area, with many trip production centers, located in Porto Alegre city, southern Brazil. The MM, European approach of travel demand management, aims a more sustainable urban mobility, trying to influence in the travel behavior of people. Their concepts, tools, measures and transport services are discussed, including other implantation examples worldwide. Two MM measures were chosen within a package of measures that would be implemented by the Moviman project in the studied area. The selected area, situated in the east zone of Porto Alegre, holds a university (PUCRS), hospitals, a shopping center, among others commercial establishments. The first analyzed measure was carpooling, shared use of an automobile with division of costs, using the application of a survey with university students, from PUCRS, to verify their receptivity in relation to this alternative transportation mode. The survey results were used for the analysis of possible impacts of this measure in the traffic of the study area. A survey with workers of a local company was done to compare the receptivity with these measures in distinct users. The second measure was the installation of a public transport user information system (UIS) in two bus stops, using importance and satisfaction surveys in order to define information priorities, and a final survey of satisfaction and analysis of modal change intention caused by UIS. The results demonstrate that carpooling is a transport measure with good receptivity among the target groups, and improves the local traffic conditions. Moreover the installation of new UIS in bus stops is a measure of qualification of the public transportation with good potential for attraction of new users and consolidation of actual users. Therefore, the impacts of MM measures in a Brazilian city were positive, considering that both measures reach the goal of sustainable mobility without limiting people mobility.

Nesta dissertação são analisados os impactos da implantação de medidas de gerenciamento da mobilidade (GM) em uma área urbana localizada na cidade de Porto Alegre com vários pólos atratores de viagens. O GM – abordagem européia do gerenciamento da demanda de viagens – busca uma mobilidade urbana mais sustentável, tentando influir no comportamento de viagem das pessoas. São discutidos seu conceito, suas ferramentas, medidas e serviços de transporte, incluindo exemplos de implantação no mundo. Foram escolhidas duas medidas de GM, dentro de um pacote de medidas a serem implantadas pelo projeto Moviman na área de estudo, localizada na zona leste de Porto Alegre, onde atualmente há uma universidade (PUCRS), hospitais, um shopping center, hipermercados, entre outros estabelecimentos. A primeira medida analisada foi a carona programada, uso compartilhado de um automóvel com divisão de custos. Foi feita uma pesquisa com alunos da PUCRS para verificar sua receptividade em relação a esta medida. A partir dos resultados desta pesquisa, foi avaliado o possível impacto da implantação desta medida no tráfego da área de estudo. Também foi feita pesquisa com trabalhadores de uma empresa local para comparar a receptividade a esta medida por usuários diferentes. A segunda medida foi a implantação de um Sistema de Informação ao Usuário (SIU) de transporte coletivo em duas paradas de ônibus, através da realização de pesquisas de importância e satisfação, para priorizar as informações e de uma pesquisa final de satisfação e análise de intenção de mudança modal causada pelo SIU. Os resultados demonstram que a carona programada é uma medida com boa receptividade entre os grupos-alvo pesquisados, que causa uma melhora das condições de tráfego locais. E um novo SIU nas paradas de ônibus é uma medida de qualificação do transporte coletivo com um bom potencial de atração de novos usuários e de fidelização dos atuais. Portanto, comprovouse o impacto positivo da implantação destas medidas de GM em uma cidade brasileira, pois ambas atenderam aos objetivos de uma mobilidade urbana sustentável sem a limitação da mobilidade das pessoas. / This dissertation presents the evaluation of the impacts produced by mobility management (MM) measures introduced in an urban area, with many trip production centers, located in Porto Alegre city, southern Brazil. The MM, European approach of travel demand management, aims a more sustainable urban mobility, trying to influence in the travel behavior of people. Their concepts, tools, measures and transport services are discussed, including other implantation examples worldwide. Two MM measures were chosen within a package of measures that would be implemented by the Moviman project in the studied area. The selected area, situated in the east zone of Porto Alegre, holds a university (PUCRS), hospitals, a shopping center, among others commercial establishments. The first analyzed measure was carpooling, shared use of an automobile with division of costs, using the application of a survey with university students, from PUCRS, to verify their receptivity in relation to this alternative transportation mode. The survey results were used for the analysis of possible impacts of this measure in the traffic of the study area. A survey with workers of a local company was done to compare the receptivity with these measures in distinct users. The second measure was the installation of a public transport user information system (UIS) in two bus stops, using importance and satisfaction surveys in order to define information priorities, and a final survey of satisfaction and analysis of modal change intention caused by UIS. The results demonstrate that carpooling is a transport measure with good receptivity among the target groups, and improves the local traffic conditions. Moreover the installation of new UIS in bus stops is a measure of qualification of the public transportation with good potential for attraction of new users and consolidation of actual users. Therefore, the impacts of MM measures in a Brazilian city were positive, considering that both measures reach the goal of sustainable mobility without limiting people mobility.

Nesta dissertação são analisados os impactos da implantação de medidas de gerenciamento da mobilidade (GM) em uma área urbana localizada na cidade de Porto Alegre com vários pólos atratores de viagens. O GM – abordagem européia do gerenciamento da demanda de viagens – busca uma mobilidade urbana mais sustentável, tentando influir no comportamento de viagem das pessoas. São discutidos seu conceito, suas ferramentas, medidas e serviços de transporte, incluindo exemplos de implantação no mundo. Foram escolhidas duas medidas de GM, dentro de um pacote de medidas a serem implantadas pelo projeto Moviman na área de estudo, localizada na zona leste de Porto Alegre, onde atualmente há uma universidade (PUCRS), hospitais, um shopping center, hipermercados, entre outros estabelecimentos. A primeira medida analisada foi a carona programada, uso compartilhado de um automóvel com divisão de custos. Foi feita uma pesquisa com alunos da PUCRS para verificar sua receptividade em relação a esta medida. A partir dos resultados desta pesquisa, foi avaliado o possível impacto da implantação desta medida no tráfego da área de estudo. Também foi feita pesquisa com trabalhadores de uma empresa local para comparar a receptividade a esta medida por usuários diferentes. A segunda medida foi a implantação de um Sistema de Informação ao Usuário (SIU) de transporte coletivo em duas paradas de ônibus, através da realização de pesquisas de importância e satisfação, para priorizar as informações e de uma pesquisa final de satisfação e análise de intenção de mudança modal causada pelo SIU. Os resultados demonstram que a carona programada é uma medida com boa receptividade entre os grupos-alvo pesquisados, que causa uma melhora das condições de tráfego locais. E um novo SIU nas paradas de ônibus é uma medida de qualificação do transporte coletivo com um bom potencial de atração de novos usuários e de fidelização dos atuais. Portanto, comprovouse o impacto positivo da implantação destas medidas de GM em uma cidade brasileira, pois ambas atenderam aos objetivos de uma mobilidade urbana sustentável sem a limitação da mobilidade das pessoas. / This dissertation presents the evaluation of the impacts produced by mobility management (MM) measures introduced in an urban area, with many trip production centers, located in Porto Alegre city, southern Brazil. The MM, European approach of travel demand management, aims a more sustainable urban mobility, trying to influence in the travel behavior of people. Their concepts, tools, measures and transport services are discussed, including other implantation examples worldwide. Two MM measures were chosen within a package of measures that would be implemented by the Moviman project in the studied area. The selected area, situated in the east zone of Porto Alegre, holds a university (PUCRS), hospitals, a shopping center, among others commercial establishments. The first analyzed measure was carpooling, shared use of an automobile with division of costs, using the application of a survey with university students, from PUCRS, to verify their receptivity in relation to this alternative transportation mode. The survey results were used for the analysis of possible impacts of this measure in the traffic of the study area. A survey with workers of a local company was done to compare the receptivity with these measures in distinct users. The second measure was the installation of a public transport user information system (UIS) in two bus stops, using importance and satisfaction surveys in order to define information priorities, and a final survey of satisfaction and analysis of modal change intention caused by UIS. The results demonstrate that carpooling is a transport measure with good receptivity among the target groups, and improves the local traffic conditions. Moreover the installation of new UIS in bus stops is a measure of qualification of the public transportation with good potential for attraction of new users and consolidation of actual users. Therefore, the impacts of MM measures in a Brazilian city were positive, considering that both measures reach the goal of sustainable mobility without limiting people mobility.

Inspiration The project explores the possibility of using the car as a social communication space, providing an opportunity for users to make more new friends during their daily commute. With the popularization of mobile media, nowadays people are more and more like to communicate with people on social platforms, and virtual network social needs have been deeply rooted in people’s daily life, so how to use technology to help people walk out from this small screen is the initial motivation of the project.Everyone stays inside their vehicle and even if they are close, they rarely have the opportunity to communicate with people next to them. The car looks like a closed moving box where everyone hides inside. The project takes this as a starting point to consider how to break this status and provide users with an opportunity to express themselves and find friends on the daily commute. Therefore, the author believes that the car, as a personal mobile space, can also be turned into a social platform with the help of technology. Process During the design process, the author divides the whole project into two parts for thinking. On the one hand, the author has been thinking about how to provide a more interesting way of socializing in a limited space like a car, just like using social software, users can pay attention to the interesting people passing by and have the opportunity to have face-to-face communication. On the other hand, in the whole process, users can use a more abstract Avatar to show their characteristics or hobbies, as well as protect their privacy. The author combines these two core issues, and after the process of research, ideation, and sketch, the entire interior frame is determined on the 3D software, after which the final design is obtained. Result The final result is the ZEEKR 00+, a small two-seater electric car, which encourages users to actively express themselves on a daily car journey and make more friends in the real world. The core circular rotating structure of the cockpit can achieve the discovery, communication, and interaction process between users. With this as the core, the author also designed a series of related visual images, creating a new concept of the car as a personalized and social communication space in the future.1

Seeking a valuable and relevant topic for the future of mobility. the author came across the pain point trust in relation to artificial intelligence. Advances in the creation of artificial intelligence and deep learning ensure that our everyday lives are increasingly shaped by algorithms, sometimes consciously, sometimes unconsciously.For many people, this idea causes discomfort, and especially in situations of one‘s own vulnerability, the question of how an AI will handle more responsible tasks in the future will be essential. The automotive industry will also be shaped by this issue. In the intelligent car of the future, people will at least partially relinquish both control and privacy. Autonomous driving will be a test of trust for future users, as will the question of digital ethics and the collection of private data. In this thesis, a possible answer to the question was explored, how we can shape the approach and interaction with technology - especially artificial intelligence - in the future in order to create trustf uluser experiences. For this purpose, beyond the formal-aesthetic elaboration, the main focus was on interactive solutions and communication with AI, how an AI behaves in the vehicle and how it can contribute to making users feel comfortable in such a context. BMW Me&AI describes a scenario in which potential customers get to know an intelligent vehicle for the first time and are carefully introduced to its processes and possibilities. Inspired by soft robotics, the presented interior design is mainly defined by a holistic concept of soft interaction surfaces. Three basic scenarios are described in which passengers have the freedom to either look over AI‘s shoulder, sit back and focus on other things, or be completely on their own. This created a result that became unique in its dynamics and degree of adaptability and posed a real challenge, especially for the creative process, which in retrospect clearly paid off.

INSPIRATION The project is inspired by the deliberation on the significance of the vehicle’s physical movement in the future. Traditional transportation is committed to delivering people to destinations faster and more efficiently, which is a purpose-oriented result. However, with the impact of digital technology development, virtual moving (VR travel, remote work, online shopping) seems to be able to replace the need of achieving the destination physically. So, the author believes that the significance of future physical moving should pay more attention to the process, and the future vehicles are supposed to be passengers emotion-centered.The “trapped citizens” problem also inspired the author. Many citizens (including the author) in Chinese big cities suffer a full-speed regular but boring unhealthy lifestyle. They have a strong desire to travel and experience new things, but the city and their work become the border trapped them.The project aims to explore easy access to anywhere travel. And figure out how can the RV design help users enjoy more “on-road” happiness. And how to decrease the burden for both users and the environment. PROCESS Since TOYOTA is an innovative and considerate brand, which can explore new ground and aim to produce happiness for all. The author spent a lot of time on the exploration and verification of the project. After the first research and examination of relevant topics, the author planned a self-driving RV travel, so the results were further developed and worked out. The system of concept that takes place is defined in more detail based on further investigations such as scenario, benchmark, and target users. The project includes exterior design and UX design but concentrates more on interior design. In addition, an insight into the inspiration and the process of aesthetic design is described and illustrated in anime-style sketches and renderings. Then further development in 3D and VR verification was shown up in the final digital model. RESULT The result is TOYOTA QUARTER-SPEED (0.25X), which aims to explore a future shared RV service for Chinese citizens to slow down and enjoy the happiness which focuses more on the on-road journey instead of the destination. TOYOTA 0.25X system can provide a lightweight journey for citizens. The user can book the customized interior, furniture, electric appliances, and food through the app. And TOYOTA plays the role of energy supply and waste recycling. Mostly the vehicle is for short-term rent, but it also has the possibility to become a long-term motel. The TOYOTA 0.25X vehicle achieves waste-free, introduces the nature inside, and has a more compact dimension. The interior creates a quiet and peaceful atmosphere which can leave time for passengers to find happiness and connect to the world.This time no need to hurry, just slow down and enjoy the on-road happiness.