The objective of this thesis is to analyze the Khatami Period of 1997-2005 in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Reform Movement that brought Khatami to the presidency and the grounds of the incongruity between the discourse and the outcomes of the movement is examined. The reasons of this incongruity are the focus of this study. The structure of the thesis is as follows: In the first chapter, a brief summary of the history of democracy in Iran is examined, since in Iran without a historical perspective, it is hard to understand the developments of the era. In the second chapter, the state structure and political factions in the Islamic Republic of Iran are described by emphasizing the power centers and struggle between them. The third chapter explains, the social origins and the discourse of the reform movement. Lastly, in the fourth chapter, the Khatami period of 1997-2005 is analyzed. The period is studied in terms of power conflicts among the ruling elites and its reflection on the everyday life of the layman. Economic developments and street politics of the era are also examined in this chapter. International developments of the era are also studied with respect to their impacts on domestic politics.

Fried foods are delicious and enjoyed by almost everyone. However, they are not the healthiest foods to eat because of the amount of oil they contain. This thesis, sponsored by Moaero Company founder, Mr. Harrish Bhutani, intends to determine whether a simply designed centrifuge system can remove a reasonable amount of oil from fried foods after it has been deep fried without adversely affecting the texture of the fried food. Due to a large variety in the texture as well as the type of fried foods, and in order to keep the scope of this thesis more focused and feasible, the focus of this investigation will be French fries. Three variables are tested: the type of fry, the angular velocity of the centrifuge, and the time spent in the centrifuge. Multiple designs for the centrifuge system were made on SolidWorks. Engineer Equation Solver (EES) was used to aid steady state and transient heat transfer calculations. Minitab was used for statistical analysis. The impact of various parameters on the change in mass of the French fries, as a measure for evaluating the oil content, were studied. The results indicate whether a centrifuge will remove a reasonable amount of oil while also considering the integrity of the fries. The study concludes that centrifugation is be a cost-effective method for removing oil from fried foods.

Mian Mohammad Sharif's Muslim Thought: Its Origin and Achievements was first published in 1951 in Lahore, Pakistan. Discussing the most important facts about the origin and the evolution of Islamic science and philosophy, it points out historical connections between the Islamic and Western civilizations in fields of literature, philosophy, science and law. It makes the case that the Western civilization owes its progress in science and philosophy to the medieval Islamic world. The importance of the book arises from the fact that its author was one of the pioneers of philosophical study in Pakistan, and from the fact that it is a short, lucid and comprehensive introduction to the field. This thesis has produced a standardized text of Muslim Thought: it has edited the book for mistakes, typing errors and factual revisions; it has included a detailed bibliography of the sources that existed before 1951 or the post-1951 sources that provide credence to the historical references in the book; it includes a glossary of those names, places and words that may not be clear to all the readers and that are not self-explanatory within the context of the book. The thesis is accompanied by an Introduction that contributes new facts about Sharif's scholarly works and discusses the significance of this edition by placing it within the history of editorial work done in South Asia.

La société musicale égyptienne est épanouit au début du vingtième siècle avec l’apparition des mouvementsréformistes. La constitution de cette société marquera sans doute profondément le paysage musical du répertoireclassique, mais c’est surtout à partir des années vingt et trente que tout un mouvement de jeunes musiciens essaierade faire une musique d’inspiration occidentale. Le compositeur-interprète égyptien Mohammad ‘Abd al- Wahhāb abien reflété ce mouvement rénovateur à travers son style de création musicale varié entre tradition et modernité,intertextualité et originalité, formalisme et liberté. Le répertoire de M. ‘Abd al- Wahhāb est un exemplereprésentatif pour étudier les premières tentatives de modernisation faisant appel à un métissage avec la musiqueoccidentale et bouleversant les paramètres : syntaxe, esthétique et style. Notre thèse a pour but de détecter les signesde la tradition et de la modernité apportés sur la forme musicale la plus authentique telle que l’improvisation vocalelayālī et mawwāl, en se basant sur une analyse comparative des oeuvres des grands maîtres qui ont marqué de leursempreintes le corpus de la musique égyptienne savante. Cette étude va permettre de dégager les constantes et lesvariantes qui ont déterminé l’évolution du répertoire de la musique traditionnelle au lendemain de la premièreguerre mondiale et d’étudier le processus adopté par M. ‘Abd al-Wahhāb pour imposer le renouveau contre leconservatisme tout en assurant le maintient de l’identité du système musical. / The Egyptian music society flourished in the early twentieth century with the apparition of the reformist movements.The constitution of this society would with no doubt deeply leave its marks on the music landscape of the classicrepertoire. However, it is especially from the twenties and the thirties that an entire movement of young musicianswould try a new music of western inspiration. The Egyptian composer-singer Mohammad ‘Abd al-Wahhāb wellreflected this innovation movement through his style of music creation, varying between tradition and modernity,intertextuality and originality formalism and liberty. The repertoire of Mohammad ‘Abd al-Wahhāb is arepresentative example to study the first attempts of modernization appealing to a mixture with western music andturning upside down the parameters: syntax, aesthetics and style. The aim of our thesis is to detect the signs oftradition and modernity brought to the most authentic music form such as vocal improvisation layālī and mawwāl,taking as a basis a comparative analysis of the works of the great Masters who left their marks on the corpus of theEgyptian skilful music. This study will allow to extract the constants and the variants that determined the evolutionof the repertoire of the traditional music in post World War I and to study the process adopted by Mohammad ‘Abdal-Wahhāb to impose the renewal against conservatism by assuring the maintaining of the identity of the musicsystem.

De nos jours, nous accordons une place particulière à la littérature Universelle, qui est située au point de croisement du soi et de l’autre, de l’implicite et de l’explicite, de l’intime et du public. En ce qui concerne notre étude comparative entre la vision de Mowlânâ Djalâl Od-Dîn Mohammad Balkhî Rûmî, poète mystique iranien du XIIIème siècle et celle d'Alfred de Vigny, poète stoïcien, romantique et mystique français du XIXème siècle, sur l'Homme Parfait, nous avons tenté à montrer que nos deux Génies, quoique l’un était oriental et l’autre occidental, que l’un était du 13ème siècle et l’autre du 19ème siècle, que leurs religions étaient différentes, que l’un était postérieur à l’autre et ne l’a fort probablement jamais lu, ont des avis quasiment identiques sur l’Homme Parfait. En effet, la pureté et la bonté spirituelle, l’innocence, l’honnêteté, l’amitié, l’amour, et les caractères humbles de l’être humain, ne dépendent point des dimensions spatio-temporelles, ni de l’idéologie et de la civilisation des sujets à traiter, car ce sont des qualités purement humaines qui prennent leur source dans la conscience, le cœur et l’âme et représentent tout le côté divin de l'être. L'Homme Parfait nommé le "vrai Mystique" chez Mowlanâ et le "Paria" chez Alfred de Vigny certifient que certains hommes sont des êtres à part, sortes d’extraterrestres, tout en étant des symboles de l’humanité. Ces gens là, tout à la fois d’ici-bas et d’au-delà, libérés en fait de leur « moi » matériel, sont le pur reflet d’un « moi » divin. Une telle personne peut espérer être sur le bon chemin et pouvoir rester digne de posséder à la fois la face de l’Homme et la face de Dieu. Par conséquent, nous avons simplement envisagé les points communs entre les sujets en question et en tenant compte des notions d'identité et d'altérité, nous nous sommes focalisés sur une paix universelle. / Today the Universal literature has taken a particular place for itself, because this literature is on the cross point of "self" and "other", "implicit" and "explicit", "intimate" and "public". The comparative study between the foresights of Mowlânâ Djalâl-Od- Dîn Mohammad Rûmî-é BalkhÎ, the Iranian mystic poet of the 13th century, and, Alfred de Vigny, the romantic, stoic, and mystic poet of French 19th century, on the subject of "Perfect Man", in spite of the fact that the two men lived six centuries apart, one was in the East and the other one was in the West of the World, their religions were different, and that most likely Vigny had not read Mowlânâ's works, the two poets have almost similar opinions about the "Perfect Man". Normally, the comparative study is conducted to identify, directly or indirectly, the influence of a certain person or doctrine over another person or doctrine; but in this study, our readers or audience will see that the nature of purity, spiritual goodness, innocence, honesty, friendship, love, and sublime human characteristics are neither dependent of time and place, nor they depend on a specific ideology or a special culture, because they have all their roots in the intelligence, heart, and spirit of individuals and are part of Devine aspect of human being.

No description available.

This thesis examines the nature and dynamics of U.S.-Iran relations during the Cold War under the leadership of U.S. President Richard Nixon, his adviser Henry Kissinger, and Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran. This revisionist account critically examines the popular view of Mohammad Reza Shah as a mere instrument of American strategies of containment during the Cold War. Relying on recently declassified American documents, British government papers, and the diaries, memoirs and oral histories of Iranian actors, this thesis restores agency to the shah as an autonomous Cold War actor and suggests that Iran evolved from a client to a partner of the United States under the Nixon Doctrine. This partnership was forged during Nixon’s first term in office between 1969 and 1972, as the United States embraced a policy of Iranian primacy in the Persian Gulf region. Thanks to a long-standing friendship with the president, the shah was able to exercise extraordinary influence in the Nixon White House. This partnership reached its peak during Nixon’s second term as the United States supported Iran’s regional primacy against the challenge from Iraq. The shah drew Nixon and Kissinger into Iran’s secret war against Iraq in Kurdistan in 1972, by portraying Iran’s long-standing regional conflict with Iraq as a Cold War confrontation with the Soviet-backed Ba’th regime in Baghdad. When the shah unilaterally decided to abandon the Kurds in a deal with Iraq’s Saddam Hussein in 1975, Kissinger had little choice but to acquiesce, despite the personal embarrassment and domestic recriminations that followed. The U.S.-Iran partnership declined following Watergate and Nixon’s resignation in 1974. In spite of the best efforts of the shah and Kissinger, between 1974 and 1976 the United States and Iran were unable to reach an agreement on U.S. nuclear exports to Iran. President Gerald Ford tried to impose a discriminatory nuclear agreement on Iran that was rejected by the shah because it violated Iran’s national sovereignty. Under Ford, the United States reverted to treating Iran as a client rather a partner of the United States.

The freedom of movement is a human right concept that has always been confronted with some form of state regulation. I will focus on the international dimension of migration, especially immigration, which will be analyzed first on a general level and then on the example of Denmark. As this small European state is a typical activist in the field of human rights and a frequent participant in the humanitarian missions, one would say the Danish immigration policy can serve as an ideal example. However, this may not be true. My aim is to analyze the membership of Denmark in various international organizations dealing with immigration, EU in particular. Then, the relationship between the immigrants and Danish foreign policy with focus on Muslims will be considered. My research shows that the tendency of Denmark to restrict her immigration policy is a result of global development and has deep historical roots.

This study focuses on the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) and the movement associated with that party, in the aftermath of the 1977 elections in Pakistan. Through this study, the author addresses the issue of regionalism and its effects on politics at a National level. A study of the course of the movement also allows one to look at the problems in representation and how ideological stances merge with material conditions and needs of the country’s citizenry to articulate the desire for, what is basically, an equitable form of democracy that is peculiar to Pakistan. The form of such a democratic system of governance can be gauged through the frustrations and desires of the variety of Pakistan’s oppressed classes. Moreover, the fissures within the discourses that appear through the PNA, as well as their reassessment and analysis helps one formulate a fresh conception of resistance along different matrices of society within the country. / text

Cell-free protein synthesis is an emerging technology that has many applications. The open nature of this system makes it a compelling technology that can be manipulated to answer many needs that are unavailable in other systems. This dissertation reports on engineering this technology for: 1) sense codon emancipation for incorporation of multiple unnatural amino acids; 2) expressing a hard-to-express anticancer biotherapeutic and introducing a just-add-water system; 3) a biosensing ligand that interacts with nuclear hormone receptors. Emancipating sense codons toward a minimized genetic code is of significant interest to science and engineering. A promising approach to sense codon emancipation is the targeted in vitro removal of native tRNA. Here we introduce a new in-vitro or "cell-free" approach to emancipate sense codons via efficient and affordable degradation of endogenous tRNA using RNase-coated superparamagnetic beads. The presented method removes greater than 99% of tRNA in cell lysates, while preserving cell-free protein synthesis activity. The resulting tRNA-depleted lysate is compatible with in vitro-transcribed synthetic tRNA for the production of peptides and proteins. Biotherapeutics have many promising applications, such as anti-cancer treatments, immune suppression, and vaccines. However, due to their biological nature, some biotherapeutics can be challenging to rapidly express and screen for activity through traditional recombinant methods. In this work, we demonstrate the use of cell-free systems for the expression and direct screening of the difficult-to-express cytotoxic protein onconase. Using cell-free systems, onconase can be rapidly expressed in soluble, active form. Furthermore, the open nature of the reaction environment allows for direct and immediate downstream characterization without the need of purification. Also, we report the ability of a "just-add-water" lyophilized cell-fee system to produce onconase. Here we introduce a Rapid Adaptable Portable In-vitro Detection biosensor platform (RAPID) for detecting ligands that interact with nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs). The biosensor is based on an engineered, allosterically-activated fusion protein, which contains the ligand binding domain from a target NHR. The presented RAPID biosensor platform is significantly faster and less labor intensive than commonly available technologies, making it a promising tool for detecting environmental EDC contamination and screening potential NHR-targeted pharmaceuticals.