Der menschliche Körper dient im Mittelalter der Veranschaulichung zentraler Aspekte der Musik. Dabei lässt sich an den bildlichen Darstellungen der Frau Musica ein allmählicher Wandel beobachten: Während die Figur zunächst nur den musiktheoretisch-spekulativen Aspekt des Begriffes personifiziert, fungiert sie im Zuge einer höheren Wertschätzung der Praxis seit dem Hochmittelalter auch als reale Musiklehrerin. In der Modallehre dienen Geschlechterdifferenzen sowie die jeweils beschriebenen körperlichen Besonderheiten der Unterscheidung von authentischen und plagalen Modi. In Verbindung mit einfachen Grafiken garantieren die Beschreibungen eine leichtere Memorierbarkeit schwieriger musikpädagogischer Sachverhalte. / Since the Middle Ages the human body has served to represent central aspects of music. One can observe a gradual change in the graphic depictions of Frau Musica: while the figure initially personified the music-theoretical and the speculative, following a greater appreciation for practical aspects of music, she eventually came to represent a real music teacher. In modal teaching, both gender differences and the description of specific bodily characteristics served to distinguish between authentic and plagal modes. When combined with simple graphics, such descriptions simplify the memorization of difficult music-pedagogical concepts.

Wie die Dur-Moll-Tonalität in die Modalität der ›Kirchentöne‹ vordrang, gehört zu den Kernfragen des 17. Jahrhunderts. Ein aufschlussreiches Beispiel dafür gibt Heinrich Schütz in seinem 1628 erschienen, 1661 überarbeiteten und komplettierten Becker-Psalter mit insgesamt 158 Sätzen, die meisten mit eigener Melodie. Nicht erst in der Dur-Moll-Tonalität, sondern bereits bei den Kirchentönen existieren jeweils 24 ›Dur‹- und ›Moll‹-Tonarten, jedoch in grundverschiedener Ausprägung, wobei die kirchentonale Ordnung die generelle Verwendung von b-durum (Tonstufe h) bzw. b-molle (b) betrifft, nicht wie im Spätbarock und später die Anzahl der b- oder Kreuz-Vorzeichen. Schütz Musik gründet sich noch gänzlich auf die 24 Modi, die in seinem Becker-Psalter nahezu vollständig vertreten sind mit deutlichem Übergewicht der dorischen und jonischen Modi. Während Schütz den äußeren Rahmen der durum- und molle-Vorzeichnung beibehält, erweitert er diesen jedoch teils mit Hilfe eingefügter Akzidentien bis as, so dass dadurch faktisch weitere Transpositionen wie c-Dorisch und B-Jonisch entstehen. Wesentliche Bedeutung zur tonalen Einordnung kommt den angestrebten Kadenzstufen zu, seit Zarlino den traditionellen ›Hauptstufen‹ I, V und III als erst-, zweit- und drittrangige regulares. Zahlreiche Sätze auch bei Schütz halten sich an diese Rangordnung. Ergänzend können als weitere Kadenzstufen die IV. und VI., ausnahmsweise auch die II. oder VII. Stufe als irregulares oder gar peregrinae (fremde) hinzukommen, wobei die hexachordale Ordnung (Hexachorde auf c und f) prinzipiell nicht überschritten wird. Eine Statistik der im Becker-Psalter angestrebten Kadenzstufen zeigt, dass sich Schütz zwar an diesen Stufen orientiert, sie aber auch um individuelle Varianten ergänzt. Wer die Sätze näher untersucht, stößt unweigerlich auf wesentliche Differenzen ›duraler‹ und ›mollarer‹ Modi, also solchen mit großer bzw. kleiner Terz über dem Modus-Grundton. Zum einen tritt in ›mollaren‹ Sätzen, vornehmlich im Dorischen und Äolischen, die III. Stufe als Kadenzziel deutlich hervor, während in den ›duralen‹ Sätzen, allen voran im Jonischen, die VI. Stufe weitaus überwiegt. Man kann, modern gesprochen, jeweils eine Präferenz der ›Paralleltonart‹ konstatieren, im späteren ›Dur‹ die VI., in ›Moll‹ die III. Stufe. Zum andern spielt im Jonischen die V. Stufe eine der I. nahezu gleichberechtigte Rolle, so dass ›durale‹ Klänge vorherrschen. In ›mollaren‹ Modi rangiert die III. Stufe (›Paralleltonart‹) weit oben. Im Jonischen existiert eine auf Dur-Stufen zentrierte Abstufung des hexachordalen Gefüges, im Dorischen und Äolischen eher eine Durchmischung der Moll- und Dur-Stufen. Überspitzt formuliert: Jonische Sätze wirken nicht selten wie reines ›Dur‹, dorische oder äolische keineswegs wie reines ›Moll‹ − sie verfügen über den größeren Reichtum an ›Klangfarben‹. Dass es auch in Schütz’ Becker-Psalter weit mehr dorische als äolische Sätze gibt, dafür dürfte vor allem die Kadenzierung zur V. Stufe verantwortlich sein, die im Dorischen problemlos über E-Dur nach a-Moll erfolgen kann, was zur äolischen V. Stufe der fehlenden H-Dur-Stufe wegen zu unterbleiben hat. Noch bei Schütz wird dieser Schritt kaum gewagt. Sein Werk befindet sich in einem Übergang, den erst das 18. Jh. hin zur geregelten Dur-Moll-Tonalität endgültig vollzieht und dabei auch die Schranken zu höherer Vorzeichnung durchbricht. / One of the key issues of the 17th century is the question of how major-minor tonality entered the system of church modes. It was not only in major-minor tonality that 24 “major” and “minor” keys came into being, but already in the church modes, albeit in a fundamentally different guise. The system of church modes revolves around the general use of b-durum (starting from B natural) and b-molle (B flat), not the number of flat or sharp accidentals used from the late Baroque onwards. Schütz’s music was still based entirely on the 24 modes, almost all of which appear in his Becker Psalter, with a clear emphasis on the Dorian and Ionian. While Schütz retains the outer framework of the durum and molle keys, however, he expands it by inserting accidentals extending to A flat, resulting in further transpositions such as C Dorian and B flat Ionian. For tonal classification, the cadential scale degrees aimed for take on central significance: since Zarlino, the traditional “main degrees” I, V and III as primary, secondary and tertiary regulares. In Schütz’s music too, many movements follow this hierarchy. These are sometimes supplemented by further cadential degrees: IV and VI, in exceptional cases also II or VII as irregulares or even peregrinae (“alien” degrees), though the hexachordal framework (hexachords on C and F) remains fundamentally in place. A statistical analysis of the cadential degrees aimed for in the Becker Psalter shows that Schütz takes these degrees as points of reference, but also adds to them with individual variants. If one examines the movements closely, one inevitably encounters considerable differences between durum and molle modes, i.e. those with major or minor thirds above the root note. Firstly, in molle movements, primarily in the Dorian and Aeolian modes, III stands out clearly as a cadential goal, whereas in the durum movements, especially the Ionian ones, VI is obviously predominant. To use modern terms, one could say that each case shows a preference for the “relative key”: in the later “major” it is VI, in “minor” it is III. Secondly, in the Ionian, the fifth degree has almost the same standing as the first, which means that durum harmonies predominate. In molle modes, the third degree (the “relative key”) is very important. In the Ionian, there is a gradation of the hexachordal structure centred on major degrees, while in the Dorian and Aeolian it is more of a mixture of minor and major degrees. To exaggerate a little, Ionian movements not infrequently seem like pure “major”, while Dorian or Aeolian ones are not at all like pure “minor”; the latter have a greater wealth of “tone colours”. The fact that there are far more Dorian than Aeolian movements in Schütz’s Becker Psalter is most likely due to cadences towards the fifth degree, which are easily carried out in the Dorian via E major to A minor, while cadences towards V in the Aeolian are impermissible on account of the missing B major degree. Even Schütz was barely bold enough to take this step. His work is located in a transition to regular major-minor tonality that would only be finally completed in the 18th century, also breaking the barrier to more complex key signatures.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-04-12T12:24:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_Carmen_Terezinha_Leal_Argiles.pdf: 3947533 bytes, checksum: 8d53f4ca2d517c897d13254b6a603cc0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-12T14:55:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_Carmen_Terezinha_Leal_Argiles.pdf: 3947533 bytes, checksum: 8d53f4ca2d517c897d13254b6a603cc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-08 / Sem bolsa / Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar os modos de subjetivação dos trabalhadores em saúde mental e as micropolíticas produzidas no serviço de CAPS a partir do processo de desinstitucionalização da atenção psiquiátrica brasileira. Este processo propõe mudanças paradigmáticas significativas em relação à concepção de loucura e das práticas desenvolvidas na atenção psiquiátrica, o que pressupõe sua relevância para o campo da saúde mental e para a formação nesta área. Utilizamos o referencial de Michel Foucault, para pensar os modos como os trabalhadores se subjetivam através dos discursos e práticas, que circulam em nosso tempo, e os efeitos destes na constituição dos sujeitos. Trabalhamos com suas concepções e proposições de análise, para mapear os modos de subjetivação dos trabalhadores de CAPS, espaço que se constitui a partir do discurso desinstitucionalizante. A perspectiva de proposição de um trabalho com pressupostos de criação, de singularização, de multiplicidade, desafia os trabalhadores e a micropolítica no campo da saúde mental. Este exige além da formação técnica, a implicação política e subjetiva para que estas relações se constituam neste campo. Gilles Deleuze e Felix Guattari nos apresentam conceitos, tais como: agenciamentos, rizoma, territórios existenciais, entre outros, para pensar os movimentos e acontecimentos neste processo. A desinstitucionalização da loucura configura-se uma proposta arrojada, no mundo contemporâneo, onde a vida é cada vez mais concebida como um produto, com valor flutuante. Franco Basaglia, neste cenário colocou em prática essa ousadia, deixando aos profissionais de saúde mental, o legado de fazê-la possível estabelecendo parâmetros éticos na área de atenção psiquiátrica. O estudo realizou-se no CAPS de Alegrete-RS e os sujeitos do estudo compreendem a totalidade dos trabalhadores deste serviço. Como instrumento de informações utilizou-se entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação participante. Como parte desta análise foram acessados os bancos da pesquisa CAPSUL. Ainda foram usados dados de observação e de depoimentos dos trabalhadores dos serviços de saúde mental de Trieste-Itália onde realizou-se estágio do doutorado sanduíche. A análise realizada subsidia a tese de que o discurso da desinstitucionalização da loucura constituí-se como um novo regime de verdade no campo da saúde mental, este materializa-se nos serviços de CAPS, respondem a um conjunto de enunciados que problematizam a loucura, e os modos de relação desta com a sociedade. A produção deste discurso afeta os modos de subjetivação dos trabalhadores, produzindo processo de singularização, de agenciamentos e transformações nos modos de existência, implicando-se no cuidado do outro. A micropolítica do trabalho a partir do discurso da desinstitucionalização pressupõe a problematização das relações saber-poder que permeiam o campo psicossocial, e as relações da sociedade com a loucura, elaborando assim outros enunciados, que colocam este discurso como uma política de verdade no campo da saúde mental. / The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the ways of subjectivization of mental health workers and the micro politics produced within CAPS service resulting from the deinstitutionalization process of the Brazilian psychiatric attention. Such process proposes significant paradigmatic changes concerning both, the conception of madness and the practices used in psychiatric attention. These propositions are relevant to the mental health field itself as well as to its education. Michel Foucault‟s theoretical framework was used to approach the ways one attains subjectivization through discourses and practices which circulate in our times as well as their effects in the constitution of subjects. Foucaultian‟s conceptions and propositions for analysis were used in order to identify the ways of subjectivization employed by CAPS workers. CAPS is a service constituted by the deinstitutionalization discourse. The proposition of a work founded on presuppositions of creation, singularization and multiplicity challenges the workers and the micro politics in the field of mental health.Besides the demands of technical education, such work has political and subjective implications so that these relations be produced in this field. Concepts put forward by Gilles Deleuze e Felix Guattari, such as agency, rhizome, existential territories among others, served as basis to consider the movements and happenings which take place in this process. The deinstitutionalization of madness is a daring proposition in the contemporary world, in which life is conceived of as a product with a fluctuating value. In this context, Franco Basaglia put such boldness into practice, leaving to the mental health professionals the duty of making it possible by establishing ethical parameters in the field of psychiatric attention. The present study took place at the CAPS in the city of Alegrete, RS. The participants in the study were the group of its workers. Semi-structured interviews and participant observation were used to collect the data. Additionally, the CAPSUL databank was accessed as well as information collected by observations and interviews given by mental health workers in Trieste, Italy, where a part of this research was developed. The results confirm the initially proposed thesis that the discourse of the deinstitutionalization of madness is constituted as a new regimen of truth in the field of mental health. Such discourse is materialized in the CAPS services as an answer to a set of enunciations which problematize the madness and its ways of relation with the society. The production of this discourse affects the ways of subjectivization of workers, producing processes of singularization, of agency as well as transformations in the existence modes, resulting in the care of the other. The micro politic of work generated by the discourse of deinstitutionalization presupposes the problematizing of the knowledgepower relations which permeate the psychosocial field and the relations of society with madness, elaborating other enunciations which place this discourse as a politics of truth in the field of mental health. / Questa tesi ha come obiettivo analizzare i modi di soggettivazione del lavoratore in salute mentale e le micropolitiche prodotte nel servizio di CAPS a partire dal processo di deistituzionalizzazione dell‟attenzione psichiatrica brasiliana. Questo processo propone cambiamenti paradigmatici significativi relativo alla concezione di pazzia e delle pratiche sviluppate nell‟attenzione psichiatrica, questo pressuppone sua rilevanza per il campo della salute mentale e per la formazione in quest‟area. Utilizziamo il referenziale di Michel Foucault, per pensare il modo come ci soggettiviamo attraverso i discorsi e pratiche, che ci sono nel nostro tempo, e i loro effetti nella costituzione dei soggetti. Abbiamo lavorato con le sue concezioni e proposizioni di analisi, per conoscere i modi di soggettivazione dei lavoratori del CAPS, spazio che si costituisce a partire del discorso deistituzionalizzante. La prospettiva di proposizione di un lavoro con pressuposti di creazione, di singolarità, di moltiplicità, sfida i lavoratori e la micropolitica nel campo della salute mentale. Questo richiede oltre alla formazione tecnica, d‟implicazione politica e soggetiva affinché questi rapporti si costituiscano in questo campo. Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari ci presentano concetti, così come: il suscitare, rizoma, territori esistenziali, tra altri, per pensare i movimenti e avvenimenti in questo processo. La deistituzionalizzazione della pazzia si configura una proposta audace, nel mondo contemporaneo, dove la vita è sempre di più concepita come un prodotto, con valore incostante. Franco Basaglia, in questo scenario ha messo in pratica questa audacia, lasciando ai professionisti della salute mentale, il legato di farla possibile stabilendo parametri etici nell‟area di attenzione psichiatrica. Lo studio si è realizzato nel CAPS di Alegrete –RS e i soggetti dello studio comprendono la totalità dei lavoratori di questo servizio. Come istrumenti di informazioni sono state utilizzate interviste semistrutturate e osservazione partecipante. Come parte di questa analisi si accesserà i banchi della ricerca CAPSUL. Useremo ancora dati di osservazione e testemonianze dei lavoratori dei servizi di salute mentale di Trieste – Itália dove si è realizzato parte del tirocinio di dottorato. I risultati confermano la tesi costruita dal quale il discorso della deistituzionalizzazione della pazzia si costituisce come un nuovo regime di verità nel campo della salute mentale, questo si materializza nei servizi CAPS, respondono ad un insieme di enunciati che problematizzano la pazzia, e i suoi modi di relazione con la società. La produzione di questo discorso affetta i modi di soggettivazione dei lavoratori, producendo processi di singolarità, di suscitare trasformazioni nei modi di esistenza, implicandosi nella cura dell‟altro. La problematizzazione delle relazioni sapere-potere che permeano il campo psicosociale, e le realzioni della società con la pazzia, elaborando così altri enunciati, che mettono questo discorso come una politica di verità nel campo della salute mentale.

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In neural implants and biohybrid research systems, the integration of electrode recording and stimulation front-ends with pre-processing circuitry promises a drastic increase in real-time capabilities [1,6]. In our proposed neural recording system, constant sampling with a bandwidth of 9.8kHz yields 6.73μV input-referred noise (IRN) at a power-per-channel of 0.34μW for the time-continuous ΔΣ−modulator, and 0.52μW for the digital filters and spike detectors. We introduce dynamic current/bandwidth selection at the ΔΣ and digital filter to reduce recording bandwidth at the absence of spikes (i.e. local field potentials). This is controlled by a two-level spike detection and adjusted by adaptive threshold estimation (ATE). Dynamic bandwidth selection reduces power by 53.7%, increasing the available channel count at a low heat dissipation. Adaptive back-gate voltage tuning (ABGVT) compensates for PVT variation in subthreshold circuits. This allows 1.8V input/output (IO) devices to operate at 0.4V supply voltage robustly. The proposed 64-channel neural recording system moreover includes a 16-channel adaptive compression engine (ACE) and an 8-channel on-chip current stimulator at 3.3V. The stimulator supports field-shaping approaches, promising increased selectivity in future research.