Soil-phosphorus relations have attracted the interest of many investigators since Liebig introduced his famous theory about the importance of the mineral matters to the plant in 1840. It was soon realized that phosphorus nutrition was a problem not easily solved for two reasons. 1. The added phosphorus fertilizers, soon after soil application are converted by some reactions in the soil to complex compounds far less soluble, consequently less available to the plant. Conclusions about this process led to controversial debates until it was discovered that a general statement covering all soils was impossible since the reactions involved in each case are different. 2. There was confusion caused by the use of two terms coined to express the plant's need for phosphorus. The first term, soluble phosphorus, was based on the assumption that nutrient absorption is a simple diffusion of ions from the soil solution into the roots while the second term, available phosphorus, was based on the observation that the plant absorbed more than that which could be estimated as soluble phosphorus from some insoluble sources. A general definition was given to the term available phosphorus as "that part of soil phosphorus which may be absorbed by ordinary crop plant in the production of plant substance." Later some restrictions were applied to regard the physical conditions of both soils and plants.

Millions of people each year spend some portion of their time using mobility aids to facilitate periods of non-weight bearing ambulation. The use of these devices changes the loading conditions of the lower extremities, which may result in skeletal muscle adaptations. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of 3 types of mobility aids on lower-extremity muscle activity. Evaluation was based on 1) measured muscle activation signals using electromyography (EMG), and 2) measured joint kinematics and ground reaction forces, which were used to predict muscle forces. 16 healthy subjects (7 female, 9 male), ages 18-27 participated in the study. Subjects were instructed to ambulate using each of three mobility aids (crutches, a knee scooter and a temporary-injury prosthesis) as well as normal walking. EMG and motion capture were used to obtain bilateral data from the lower half of the body during ambulation on each of these mobility aids and walking (10 trials on each per subject). Muscles studied were right and left vastus lateralis (VLR, VLL), rectus femoris (RFR, RFL), Biceps femoris long head (BFR, BFL), and gastrocnemius medialis (GMR, GML). Joint kinematics and ground reaction force data (joint kinetics) were acquired using a standard camera-based motion capture system. The measured joint kinetics were used as inputs to the open source musculoskeletal biomechanics software OpenSim (SimTK, Stanford, CA), which allowed prediction of muscle force data for a representative subject during each mode of ambulation. As compared to walking, the following differences in EMG activation were significant. For the knee scooter, increases in VLR, RFR, BFL and decreases in GMR. For the TI prosthesis, increases in VLR, RFR, BFR, VLL, RFL, GML and decreases in GMR. For crutches, increases in BFR, VLL, RFL, BFL, GML and decreases in VLR, GMR. Muscle force results were similar, but demonstrated inadequacy of current musculoskeletal simulation software to resolve muscle forces during non-weight bearing portions of gait based solely on kinetic data. Results for walking data were similar to what is reported in the literature for normal gait. This study provides useful bilateral data that describe measured lower-extremity EMG activation amplitudes and muscle force predictions based on kinetic data during ambulation using three different ambulatory aids, compared to normal walking. Based on a criteria of maintaining muscle activation, the TI prosthesis proved most effective among the devices tested. The data presented will be valuable to clinicians in providing insight into which mobility aid may be best suited for a particular patient. It is anticipated that these data will provide designers of mobility aids with a protocol for evaluation of designs based on their potential to cause or prevent muscle adaptations.

ABSTRACT Migrant students face many challenges to their educational experiences due to the migratory lifestyle of their families as they seek employment in agriculture across state and school district lines. For migrant student with disabilities, these challenges are exacerbated. Migrant children with disabilities may be eligible and entitled to educational services from migrant education, special education, and ELL programs which are distinct federal programs coordinated as separate agencies. This exploratory study examined the extent to which, if any, collaboration exists within three Florida school districts' providing educational services to migrant children with disabilities through the migrant education, special education, and ELL programs. Data were collected through personal interviews with nine district level supervisors, one each per district: migrant education, special education, and ELL programs using a semi-structured interview protocol. Data were analyzed through a latent content analysis to identify, code, and categorize patterns (Mayan, 2009) regarding the extent to which, if any, supervisors collaborated when developing and coordinating educational services for migrant students with disabilities. Further, data were reviewed through document analysis provided by the participants or accessed through school, district, or state websites. Finally, the data from the interviews and document analysis were aligned with Gitlin et al. (1994) five-stage model for collaboration framework to determine the extent to which, if any, the characteristics of the five stages for collaboration exists for each district, and if not, the potential for them to be developed and lead to collaboration. The intent of this study was to explore current practice and use this knowledge to provide recommendations for future practice and scholarship regarding interagency collaboration between migrant education, special education, and ELL programs providing educational services to migrant students with disabilities. The findings for this study suggest that collaboration benefits students, programs and overall school systems. However, instilling a spirit and developing a culture of collaboration is challenging and requires direct deliberate and explicit work by the districts. Recommendations for research and practice are provided.

Due to terminal mobility and change of service area, efficient IP mobility support is an important aspect in UMTS networks in order to provide mobile users negligible packet loss rate and low handover latency, and thus some level of guaranteed quality-ofservice (QoS) to support real-time applications. 3G/UMTS has been specified and implemented as an end-to-end mobile communications system. The underlying WCDMA access systems manage radio access handover (layer 1) and provide linklayer mobility (layer 2) in terms of connection setup and resource management. For the UMTS nodes to have seamless connectivity with the Internet, the UMTS core networks need to be able to support continuous and no network service session handover (layer 3 and above). A long IP handover latency results in high packet loss rate and severely degrades its end-to-end transport level performance. Network-layer handover latency has therefore been regarded as one of the fundamental limitations in IP-based UMTS networks. Therefore, it is crucial to provide efficient network-layer mobility management in UMTS/WCDMA networks for seamless end-to-end TCP connection with the global Internet. Mobility of UMTS nodes necessitates extra functionalities such as user location tracking, address registration and handover related mechanisms. The challenge to provide seamless mobility in UMTS requires localised location management and efficient IP handover management. Mobile IPv6 protocol offers a better mobility support as the extended IPv6 features with mobility mechanism are integrated to the mobile nodes. To mitigate the effect of lengthy IP handover latency, two well-known handover reducing mechanisms based on Mobile IPv6 support have been proposed in the literature. They are designed with hierarchical network management and address pre-configuration mechanism. Hierarchical management aims to reduce the network registration time, and fast-handover attempts to minimise the address resolution delay. S-MIP (Seamless Mobile IP) integrates the key benefits of the above IP mobility mechanisms coupled with local retransmission scheme to achieve packet lossless and extremely low handover latency, operating in WLAN environments. In this thesis, we explore the possible Mobile IP solutions and various IP handover optimisation schemes in IPv6 to provide seamless mobility in UMTS with the global Internet. It aims at developing an optimised handover scheme that encompasses the packet lossless and extremely low handover latency scheme in S-MIP, and applying it into the UMTS/WCDMA packet data domain. Therefore, the hybrid UMTS-SMIP architecture is able to meet the requirements of delay sensitive real-time applications requiring strict delay bound, packet lossless and low handover latency performance for end-to-end TCP connection during a UMTS IP-based handover. The overall seamless handover architecture in UMTS facilitates integrated, scalable and flexible global IP handover solution enabling new services, assuring service quality and meeting the user???s expectations in future all-IP UMTS deployment. The viability of the seamless mobility scheme in UMTS is reflected through and validated in our design model, network protocol implementation, and service architecture. We illustrate the performance gained in QoS parameters, as a result of converged UMTS-SMIP framework compared to other Mobile IPv6 variants. The simulation results show such a viable and promising seamless handover scheme in UMTS on IP handover latency reduction on its end-to-end TCP connection.

Summary: Some 250 Australian aboriginal skulls were studied to ascertain differences in tooth dislocation and wear in this ethnic group as compared with those manifested in the pre-European Maori, with consideration of the differences in cultural and botanical background as contributing factors. Other features were studied, including the crowding of anterior teeth, the incidence of caries and abscesses, and of mottled enamel and tooth fracture. Aspects of physical anthropology and biology were found to be relevant to this study, since they offered explanations for some previously unsolved problems such as edge-to-edge bite, and crowding of incisors in well-formed jaws. The work is supported by 28 illustrations of the dentition selected from various sources, and described in the text. Reprints of 18 other published papers reporting various dental studies of relevance to the above major publication are included in this presentation.

Due to terminal mobility and change of service area, efficient IP mobility support is an important aspect in UMTS networks in order to provide mobile users negligible packet loss rate and low handover latency, and thus some level of guaranteed quality-ofservice (QoS) to support real-time applications. 3G/UMTS has been specified and implemented as an end-to-end mobile communications system. The underlying WCDMA access systems manage radio access handover (layer 1) and provide linklayer mobility (layer 2) in terms of connection setup and resource management. For the UMTS nodes to have seamless connectivity with the Internet, the UMTS core networks need to be able to support continuous and no network service session handover (layer 3 and above). A long IP handover latency results in high packet loss rate and severely degrades its end-to-end transport level performance. Network-layer handover latency has therefore been regarded as one of the fundamental limitations in IP-based UMTS networks. Therefore, it is crucial to provide efficient network-layer mobility management in UMTS/WCDMA networks for seamless end-to-end TCP connection with the global Internet. Mobility of UMTS nodes necessitates extra functionalities such as user location tracking, address registration and handover related mechanisms. The challenge to provide seamless mobility in UMTS requires localised location management and efficient IP handover management. Mobile IPv6 protocol offers a better mobility support as the extended IPv6 features with mobility mechanism are integrated to the mobile nodes. To mitigate the effect of lengthy IP handover latency, two well-known handover reducing mechanisms based on Mobile IPv6 support have been proposed in the literature. They are designed with hierarchical network management and address pre-configuration mechanism. Hierarchical management aims to reduce the network registration time, and fast-handover attempts to minimise the address resolution delay. S-MIP (Seamless Mobile IP) integrates the key benefits of the above IP mobility mechanisms coupled with local retransmission scheme to achieve packet lossless and extremely low handover latency, operating in WLAN environments. In this thesis, we explore the possible Mobile IP solutions and various IP handover optimisation schemes in IPv6 to provide seamless mobility in UMTS with the global Internet. It aims at developing an optimised handover scheme that encompasses the packet lossless and extremely low handover latency scheme in S-MIP, and applying it into the UMTS/WCDMA packet data domain. Therefore, the hybrid UMTS-SMIP architecture is able to meet the requirements of delay sensitive real-time applications requiring strict delay bound, packet lossless and low handover latency performance for end-to-end TCP connection during a UMTS IP-based handover. The overall seamless handover architecture in UMTS facilitates integrated, scalable and flexible global IP handover solution enabling new services, assuring service quality and meeting the user???s expectations in future all-IP UMTS deployment. The viability of the seamless mobility scheme in UMTS is reflected through and validated in our design model, network protocol implementation, and service architecture. We illustrate the performance gained in QoS parameters, as a result of converged UMTS-SMIP framework compared to other Mobile IPv6 variants. The simulation results show such a viable and promising seamless handover scheme in UMTS on IP handover latency reduction on its end-to-end TCP connection.

<p>The thesis consists of four papers, summarized as follows.</p><p>"Do attitudes towards immigrants matter?" analyses the consequences of negative attitudes towards immigrants to Sweden. If attitudes changed from the average level to the most positive level, the wage earned by a well educated immigrant from a non developed country would increase by 12%. This change in attitudes would increase the welfare of immigrants from Africa and Asia, through their wage and local amenities, by an equivalent to one third of their wage and the welfare of immigrants from South America and Eastern Europe by one fourth of their wage if they are well educated, and one tenth otherwise.</p><p>In "Who is hurt by discrimination?", the effects of discrimination of immigrants on the labour market are studied in a search and wage-bargaining setting, including a risk of losing skills during the experience of unemployment. The negative effects of discrimination in the form of higher unemployment and lower wages spread to all workers, immigrants and natives, in all sectors of the economy. An increase in the share of immigrants in the economy exacerbates the problem of discrimination.</p><p>In "Complementary controls of corruption", a theoretical model shows that when the judiciary and the media are more dependent and the elections less competitive, corruption flourishes. The three institutions are shown to be complementary. The empirical analysis indicates that the dependence of the judiciary and the media has a positive effect on perceived corruption and that the media is complementary with both the judiciary and the electoral system.</p><p>"Decision making in the ECB's Governing Council -- Should minutes and forecasts be published ?" analyses if the publication of forecasts and minutes of the meetings of the Governing Council could have a negative effect due to the influence of governments on their representatives' votes. The information provided is shown to reduce their influence and benefit the Executive Board.</p>

<p>Ett av dagens stora miljöproblem är den ökande växthuseffekten. Användningen av fossila bränslen stiger varje år, industri, elproduktion och bostadsuppvärmning står för tre fjärdedelar av den totala förbrukningen i världen. Den sista fjärdedelen bidrar biltrafiken med genom dess användning av fossila bränslen som drivmedel. Sveriges regering har satt upp mål om att Sverige ska minska sina utsläpp av växthusgaser med 4 % under perioden 2008-2012, i förhållande till utsläppsnivån 1990. Målet beräknas dock bli svårt att uppnå, främst på grund av ökande utsläpp från trafiksektorn. 2001 lade Regeringen fram en klimatproposition som innehöll flera olika strategier för att uppnå klimatmålet, bland annat klimatinvesteringsprogrammet - Klimp. Investeringsprogrammet syfte är att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser och bidra till energiomställning och energibesparing. En viktig del inom Klimp är folkbildning och informationssatsningar. Syftet med folkbildning och informationssatsningarna är att öka medvetenheten hos allmänheten om klimatproblematiken och den egna livsstilen.</p><p>Uppsatsens syfte är att studera förutsättningar för metoden mobility management och främjandet av hållbara transportlösningar genom analyser av tre mobilitetsnätverk/kontor i Sverige: Lund, Linköping och Norrköping. I Norrköping ligger fokus på det planerade arbetet, på vad kommunens mobilitetsstrateg och nätverksdeltagarna ser som viktiga mål, frågor och utmaningar gällande främjandet av hållbara transportlösningar i kommunen. Lunds mobilitetskontor har funnits sedan 1998 och studien riktar in sig på att ta fram faktorer som har betydelse för hur arbetet med mobility management fungerar. Linköping har varit i gång i lite mer än ett år och även här studeras tillvägagångssätt och betydande faktorer. Analysen visar att arbetet med att uppnå beteendeförändring hos allmänheten är svårt och att stödet hos politiker, samt att ställa krav i upphandlingar, är mycket viktigt för att kunna uppnå en förändring mot hållbar utveckling inom transportsektorn.</p>

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of back and seat rest inclination on the kinematics of manual hand-rim wheelchair propulsion in subjects with spastic type cerebral palsy. Subjects ranged in age from nine to twenty-one and were classified as USCPAA Class III or IV functional ability. Subjects were required to propel a standardized wheelchair at six seat positions from combinations of back rest angles of 0, 3 and -5 degrees from vertical and thigh angles of 0 and 5 degrees from horizontal. Combinations of thigh/seat rest angles were 0/-5, 5/-5, 5/0, 5/3, 0/3, 0/0 constituting the six different conditions. Subjects were filmed while wheeling in each seat position. Wheeling was performed at two and three kilometers per hour on a low friction roller system. It was hypothesized that since individuals with spastic type cerebral palsy have improved functional upper extremity performance as the body center of mass is positioned over the ischial tuberocities and hip flexion angle is maintained at 90 degrees (0/0), that similar results would be found in wheelchair propulsion. Based on the results of kinematic data analyzed in this study there was no indication that the 0/0 seat position was superior for subjects with cerebral palsy under the conditions of this study. Larger elbow flexion/extension range of motion (p = .06) exhibited by the 5/3 and 5/0 seat orientations suggests that these positions provide a more effective wheelchair propulsion orientation for subjects in this study. / Graduation date: 1996

Many trends in the silicon industry could be interpreted as the herald of the end of traditional Si scaling. If this premise holds, future performance and system-on-chip applications may not be reached with conventional Si technology extensions. We review progress towards our vision that a larger crystal structure on Si, namely relaxed SiGe epitaxial layers, can support many generations of higher performance Si CMOS and new system-on-chip functionality without the expense of significant new equipment and change to CMOS manufacturing ideology. We will review the impact of tensile strained Si layers grown on relaxed SiGe layers. Both NMOS and PMOS exhibit higher carrier mobilities due to the strained Si MOSFET channel. Heterostructure MOSFETs designed on relaxed SiGe can have multiple-generation performance increases, and therefore determine a new performance roadmap for Si CMOS technology, independent of MOSFET gate length. We also indicate that this materials platform naturally leads to incorporating new optical functionality into Si CMOS technology. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)