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Management of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean using the biofungicides Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Coniothyrium minitansAudrey Marie Conrad (12437484) 21 April 2022 (has links)
<p> </p>
<p><em>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum </em>is a soilborne pathogen of soybean that causes Sclerotinia stem rot, alternatively called white mold. Sclerotinia stem rot can cause significant yield losses under cool and wet environmental conditions. Two biofungicides, <em>Coniothyrium minitans </em>and <em>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, </em>are currently available and labeled to limit or suppress <em>S. sclerotiorum</em> in soybean. These biofungicides can be applied in place of synthetic foliar fungicides to provide an alternative mode of action for the control of Sclerotinia stem rot. However, limited information is available regarding the efficacy of <em>C. minitans </em>and <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>as biocontrol agents of <em>S. sclerotiorum </em>in soybean and the sensitivity of the biofungicides biological activity on <em>S. sclerotiorum </em>to pesticides commonly used in soybean production systems. This research aims to provide management recommendations for <em>S. sclerotiorum </em>in soybean using <em>C. minitans </em>and <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>and to develop guidelines for how to incorporate the biofungicides into an established soybean pest management program. To assess the effectiveness of <em>C. minitans </em>and <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>as biocontrol agents of <em>S. sclerotiorum </em>dual culture, amended media, and soil plate assays were conducted along with experiments in the growth chamber and field. The presence of a distinct inhibition zone surrounding the <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>colony in the dual culture assay and the absence of mycelial growth on the media plates amended with <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>confirmed that the bacteria can control the mycelial growth of <em>S. sclerotiorum </em>through antibiosis. The absence of an inhibition zone surrounding the <em>C. minitans </em>isolate in the dual culture assay along with the degradation of sclerotia following treatment with <em>C. minitans </em>in the soil plate assay indicates an inability to limit the mycelial growth of <em>S. sclerotiorum </em>and confirms that the primary mode of action is mycoparasitism. In the growth chamber, <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> at 14.03 L/ha applied using the dip method significantly reduced Sclerotinia stem rot lesion length when compared to the non-treated control and resulted in the lowest lesion area under the disease progress curve (lAUDPC). When <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>and <em>C. minitans </em>were applied in the field, no differences were observed between treatments for soybean moisture, test weight, or yield. To evaluate the sensitivity of <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>and <em>C. minitans</em> biological activity on <em>S. sclerotiorum </em>to pesticides commonly used in soybean production systems a poison plate assay as well as soil plate, growth chamber, and field experiments were conducted. In the poison plate assay <em>C. minitans </em>was most sensitive to the preemergence herbicide flumioxazin and the synthetic fungicides boscalid and fluazinam, while <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>was sensitive only to the synthetic fungicide fluazinam. In the soil plate assay the mycoparasitic activity of <em>C. minitans </em>on sclerotia of <em>S. sclerotiorum </em>was sensitive to flumioxazin, metribuzin, glyphosate, picoxystrobin, and boscalid. In the controlled environment experiments, none of the pesticides tested decreased the efficacy of <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em>. There were no significant interactions between <em>C. minitans </em>and <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>with preemergence herbicides, postemergence herbicides, and synthetic fungicides for soybean moisture, test weight, and yield. This research demonstrates that <em>B. amyloliquefaciens </em>and <em>C. minitans </em>are effective biocontrol agents of <em>S. sclerotiorum </em>in soybean. However, antagonistic relationships exist between the biofungicides and certain preemergence, postemergence, and synthetic fungicides used in soybean production systems.</p>
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Ductile and Compacted Graphite Iron Casting Skin - Evaluation, Effect on Fatigue Strength and EliminationBoonmee, Sarum 20 June 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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Design and Aerodynamic Analysis of Continuous Mold-line link flapNarkhede, Aditya Avinash 11 August 2021 (has links)
Flaps used in modern aircraft are known to produce high-intensity noise. Their blunt side edges of the wing's flap produce vorticial wakes which are the main contributors to the noise generated. A concept called continuous mold-line (CML) link flap has been studied rigorously for its impact on the acoustic behavior of the wing. These studies found that eliminating the blunt side tips with a continuous mold-line reduces the noise generated by the wing, drastically. However, very few studies have discussed the effects of mold-line shape on its aerodynamic characteristics. Therefore, the objective of this research is to investigate the effect of shape and geometry on the aerodynamics of CML wings. First, the shape of the continuous mold-line is parametrized using a hyperbolic tangent curve. Then, using ANSYS FLUENT a computational model is developed to calculate the lift and drag generated by different CML configurations. Both, inviscid and viscous studies are performed using FLUENT's pressure-based solver. The effect of span and slope at the mid-point of the transition zone are discussed. The study found that the slope at the mid-point of the transition zone does not affect the overall lift generated by the wing. Also, increasing the span of the transition zone initially increases the drag and begins to decrease at higher span lengths. Overall, it was found that the aerodynamic characteristics (such as lift, drag, and efficiency) of the CML wing are better than the conventional blunt tip hinged flap. / Master of Science / Flaps used in modern aircraft are known to produce high-intensity noise. One of the main contributors to the high-intensity noise is the blunt side edges of the wing's flap. To eliminate the noise produced by the flaps, researchers have come up with a concept called continuous mold-line (CML) link flap. In this concept, we join the flap side edge with the main wing and thus remove the side edges. Studies undertaken till now have mainly focused on the acoustic aspects of the CML wing. Hence, this study focuses on the effect the mold-line shape has on the wing's aerodynamic behavior. The study first discusses a parametric curve that will be used to define the shape of the CML region of the wing. Then, the study calculates the aerodynamic characteristics, such as lift and drag generated by the wing, using the commercial software ANSYS FLUENT. The results obtained by changing the slope at the mid-point and length of the CML region are discussed. Finally, the study presented also compares the aerodynamic characteristics (such as lift, drag, and efficiency) of the CML wing are better than the conventional blunt tip hinged flap.
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From Brown to Blue: An Exploration in Singularity and MultitudeFitz, Jonathan Gordon 25 September 2014 (has links)
No description available.
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Weatherization with a Healthy Home PerspectiveWray, Jerome Ulysses 18 June 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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Characterization and identification of microbial communities in pigeon droppings using Culture-Independent techniquesLeareng, Samuel Keeng 08 1900 (has links)
M. Tech. (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Science), Vaal University of Technology| / Pigeon droppings, found in abundance in most cities and towns where pigeons are found, are a source of potential yeast and molds into the environment. Invasive fungal infections are a cause of morbidity and often mortality in immunocompromised individuals. The objective of this study was to the identification of bacterial and mold agents from pigeon droppings. Pigeon droppings samples were collected from three locations during the winter and summer months and studied for the occurrence of bacteria, yeast and molds by utilising culture-independent techniques. Amplification of the 16S rDNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, cloning and ARDRA and DGGE were used for the characterisation of the microbial populations followed by sequencing. Several mold and yeasts, as well as bacteria were found to be present in pigeon droppings, which can spread into the environment and be transmitted to immunocompromised individuals and children.
DGGE analysis of the bacterial communities revealed banding patterns that clustered all but one winter samples and all summer samples, showing a high similarity among the microbial members in both seasons and sample locations. Fungal DGGE analysis revealed clusters that grouped summer and winter samples from Johannesburg and Pretoria while VUT samples were clustered on their own. From the identification of fungal and bacterial DNA, Cryptococcus species was the majority of fungi isolated from the dropping samples. Geotrichum, Kazachstania and Fusarium species were isolated from phylotypes obtained from ITS amplicons analysed by ARDRA. Lactobacillus and Enteroccoccus species, organisms usually found in the gastrointestinal tract were the common bacterial members identified. The results showed no difference in microbial communities across all sample locations, while seasonal changes also had no impact in microbial community patterns.
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Caractérisation des maladies respiratoires en lien avec les problématiques d’humidité excessive ou de moisissures dans les logements des étudiants universitairesLanthier-Veilleux, Mathieu January 2016 (has links)
Résumé : PROBLÉMATIQUE: L’exposition résidentielle à l’humidité excessive ou aux moisissures est maintenant reconnue comme un facteur important influençant la santé respiratoire. Cette problématique a été peu étudiée chez les étudiants universitaires, bien que vulnérables par leur faible revenu et leur statut de locataire. OBJECTIFS:
Cette maîtrise vise à décrire la prévalence (a) de l’exposition résidentielle à l’humidité excessive ou aux moisissures et (b) des maladies respiratoires chez les étudiants universitaires, ainsi qu’à (c) examiner l’association entre l’exposition résidentielle à l’humidité excessive ou aux moisissures et ces maladies. MÉTHODES: En 2014, une enquête électronique a été réalisée auprès de 2097 étudiants enregistrés à l’Université de Sherbrooke (Québec, Canada). Lorsque possible, des questions et des scores validés ont été utilisés pour estimer les prévalences des maladies respiratoires (rhinite allergique, asthme et infections respiratoires), de l’exposition résidentielle à l’humidité excessive ou aux moisissures et des covariables (ex. : revenu annuel familial, statut tabagique, atopie familiale, caractéristiques de l’étudiant). Les associations entre cette exposition et ces maladies ont d’abord été examinées par des tests de chi-carré en utilisant un seuil alpha de 0,05. Des régressions logistiques multivariées ont ensuite été utilisées pour déterminer les associations brutes et ajustée entre cette exposition et les maladies respiratoires. Les analyses descriptives ont été pondérées pour le sexe, l’âge et le campus d’étude. RÉSULTATS: L’exposition à l’humidité excessive ou aux moisissures était fréquente parmi les participants (36,0%; Intervalle de confiance (IC)95% : 33,9-38,1). Ceux-ci ont également été nombreux à rapporter une rhinite allergique (23,9%; IC95% :22,0-25,8), de l’asthme (32,6%; IC95% : 30,5-34,7) et des infections respiratoires (19,4%; IC95% :17,7-21,2) au cours de la dernière année. Après ajustement, les associations demeuraient significatives entre l’exposition à l’humidité excessive ou aux moisissures et la rhinite allergique (Rapport de cote (RC) : 1,30; IC95% : 1.05-1.60), l’asthme RC : 1,75; IC95% : 1,42-2,16), mais pas les infections respiratoires (RC : 1,07; IC95% : 0,85-1.35). CONCLUSIONS: La prévalence élevée de l’exposition résidentielle des étudiants universitaires à l’humidité excessive ou aux moisissures, de même que son association avec l’asthme et la rhinite allergique, mettent en lumière sa contribution potentielle à la forte prévalence des maladies respiratoires ayant une composante allergique dans cette population. Cette étude fournit un nouveau levier pour les organisations de santé publique et leurs partenaires afin d’adapter les stratégies préventives ciblant les logements insalubres, particulièrement chez les populations vulnérables. / Abstract : PROBLEMATIC: Indoor residential dampness and mold is now recognised as a major respiratory health determinant. University students are vulnerable to such exposure by their low income and high mobility, but few studies have assessed their exposure. OBJECTIVES: This project aims to describe prevalence of (a) residential dampness or mold exposure and (b) respiratory diseases in University students as well as to (c) examine the independent contribution of residential excessive dampness and mold to these diseases. METHODS: In 2014, an online survey was conducted among 2097 students registered at the University of Sherbrooke (Quebec, Canada). Validated questions, and scores when possible, were used to assess respiratory diseases (allergic rhinitis, asthma-like symptoms, respiratory infections), residential excessive dampness and mold, and covariates (e.g. family annual income, smoking status, parental atopy, student characteristics). Associations between exposure and diseases were first evaluated using bivariate analyses (khi-square tests) with an alpha value of 0.05. Using logistic regressions, the crude and adjusted relationships between residential excessive dampness or mold and respiratory diseases were examined. Results were weighted for sex, age and campus affiliation. RESULTS: Residential dampness or mold exposure was frequent (36.0%; 95%Confidence Interval (CI) : 33.9-38.1). Respondents also reported high prevalence of allergic rhinitis (32.6%; 95%CI : 30.5-34.7), asthma-like symptoms (23.9%; 95%CI : 22.0-25.8) and respiratory infections (19.4%; 95%CI : 17.7-21.2). After adjustment, associations with residential excessive dampness or mold were significant for allergic rhinitis (Odd Ratio(OR) : 1.30; 95%CI : 1.05-1.60) and asthma-like symptoms (OR : 1.75; 95%CI : 1.42-2.16), but not for respiratory infections (OR : 1.07; 95%CI : 0.85-1.35). CONCLUSIONS: High frequency of residential excessive dampness and mold, as well as its associations with asthma and allergic rhinitis highlight this exposure’s potential contribution to high atopy prevalence among university students. These results emphasize the importance for public health organizations to tackle poor housing, especially for vulnerable populations.
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En undersökning av möjliga tillväxtmiljöer vid den tidiga sågverkshanteringen av ek / An investigation of posible growth environments for mould in the early sawmill handling of oakHerdinius, Andreas January 2019 (has links)
Trä är ett biologiskt och organiskt material vars egenskaper möjliggör att det vid rätt förhållanden kan växa mögel på det. Mögeltillväxt på trä som människor hanterar och har i sin närhet kan skapa hälsoproblem då vissa mögelarter kan orsaka respiratoriska problem samt allergisk alveolit.En undersökning av vilken mögelsvamp som växer på brädor vid ett sågverk i södra Sverige har utförts. Utöver detta har möjliga tillväxtmiljöer för mögel undersökts under brädgårdstorkning samt en torkprocess. De undersökta parametrarna var temperatur och relativ luftfuktighet.Mögelsvampen Paecilomyces hittades samt Aspergillus niger och jäst. Klimatet under brädgårdstorkning samt torkprocessen visade att de under stor del av den tidiga hanteringen av virket fanns ett klimat gynnsamt för mögeltillväxt. / Wood is a biological and organic material whose properties makes it possible for mold to grow on it under the right conditions. Mold growth on wood that humans handle and get in contact with can create health problems as some mold species can cause respiratory problems and allergic alveolitis.An investigation of which mold that grows on boards at a sawmill in southern Sweden has ben carried out. In addition to this, possible growth environments for mold have been investigated during lumber yard drying and a kiln drying process. The parameters examined were temperature and relative humidity.Mold of Paecilomyces, Aspergillus niger and yeast was found on boards. The climate during lumber yard drying and the kiln drying process showed that a large part of the early handling of the wood had a favourable climate to mold growth.
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CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICAS, QUÍMICAS E MICROBIOLÓGICAS DE QUEIJOS TIPO BRIE E TIPO CAMEMBERT PRODUZIDOS NO BRASILPereira, Antonio Carlos Prestes 29 August 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / The Brazilian annual production of white mold cheese is around 2,170 tons, the Brie type totals 75% of the production whereas the Camembert type totals 25%;
most of the production comes from the states of Minas Gerais and Paraná. Nonetheless, Brazilian legislation does not have a specific Technical Regulation for the Identity and Quality (RTIQ in the Portuguese acronym) for these types of fine cheese, which makes it difficult to have a national standard product “Type”. The aim of this study is to describe the physico-chemical and microbiological
properties of these kinds of cheese based on the current official legislation and on an analytical methodology. In addition, the study proposes a specific RTIQ (Technical Regulation for Identity and Quality) for humidity, fat, protein, defatted dry extract, ash, calcium and sodium. The study used a descriptive and experimental methodological approach, which included the collection of Brie and Camembert cheese samples from the summer and winter productions, and a French sample of the same types of cheese to learn about the composition of
through the year. The average weight of Brie cheese was 119.87 g, with an average height of 30.31 mm and an average diameter of 131,28 mm. The average whiteness index (WI) of the surface was 70.63 and 89.37 for the center. The texture profile in average values was as follows: -590.12 g for adhesion, 0.88 g, 0.73 for hardness, 0.73 for cohesiveness, 151,86 for chewiness and 0.26 for
resilience. The physico-chemical composition of Brie heese in a 95% reliable interval was the following: moisture between 41.80 and 53.10 g.100g-1, fat between 49,65 and 62,59 g.100g-1, defatted dry extract 19.43 and 23.23 g.100g-1, protein between 14.20 and 20.00 g.100g-1, carbohydrate between 1.80 and 7.60 g.100g-1, ashes between 2.80 and 3.40 g.100g-1, the amount of sodium
ranged between 112.80 and 661.20 mg.100g-1 and an amount of calcium between 323.90 and 848.10 g.100g-1. The average weight of Camembert cheese was 195.74 g, with an average height of 33.44 mm and an average
diameter of 88.05 mm. The average whiteness index (WI) for the surface was 91.82 and 72.29 for the center. The texture profile in average values was as follows: -380.15 g for adhesion, 0.60 g for hardness, 0.50 for cohesiveness,
158,87 for chewiness and 0.19 for resilience. The physico-chemical composition of Camembert cheese presented in a 95% reliable interval moisture between 31.10 and 57.50 g.100g-1, fat between 52,43 and 63,3 g.100g-1, defatted dry extract from 20.13 to 23.20 g.100g-1, protein from 14.27 to 19.73 g.100g-1, carbohydrate from 0.80 to 5.44 g.100g-1, ashes from 3.09 to 4.05 g.100g-1, the amount of sodium ranged between 72.50 and 577.50 mg.100g-1 and, an amount of calcium between 282.80 and 788.80 mg.100g-1. L. monocytogenes was found in a sample of Camembert cheese. The other samples of both types of cheese presented a microbiological profile within the parameters set by the national legislation. / O Brasil possui produção anual de aproximadamente 2.170 ton dos queijos Tipo Brie (75%) e Tipo Camembert (25%), localizada principalmente nos estados de
Minas Gerais e do Paraná. Entretanto, a legislação brasileira não contempla o Regulamento Técnico de Identidade e Qualidade (RTIQ) específico para esses
queijos finos, o que dificulta a padronização de um produto “Tipo” nacional. Este trabalho visa a caracterização físico-química e microbiológica desses queijos, com base na legislação e metodologia analítica oficial vigente, bem como propor um RTIQ específico, umidade, gordura, proteína, extrato seco desengordurado,
cinzas, cálcio e sódio. Foi utilizado o método descritivo e experimental, por meio do qual foram coletadas amostras de queijos referentes às estações verão e inverno e amostra francesa para que, dessa forma, se conheça a composição ao longo do ano desses produtos. A média de peso do queijo Tipo Brie foi de 119,87 g, com altura média de 30,31 mm e diâmetro médio de 131,28 mm. A média do Índice de Brancura (WI) para superfície foi 70,63 e 89,37 para o centro. O perfil de textura em valores médios foi de -590,12 g.s para adesividade, 0,88 g para dureza, 0,73 para coesividade, 151,86 para mastigabilidade e 0,26 para
resilência. A composição físico-química do queijo Tipo Brie apresentou, através do intervalo de confiança a 95%, umidade entre 41,80 e 53,10 g.100g-1, gordura entre 49,65 a 62,59 g.100g-1, extrato seco desengordurado (ESD) 19,43 a 23,23 g.100g-1, proteínas entre 14,20 a 20,00 g.100g-1, carboidratos entre 1,80 a 7,60 g.100g-1, cinzas entre 2,80 a 3,40 g.100g-1, teor de sódio entre 112,80 a 661,20 mg.100g-1, teor de cálcio entre 323,90 a 848,10 mg.100g-1. A média de peso do queijo Tipo Camembert foi de 195,74 g, com altura média de 33,44 mm e diâmetro médio de 88,05 mm. A média do Índice de Brancura (WI) para superfície foi 91,82 e 72,29 para o centro. O perfil de textura em valores médios foi de -380,15 g.s para adesividade, 0,60 g para dureza, 0,50 para coesividade, 158,87 para mastigabilidade e 0,19 para resilência. A composição físico-química do queijo Tipo Camembert apresentou, através do intervalo de confiança a 95%, umidade entre 31,10 a 57,50 g.100g-1, gordura entre 52,43 a 63,37 g.100g-1, extrato seco sengordurado (ESD) 20,13 a 23,20 g.100g-1, proteínas entre 14,27 a 19,73 g.100g-1, carboidratos entre 0,80 a 5,44 g.100g-1, cinzas entre 3,09 a 4,05 g.100g-1, teor de sódio entre 72,50 a 577,50 mg.100g-1, teor de cálcio entre 282,80 a 788,80 mg.100g-1. Foi detectada uma amostra de queijo
Tipo Camembert com L. monocytogenes. As demais amostras de ambos os queijos apresentaram perfil microbiológico dentro do preconizado pela legislação
nacional.
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CARACTERIZAÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA E PATOGÊNICA DE ISOLADOS DE Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary E DETECÇÃO EM SEMENTES DE SOJAGrabicoski, Edilaine Mauricia Gelinski 09 February 2012 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2012-02-09 / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná / The white mold disease, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, responsible for large losses in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). The pathogen has more than 400 hosts and presents the formation of a resistance structure (sclerotia), difficulting the disease control, thus increasing the importance of the pathogen in Brazilian agriculture. The seeds are the main spreading disease means, a quickly and correct presence detection of the pathogen is important to control the white mold, especially for non-infested areas by the pathogen. In this study, 57 S. sclerotiorum isolates were morphological and pathologically characterized to assess variations within the specie. Also was developed a method to detect the pathogen directly from seed-soak liquor of infected soybean seeds, through PCR. The proposed method was compared to the traditional recommended methods. The pathogen isolates showed some morphological variations among themselves, as the number and weight of the formed sclerotia. Pathologically, were observed two and seven pathogenic levels second, respectively, the soybean inoculation on the stem and on the detached trifoliate leaves. By the detection method, it was possible to detect one seed artificially contaminated in the sample with 400 total seeds. In naturally contaminated seeds, was possible to detected the pathogen presence in a sample that, according to the method of incubation on paper roll and on Neon-S medium, respectively, presented 1 and 3 seeds contaminated in four hundred seeds. The proposed methodology is promising for the detection of S. sclerotiorum, however, requires optimization because many false negative results were obtained, mainly due to substances released by the seeds that inhibited the PCR reaction. The use of filter in the samples has presented as a possible tool to overcome the PCR inhibitors. For the optimization of the method, increase the size of seed samples, use of filters, others techniques such as nested PCR, Real-Time PCR and DNA probes can help overcome these difficulties. / O Mofo branco, doença causada pelo fungo Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, vem causando grandes prejuízos na cultura da soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) e, por apresentar mais de 400 hospedeiros e a formação de uma estrutura de resistência (escleródios), o seu controle torna-se difícil, aumentando a importância do patógeno para a agricultura brasileira. As sementes são o principal meio de disseminação da doença, detectar rápido e corretamente a presença do patógeno nas mesmas é importante no controle do Mofo branco, principalmente, para não infestar áreas isentas do patógeno. No presente trabalho, 57 isolados de S. sclerotiorum foram caracterizados morfológica e patologicamente para avaliar variações dentro da espécie. Também se desenvolveu uma metodologia de detecção do patógeno em sementes de soja embebidas, através de PCR diretamente do líquido de embebição das mesmas. Comparou-se a metodologia proposta com as tradicionais recomendadas para o patógeno. Os isolados do patógeno apresentaram algumas variações morfológicas entre si, como quantidade e peso dos escleródios formados. Patologicamente, foram verificados dois e sete níveis de patogenicidade segundo, respectivamente, a inoculação dos isolados na haste e em trifólios destacados de plantas de soja. Diretamente a partir do líquido de embebição das sementes, foi possível detectar uma semente artificialmente contaminada em 400 sementes totais. Em sementes naturalmente contaminadas, detectou-se a presença do patógeno em amostra que, segundo o método de incubação em rolo de papel e em Neon-S apresentava, respectivamente, 1 e 3 sementes contaminadas em quatrocentas totais. A metodologia proposta é promissora para a detecção de S. sclerotiorum, no entanto, necessita de otimização, pois muitos resultados falsos-negativos foram obtidos, principalmente devido a substâncias liberadas pelas próprias sementes que inibiram a reação de PCR. A utilização de um filtro nas amostras apresentou-se como uma possível ferramenta para driblar os inibidores de PCR. Para a otimização do método, técnicas como Nested-PCR, Real-Time PCR, utilização de sondas de DNA, aumento no tamanho de amostras de sementes e a utilização dos filtros podem ajudar a superar essas dificuldades.
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