In Sweden there is scepticism if there really is a difference between the two biggest political parties, the Moderate/Conservative party and the Swedish Social Democrats. The voters feels that the arguments used by both parties are more or less the same and that it does not matter on whom you vote. Hence I am going to compare the parties’ policy programs, developed by the members in each party, by an analysis of ideas to see if the two parties are so similar that they hardly are two different options, or if there is a divergence between the two.   My choosing of the parties’ policy programs comes from a decision to look at the members’ party, they are the authors of the programs, the core. I have to admit I am not unbiased in this work. Since December 2005 I have been active in the Swedish Social Democratic Youth, and later on the Swedish Social Democrats where I had a seat in the municipal council in Kalmar between 2010 and 2014. In February this year I changed party to the Left Party, and now am solely a member. This may affect my presentation of the parties, so read critically, but since my work is not about interpretation but presentation, my political background should have minimal effect on this work.   For over 100 years the Social Democrats more or less had power in Sweden, and the Moderate/Conservative party were in opposition. This changed in 2006, and the bourgeois government got a new mandate to govern in the general election 2010.  Looking at the political subjects of work, economy, welfare, education, the EU, immigration and environment; I found out that the parties often share the same goals, but differ in how to get there. Some core differences could be found, the moderate/conservative party both has lowered taxes as a goal as well as a meaning to get to the goal, and they argue warm heartily about more private corporations in the welfare sector.  The Social Democrats on the other hand argues for investments in the welfare sector (and hence higher taxation) and the rights of the labourers.   This results in a conclusion that when the parties are discussing goals, they are fairly similar. But if you look at the means to reach the goals, they do have their differences and it does matter on which party you vote.

Dysfagi, sväljningssvårigheter, är en vanlig komplikation vid Alzheimers sjukdom och är väl utforskat i det sista av de tre stadierna vid demens (lindrig, måttlig och svår). Sväljningssvårigheter som har kopplats samman med Alzheimers sjukdom är ett förändrat ätbeteende, reducerad höjning av larynx och en längre oral fas. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om och vilka symtom vid dysfagi som kan ses i de tidigare stadierna av Alzheimers sjukdom vid användning av icke-invasiva undersökningsmetoder. En enkätundersökning med 16 deltagare och en sväljningsscreening med fyra deltagare genomfördes. Sväljningsscreeningen bestod av fyra delar: oralmotorik, sväljningstest och sväljningskapacitetstest med vatten och tuggfunktion. Resultaten från enkäten visade ingen högre andel med sväljningssvårigheter i den testade gruppen jämfört med tidigare forskning av normalpopulationen. Inga signifikanta samband mellan olika parametrar såsom poäng på Mini Mental Test (MMT), tid för diagnos och poäng på enkäten hittades. Resultaten från sväljningsscreeningen visade en tendens till förlängd orofaryngeal fas vid ett sväljningskapacitetstest vilket indikerar att undersökning av sväljningskapacitet kan vara en användbar metod för att identifiera tidiga sväljningssvårigheter vid Alzheimers sjukdom. Testet är lätt att genomföra och inte tidskrävande. / Dysphagia, eating disorders, is a common complication associated with Alzheimer’s disease and has been studied extensively in the three late stages of dementia (mild, moderate and severe). Eating disorders that have been linked to Alzheimer’s disease are a changed eating behaviour, reduced laryngeal elevation and a prolonged oral phase. The purpose of this study was to investigate if and which symptoms of dysphagia can be identified using non-invasive methods. A survey with 16 participants and a swallowing screening with four participants were conducted. The swallowing screening consisted of four parts: oral motor abilities, a swallowing test and a swallowing capacity test with water and chewing function. The results from the survey did not show an increased prevalence of eating disorders in the test group compared to what previous research suggests could be expected for the normal population. No significant correlations between parameters such as Mini Mental Test (MMT), time elapsed since diagnosis or score of the survey were found. The results from the swallowing screening showed a tendency towards a prolonged oropharyngeal phase in a swallowing capacity test, indicating that examination of swallowing capacity could be a useful method for identifying early eating disorders in Alzheimers disease. The test is easy to perform and is not time consuming.

The aim of this study was to analyze how realism and liberalism are represented in requests concerning the question about a Swedish membership in Nato written by members of the Swedish Moderate Party in 2010, 2013, 2015 and 2017 respectively. The time period was chose due to Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, which created a higher threat level in areas that are in close proximity of Sweden and which makes the debate about a Swedish membership in Nato very topical. To be able to answer the aim of this study, ideal type analysis was used as the method. Analyzing the occurrence of realism and liberalism within three political issues: security, collaboration and international organizations. The results show that the realistic and the liberal ideal type could be identified in requests concerning collaboration. However, within the political issues of security and international organizations only the liberal ideal type could be identified. Hence, there was not possible to identify any ideological change between realism and liberalism. In seven occasions none of the ideal types could be identified. Considering that the study included some eventful years, the result of no ideological changes are to be seen as fairly unexpected.

abstract: Obesity prevalence is high in the United States, in part due to increased fat storage following consumption of high fat/carbohydrate (sugar) foods. Following a meal, carbohydrate stimulates its own oxidation, while simultaneously suppressing fat oxidation, ultimately leading to fat storage. Aerobic exercise preceding a meal increases fat oxidation in the postprandial period, which may reduce fat storage. The ideal exercise prescription for optimal postprandial fat oxidation is unknown. The effect of low and moderate intensity continuous exercise (MIE) has been studied extensively, while the effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on post-prandial substrate oxidation has not been examined. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of MIE and HIIE on postprandial substrate oxidation after consumption of an isocaloric meal (2 glazed donuts; 520 kcal) in healthy adults. Ten subjects (8 males, 2 females; age=24yr, BMI=24 kg/m2) completed three conditions in random order: 1) no exercise control; 2) MIE: cycling at 60-75%HRmax; 3) HIIE: cycling at 90-95%HRmax. The duration of each exercise bout was sufficient to expend approximately 520 kcal, the energy equivalent of the donuts, which were consumed 1 hour post-exercise. Immediately after consuming the donuts, pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange were measured breath-by-breath continuously and recorded (min-by-min) for 5 hours. Repeated measures analysis of covariance was used to compare the mean differences in outcome variables accounting for gender. Absolute postprandial fat oxidation (g/5 hours) was 17.3±5.4, 27.1±9.6 and 23±1.2 for control, MIE and HIIE trials respectively, with the postprandial fat oxidation significantly greater for the two exercise conditions compared to control. Relative to baseline values, both exercise conditions resulted in cumulative net postprandial fat oxidation significantly greater than control (control = -1.79±3.99g; MIE = 11.51±8.41g, HIIE= 9.51±5.20g). Therefore, results indicate that exercise most certainly increases postprandial fat oxidation, and that exercise type, either MIE or HIIE, is not as important as total energy expended. The fact that exercise of ~1 hour was required to oxidize the amount of fat in two donuts, that required only a few minutes to consume, highlights the challenges of using exercise for weight control in an obesogenic environment. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2018

Cette thèse traite de l'étude de la profondeur des séismes modérés (4 < M < 5.5), à travers l'utilisation de données telesismiques, c'est à dire à partir d'enregistrements de sismographes situes a des distances de 3000 jusqu'à 9000 km de la source. L'estimation de la profondeur d'un séisme s'obtient en comparant les temps d'arrivée de l'onde directe (P) générée par ce séisme, avec ceux des ondes réfléchies sur la surface de la Terre, au-dessus du foyer du séisme (les phases de profondeur pP, sP). Nous utilisons le réseau du CTBTO (Comprehensive Test-Ban-Treaty-Organization, composé de mini-réseaux (10-20 sismographes), nous permettant de développer deux nouvelles méthodes d'estimation de la profondeur. La première est une inversion complète du mécanisme au foyer, simultanément a la profondeur. La seconde est une méthode d'analyse spectrale : le cepstre. A l'aide d'exemples de séismes en zone intracontinentale, nous montrons que ces deux méthodes sont complémentaires et qu'elles apportent une information nouvelle sur l'estimation de la profondeur pour les séismes de régions peu instrumentées. Dans un second temps, une optimisation de la méthode cepstrale a permis d'étendre l'estimation de la profondeur a l'utilisation de stations isolées provenant du réseau mondial IRIS. Cette nouvelle méthode, complètement automatique, a permis de localiser en profondeur les séismes de magnitude supérieure à 4.5 pour la zone de subduction de Guerrero (Mexique). Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence une répartition homogène des profondeurs des séismes dans la zone du gap de Guerrero. En combinant ces estimations de la profondeur de l'interface avec celles obtenues a l'aide d'une relocalisation de l'ensemble de la sismicité (par la méthode de l'ISC-Locator), nous proposons une imagerie de la géométrie de la subduction. Nous avons ensuite étudié l'influence de la profondeur sur les propriétés sismiques des séismes. En particulier, nous avons évalué la relation entre la profondeur et la chute de contrainte pour les séismes récents et modérés de la plaine du Pô, en Italie. Pour cela, nous nous sommes appuyés sur le réseau accéléromètrique régional de l'INGV Milan pour estimer les spectres sources de ces séismes, puis en déduire les fréquences coins et les chutes de contraintes associées. Ces spectres sources s'obtiennent à l'aide d'une méthode d'inversion qui sépare simultanément l'effet de l'atténuation, les effets de sites et l'effet de la source sur les spectres des ondes S, générées par les séismes et enregistrées en surface par les accéléromètres. Après inversion, nous trouvons une faible augmentation de la chute de contrainte avec la profondeur. / This thesis deals with depth estimations of moderate earthquakes (4 < M < 5.5), observed through the use of teleseismic data. At teleseismic distances (from 3000 to 9000 km), estimations of earthquake depths come from the estimation of the delays between the arrival time of the direct P-wave and the arrival times of the waves which have been reflected on the surface above the source (known as : depth phases pP and sP). The CTBTO (Comprehensive Test-Ban- Treaty-Organization) monitoring system allows the detection of these teleseismic phases for weak events, with magnitudes below 5, since this global network is composed by arrays (10-20 close single stations, in the same location). Using this network, two methods were developed for teleseismic depth estimation. First, a depth-phase recognition method is applied, based on a new improved cepstral analysis. In addition, we have developed a focal mechanism genetic algorithm inversion. We have applied these two methods for earthquakes occurring in intracontinental areas and we have proved that these new depth determinations provide new and complementary information about the source for barely instrumented areas. We have also developed another method, completely blind and automatic, which consists in an improvement of the cepstral analysis. The reliability of this method to improve depth estimation has been proved by relocating the recent moderate seismicity of the Guerrero subduction area (Mexico). In the Guerrero area, this cepstral analysis efficiently clusters event locations. We then use teleseismic waves reflected on the subduction interface to evaluate the depth of the interface above the focal hypocenter, which allows to specify the subduction interface geometry. We have finally conducted an exhaustive analysis of the depth distributions, based on a relocalization of the ISC catalogue using the new ISC-Locator algorithm and we provide an improved image of the subduction. Finally, we have conducted a study of the relationship between earthquake depths and seismic properties. In particular, we have focused on the burning issue about the links between stress drops and focal depths. We have found an interesting case study with the Po Plain recent seismicity (Northern Italy). Brune's stress drops and magnitudes have been estimated from a generalized parametric inversion using the regional accelerometric network from INGV Milano. We have shown that there is only a slight dependency between stress drops and earthquake depths in the Po Plain.

Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution (MILD) combustion is one of combustion technologies which can improve efficiency and reduce emissions simultaneously. This combustion type is characterised by the highly preheated reactant temperature and the relatively small temperature rise during combustion due to the intense dilution of the reactant mixture. These unique combustion conditions give MILD combustion very attractive features such as high combustion efficiency, reduction of pollutant emissions, attenuation of combustion instabilities and flexibility of the flow field. However, our understanding of MILD combustion is not enough to employ the MILD combustion technology further for modern combustion devices. In this thesis, Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) has been carried out for turbulent MILD combustion under four MILD and classical premixed conditions. A two-phase strategy is employed in the DNS to include the effect of imperfect mixing between fresh and exhaust gases before intense chemical reactions start. In the simulated instantaneous MILD reaction rate fields, both thin and distributed reaction zones are observed. Thin reaction zones having flamelet like characteristics propagate until colliding with other thin reaction zones to produce distributed reaction zones. Also, the effect of such interacting reaction zones on scalar gradient has to be taken into account in flamelet approaches. Morphological features of MILD reaction zones are investigated by employing Minkowski functionals and shapefinders. Although a few local reaction zones are classified as thin shape, the majority of local reaction zones have pancake or tube-like shapes. The representative scales computed by the shapefinders also show a typical volume where intense reactions appear. Given high temperature and existence of radicals in the diluted reactants, both reaction dominated and flame-propagation dominated regions are locally observed. These two phenomena are closely entangled under a high dilution condition. The favourable conditions for these phenomena are investigated by focusing on scalar fluxes and reaction rate. A conditional Probability Density Function (PDF) is proposed to investigate flamelet/non-flamelet characteristics of MILD combustion. The PDF can be obtained by both numerically and experimentally. The PDF shows that MILD combustion still has the direct relationship between reaction rate and scalar gradient, although the tendency is statistically weak due to the distributed nature of MILD reaction zones. Finally, based on the physical aspects of MILD combustion explained in this work, a representative model reactor for MILD combustion is developed. The model reactor is also used in conjunction with the presumed PDF for a mean and filtered reaction rate closure. The results show a good agreement between the modelled reaction rate and the DNS results.

Evangelical reformism has always been recognized as a massive influence on early nineteenth-century culture. Philanthropic pressure groups dominated public life. But while much attention has recently been devoted to the language and ideas which informed the Evangelical mindset, too many historians have accepted the heroic emphases of nineteenth-century memoirists, and have concentrated on Wilberforce and the crusade against slavery. This thesis contends that the real strength of the movement lay in business, the professions and burgeoning officialdom, and traces the clerical and business networks that connected this metropolitan nexus with provincial Britain. As is shown in chapters on the Church and Universities, patronage and politics, the City of London, the Navy and colonial affairs, this was a dynamic, highly-organized milieu in which patronage, place and influence were used to the full.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether working in the field of deaf education, as opposed to general education, results in a higher level of technology integration. A secondary goal was to determine if deaf educators who are deaf integrate technology at a higher level than their hearing counterparts. The instrument chosen for this study was the LoTi Technology Use Profile, a tool used to explore the role of technology in the classroom. A total of 92 participates were included in the study of which 48 were regular educators and 44 were deaf educators. The participants were selected from a population pool whereby teachers were presumably pre-disposed to using technology based upon their attendance at a technology training session in the form of a conference or a class. Deaf educators as a whole did not perform as well as general educators on the LoTi scales. Given the fact that the technology-minded general educators who comprised the sample population of this study scored exceptionally high on the LoTi scales, further research is needed to ensure comparability between the two groups. The findings of the current study do suggest, though, that deaf educators who are deaf have the potential to integrate technology to a greater degree than deaf educators who are hearing. Thus, a primary recommendation is to conduct a national LoTi survey of typical, rather than technology-minded, deaf educators as a comparison to the 2004 national survey of typical general educators.

In this study the impact of socio economic factors in raising a child with mental disability was discussed and explored. There is limited research done on this topic in the world and in South Africa. Studies show that there is a direct link between poverty and mental disability. There are multiple factors that have an influence on a family that have a child that suffers from mental disability. These factors include stress and unresolved emotions regarding the child that suffers from mental disability, financial burdens, dealing with the child’s problematic behaviour and the social stigma associated with disabilities. It was found that there is little support available for families that have to deal with all these factors. Different aspects of mental disability have been discussed in this study in order to create a better understanding of mentally disability and to provide all the necessary information surrounding mental disability. Aspects that were discussed are: a) What is mental disability, b) Levels of mental disability, c) The link between poverty and mental disability, d) Socio-economic and psychosocial factors that have an impact on the family, e) Causes of mental disability, f) Role of the social worker, and g) Services provided to families. These aspects have been discussed through literature and in the empirical study. Findings from this study show that families that have a child with mental disability also have to contend with a lot of socio-economic factors that play a role in the family. Having a child with a mental disability in the house has an influence on all members of the family. Children with a mental disability have serious emotional and behavioural problems. Parents of mentally challenged children commonly experience different emotions. Raising a child with a mental disability may be more expensive than raising a typical child. It was thus concluded that there is a need to explore the impact of socio-economic factors in raising a child with a mental disability. / Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Social Work and Criminology / MSW / Unrestricted

Title: Possibilities of Non-invasive Control of Hypoxic Training Objectives: To find out whether there is a statistically significant change in mood dynamics measured by the POMS questionnaire while staying and training in a natural hypoxic environment (LHTH), compared to staying and training in normoxy. To compare and verify other non-invasive methods of controlled training in natural hypoxia. Methods: The research has the character of a quasi-experiment with a plan of repeated measurements. As a method of data acquisition, questioning was carried out using a standardized POMS questionnaire, analysis of training documentation. In the selected persons heart rate measurements and analysis of blood biochemical examination records were also done. An additional interview was included. There are two case studies. Results: A statistically significant difference in mood states was observed in the second week of the training camp, when a naturally hypoxic environment reduced the Energy Index and increased the Total Mood Disturbance of athletes. Casuistic investigations did not find any correlation between athletes' reduced performance and changes in the morning resting heart rate or biochemical blood analysis. However, a correlation between the decrease in performance and the overall mood disorder was...