Most aircraft component are currently being manufactured by machining, forging, welding and also assembling such parts. However, the possibilities of cutting cost from a single component has brought about a growing trend towards looking into casting as a possible option for manufacturing aircraft parts. This thesis was done at the request of Saab Avitronics. It evaluates the possibilities of one aircraft part, a chassis for an electronic unit that was first designed to be machined from a blank, to be cast. The thesis goes through the multifaceted tasks of product development. Casting process selection, cast alloy selection as well as geometry modification were some of these tasks that were performed in this thesis. It also evaluates the performances of chosen casting processes, the design of gating systems as well as various process parameters set, by simulating the casting processes. The alloy chosen was A356.0 with a T6 temper and the casting processes chosen were plaster mold casting and rheocasting. The geometry of the original chassis, which had very thin sections and undercuts which were complex to cast, was modified and made easier to cast with an acceptable slight increase of mass and size. The modification done on the geometry as well as the gating systems used had proven to be worthwhile, as the simulation of both process showed that such a part can be casted with no crucial defects foreseen. However, probable cavities might occur at the very tip of the chassis’s thin-fins – that it has for carrying away heat. Minor subsurface porosities might also be formed, which would not impair the function of the chassis. The modified chassis was made as close to as finished piece as possible, for the purpose of reducing machining costs. The cost of producing such a part by casting was also seen to be much less than machining it from blank. This could be taken as rationale for casting the chassis with thicker sections, to avoid problems that may arise in casting, and to subsequently machine these faces later, as it would still be cheaper than machining the chassis from a blank.

<p>Most aircraft component are currently being manufactured by machining, forging, welding and also assembling such parts. However, the possibilities of cutting cost from a single component has brought about a growing trend towards looking into casting as a possible option for manufacturing aircraft parts.</p><p>This thesis was done at the request of Saab Avitronics. It evaluates the possibilities of one aircraft part, a chassis for an electronic unit that was first designed to be machined from a blank, to be cast. The thesis goes through the multifaceted tasks of product development. Casting process selection, cast alloy selection as well as geometry modification were some of these tasks that were performed in this thesis. It also evaluates the performances of chosen casting processes, the design of gating systems as well as various process parameters set, by simulating the casting processes.</p><p>The alloy chosen was A356.0 with a T6 temper and the casting processes chosen were plaster mold casting and rheocasting. The geometry of the original chassis, which had very thin sections and undercuts which were complex to cast, was modified and made easier to cast with an acceptable slight increase of mass and size. The modification done on the geometry as well as the gating systems used had proven to be worthwhile, as the simulation of both process showed that such a part can be casted with no crucial defects foreseen. However, probable cavities might occur at the very tip of the chassis’s thin-fins – that it has for carrying away heat. Minor subsurface porosities might also be formed, which would not impair the function of the chassis. The modified chassis was made as close to as finished piece as possible, for the purpose of reducing machining costs. The cost of producing such a part by casting was also seen to be much less than machining it from blank. This could be taken as rationale for casting the chassis with thicker sections, to avoid problems that may arise in casting, and to subsequently machine these faces later, as it would still be cheaper than machining the chassis from a blank.</p>

No description available.

The current trend in pushing photo lithography to smaller and smaller resolutions is becoming increasingly difficult and expensive. Extreme ultra-violet lithography is an alternate method that has the potential to provide feature sizes down to 30 nm, however, it will come at an even greater cost. Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is another lithographic technique which is promising to provide very high resolutions at a relatively low cost. Imprinting works by using a mold with a surface patterned with the required nano structures and pressing it into a substrate coated with a deformable polymer. Due to its direct pattern replication technique, it is very capable of reproducing three-dimensional structures, however limited research has been performed on this to date. In this study, investigations have been performed into developing a reliable process for creating SiN molds with sub-100 nm structures with variable height control. The process relies on a negative tone electron beam resist which can be patterned to various thicknesses by varying the exposure dosage. This allows for the creation of complex multi-layer structures in a single electron beam lithography step. These patterns then have been transferred into the SiN substrate by a single reactive ion etch. From here the mold is ready for use in imprinting. Study has also been performed into imprinting process as well. This includes the development of an imprint press, the manner in which NIL works. Investigations have been performed into the imprinting performance of 3D molds. Thermal expansion issues have been found and addressed, as have adhesion problems. Some other aspects of 3D NIL which have not been addressed in this study have been outlined in future work for further investigation.

The research presented in this study has been conducted in an effort to aid in the creation of a biomimetic shell that may be employed in full-scale field experiments to determine the efficacy of mitigation options to limit loggerhead mortality in boat strike incidents. The objectives of this research include the development of experimental testing procedures for the material characterization of the loggerhead carapace, and the design, fabrication, and evaluation of an artificial prototype carapace. A photographic database of wounded sea turtles in Georgia was evaluated in order to determine the primary sources of loggerhead collision injuries and the most common regions of the carapace damaged in boat strike incidents. Skeg impact was found to be the most common source of injury, with a frequency of 44%. In addition, 74% of the sea turtles reviewed sustained injuries to the center third of their carapace length, indicating this region as the most probable impact location. Material testing procedures were developed for evaluating the material properties of the loggerhead carapace. This was followed by the material testing of three loggerhead shells for the purpose of determining localized mechanical properties. Samples were harvested from the shells in a manner designed to identify potential variations in properties due the location and orientation of the coupons within the carapace. Each coupon was subjected to axial tension or three-point bending. Specialized tabs were designed for tension testing in order to accommodate the coupon's irregular geometry and minimize curvature-induced moments. The tensile test results indicated that the longitudinal and transverse properties of the loggerhead carapace were similar. The tensile strength, elongation at failure, and modulus of elasticity were determined to have percent variations of 12.2%, 10.7%, and 10.1% respectively. In contrast, the three-point bending test results indicated that the modulus of rupture and flexural modulus for the transverse samples were approximately four times greater than those of the longitudinal samples. This variation may be attributed to regions of weak tissue running transversely through the carapace. The results of the material testing were utilized in the design of two prototype composite shells. The prototypes were successful in simulating the strain at failure and force per unit width to within 10% of the loggerhead carapace. The resulting procedure may be used to create artificial shells suitable for prototype scale tests in natural environments. In addition, the material testing methods developed for this investigation may offer insight into procedures for evaluating alternate forms of rigid or curved biological specimens.

The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 23, 2010). Thesis advisor: Dr. Mengshi Lin. Includes bibliographical references.

The cultivation of flowers is, in Brazil, very recent and little known species have a high ornamental potential, Cartamus is such a species and there are cultivars for the production of oil and as well as for ornamental pourposes. Being a recent crop in Brazil, little is known about its associated diseases, specially those that affect the seeds and the soil borne, such as white mold that causes great losses to several crops. Six experiments were conducted with the objectives of testing the reaction of the crop to isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the biocontrol of S. sclerotiorum and of pathogens associated to the seeds, and the effect of the biocontrollers on cartamus plant growth. Isolates of the pathogen from chrisantemum, lettuce, soybean, and carrots, as well as isolates of Trichoderma sp. (ETSR 20 e TC 1.15) and comercial products of Trichoderma spp. (Agrotrich and Trichodel®) were used. In the reaction test, the cartamus crop was more severely attacked by the isolate obtained from lettuce, which when incorporated to commercial substrate did not promote the development of the disease in plant, but reduced plant growth. Trichodel® was the product that promoted the highest growth of plants when incorporated to the substrate, even in the absence of the pathogen. The product more efficient in controlling seed pathogens was Agrotrich. In the growth of seedlings, the isolates ETSR20 and TC1.15 were the best, when applied to the seeds and the latter promoted the best emergency of seeds in commercial substrate. Therefore, the Trichoderma based products can be used in the control of seed pathogens and growth promotion of cartamus plants as seed or substrate treatment. There are differences in disease severity on cartamus among isolates of S. sclerotiorum from different crops and its presence reduces the crop s growth, even in the absence of visible symptoms / A floricultura, no Brasil, é relativamente recente, existindo espécies pouco conhecidas com alto potencial ornamental. O cártamo é uma delas e possui cultivares tanto para a produção de óleo quanto para ornamentação. Por ser uma cultura recente no Brasil, pouco se conhece sobre as doenças associadas a ela, especialmente as que afetam as sementes e as veiculadas pelo solo, como o mofo branco, que causa grandes prejuízos a diversas culturas. Seis experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de testar a reação da cultura a isolados de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, o biocontrole de patógenos associados às sementes e de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum e o efeito dos biocontroladores no crescimento de plantas de cártamo. Foram utilizados isolados de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum das culturas do crisântemo, alface, soja e cenoura, e isolados de Trichoderma spp. (ETSR 20 e TC 1.15) e formulados comerciais à base de Trichoderma spp. (Agrotrich e Trichodel®). No teste de reação, a cultura do cártamo foi mais severamente atacada pelo isolado proveniente da alface, o qual, quando incorporado ao substrato comercial, não promoveu o desenvolvimento da doença nas plantas, porém prejudicou seu crescimento. Trichodel® foi o produto que maior crescimento proporcionou às plantas quando incorporado ao substrato, mesmo sem a presença do patógeno. O produto mais eficiente no controle dos patógenos das sementes foi o formulado comercial Agrotrich. No crescimento de plântulas, os isolados ETSR 20 e TC 1.15 se sobressaíram quando aplicados às sementes e este obteve melhor resultado na emergência de plântulas em substrato. Assim, os produtos a base de Trichoderma são viáveis para controle de patógenos de sementes e crescimento de plantas tanto no tratamento de sementes como do substrato. Existem diferenças na severidade da doença em cártamo entre isolados de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum oriundos de diferentes culturas e sua presença reduz o crescimento da cultura, mesmo na ausência de sintomas visíveis

This work takes for finality main Magma carries out a study through the use of the software of numerical simulation, for checking of the residual tensions provoked by the process of fusing, in the support of the pantograph of the plant machines used in the agriculture of precision. This necessity appears in function of break of pieces in fulfilled row of seats tests previously in the phase of development of the prototype, signaling the possibility of a possible weakening of the component one in function of the excess of concentration of residual tensions in the item or hard-working efforts. The used methodology was through the realization of simulations with use of the software of numerical simulation, that it analyses two proposed for fusing of the pieces. The first one has three pieces for mold and on Monday with two pieces for mold. This profile of the distribution of pieces in the mold has a tendency to provoke a behavior differentiated between two proposals and in spite of the fact that that checks which presents the best result, in other words, less concentration of residual tensions formed during the process of fusing. From the fulfilled numerical simulation, where was considered the main variables, at pieces disposal in the mold, temperature of desmoldagem what respected the phase eutetóide of 730ºC, satisfactory results were obtained since the concentration of low residual tensions, concentrating around 50MPa and the item for his time projected to support up to 320 MPa of hard-working efforts. The results prove what even taking different quantities of pieces as a mold, consequently you distinguish of volume from emptied liquid metal, there were no variations in the concentration of the residual tensions in the piece that could in some form compromise the performance in his application. one concludes so that the concentration of residual tensions with maximum of 50MPa, does not affect his performance in function of the demand of efforts suffered by the piece in the system pantograph of the plant machines. Being able in this way, to be used with security and guarantee of the product will attend the demand of efforts and demands of load for which was projected. / Este trabalho tem por principal finalidade realizar um estudo através da utilização do software de simulação numérica Magma, para verificação das tensões residuais provocadas pelo processo de fundição, no suporte do pantógrafo da semeadeira utilizada na agricultura de precisão. Esta necessidade surge em função de quebra de peças em testes de bancada realizados anteriormente na fase de desenvolvimento do protótipo, sinalizando a possibilidade de uma possível fragilização do componente em função do excesso de concentração de tensões residuais no item ou esforços aplicados. A metodologia utilizada foi através da realização de simulações com uso do software de simulação numérica, que analisou duas proposta para fundição das peças. A primeira possui três peças por molde e a segunda com duas peças por molde. Este perfil da distribuição de peças no molde tende a provocar um comportamento diferenciado entre as duas propostas e com isso verificar qual apresenta o melhor resultado, ou seja, menor concentração de tensões residuais formadas durante o processo de fundição. A partir da simulação numérica realizada, onde se considerou as principais variáveis, a disposição de peças no molde, temperatura de desmoldagem que respeitou a fase eutetóide de 730ºC, obtiveram-se resultados satisfatórios já que a concentração de tensões residuais baixas, concentrando-se em torno de 50MPa e o item por sua vez projetado para suportar até 320 MPa de esforços aplicados. Os resultados comprovam que mesmo tendo diferentes quantidades de peças por molde, consequentemente diferenças de volume de metal líquido vazado, não houveram variações na concentração das tensões residuais na peça que pudessem de alguma forma comprometer o desempenho em sua aplicação. Conclui-se portanto que a concentração de tensões residuais com máximo de 50MPa, não afeta o seu desempenho em função da exigência de esforços sofridos pela peça no sistema pantográfico da semeadeira. Podendo desta forma, ser utilizada com segurança e garantia de o produto atenderá a demanda de esforços e exigências de carga para a qual foi projetada.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:37:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2148996 bytes, checksum: 0f782ede5a559058721ff442c36a8c2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu lato (s.l.) is a complex of many species that are important pathogens of a large number of woody and herbaceous plants. One of this hosts is rubber tree (Hevea sp.), that is native to the Amazon and belong to the family Euphorbiacea. Rubber tree is grown in order to produce latex, the main raw material for obtaining natural rubber that is used in many different industries. Ceratocystis fimbriata infects the rubber tree panel, causing gray mold that affects latex production. C. fimbriata is considered now as a "species complex" containing cryptic species, and many of them remain undescribed. Thus, the aim of this work was to determine the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the fungus that causes gray mold in rubber tree in order to confirm whether it is a new species of fimbriata complex. For this, it was used 20 isolates obtained from rubber tree for analysis of genetic variability. Of these, four isolates were selected for morphological and phylogenetic analysis and of those, two isolates were used for pathogenicity tests. According to the sequences of ITS r-DNA, the isolates of C. fimbriata of rubber tree belong to the Latin American clade, with two ITS genotypes, that is related to their geographical origin. One genotype was originated from the state of Acre and the other one from the state of Bahia, which was also confirmed by microsatellite markers. The inoculations showed no specialization to the host, since they were pathogenic to different host species (mango, crotalaria, acacia, eucalyptus and kiwi). Therefore, according to the results of this work, the isolates of rubber tree belong to the Latin American clade and confirmed as C. fimbriata and not a distinct species. / Espécies do complexo Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu lato (s.l.) são importantes patógenos de um grande número de plantas arbóreas e herbáceas, dentre elas a seringueira (Hevea sp.), nativa da região amazônica e pertencente a família Euphorbiaceae. A seringueira é cultivada visando a produção do látex, a principal matéria prima para obtenção da borracha natural que é utilizada em diversos setores. Ceratocystis fimbriata infecta o painel da seringueira, causando uma doença conhecida como mofo cinzento que afeta negativamente a produção de látex. Ceratocystis fimbriata s.l. considerado, atualmente, como um complexo de espécies contendo várias espécies crípticas, muitas das quais ainda não descritas. Deste modo, objetivou-se com este trabalho, determinar a morfologia, o relacionamento filogenético e especificidade de hospedeiro do fungo causador do mofo cinzento em seringueira, de modo a confirmar se é uma nova espécie do complexo fimbriata. Para isso, foram utilizados 20 isolados de seringueira para análise de variabilidade genética. Dentre estes, quatro isolados foram selecionados para análises morfológicas e filogenéticas e destes, dois foram utilizados para testes de patogenicidade. De acordo com as sequências de ITS r-DNA analisadas, os isolados de C. fimbriata de seringueira pertencem ao clado da América Latina, com dois genótipos de ITS, de acordo com a origem geográfica, sendo eles originados do Estado do Acre e o outro do Estado da Bahia, também confirmados por análises de microssatélites. As inoculações mostraram que não há especialização, quanto ao hospedeiro, uma vez que foram patogênicos a diferentes espécies hospedeiras (manga, crotalária, acácia, eucalipto e kiwi). Portanto, de acordo com os resultados deste trabalho, os isolados de seringueira pertencem ao clado da América Latina e são confirmados como C. fimbriata e não uma espécie distinta.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:42:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 550307 bytes, checksum: 0df08c84d82f26ea26cca91aae2a1b91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Knowledge about the genetic structure of the population of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum can help decide the most adequate white mold management strategies, especially the development and use of resistant cultivars. The objective of this work was to study the genetic structure of populations of S. sclerotiorum on bean crops in Minas Gerais. We quantified the genetic variability of 127 isolates from four beanproducing regions (subpopulations), based on eight microsatellite markers. There was high genetic variability, with most variation due to differences among individuals within subpopulations. We identified 59 alleles and 65 haplotypes, with 49 haplotypes represented by a single isolate. There was no evidence of random mating in the subpopulations. Highest clonal fraction was recorded for the Zona da Mata subpopulation. The total population is moderately structured. However, there was no genetic differentiation between subpopulations of Noroeste, Zona da Mata, and Triângulo. However, all three subpopulations differed from that of Sul. Six cluster of isolates were detected, with evidence of immigrants among them. Most of the isolates from Sul subpopulation constituted a single group. In other groups there was mixing of individuals from other subpopulations. The high genetic variability observed in the population of S. sclerotiorum warns for greater care in the selection of bean genotypes resistant to white mold. The selection process should be performed in different regions of Minas Gerais in order to minimize the risk of supplanting resistance. / O conhecimento sobre a estrutura genética da população de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum é importante para direcionar as estratégias de controle do mofo-branco do feijoeiro, principalmente o desenvolvimento e uso de cultivares resistentes ao patógeno. Objetivou-se estudar a estrutura genética das populações de S. sclerotiorum em lavouras de feijão em Minas Gerais. Analisaram-se 127 isolados provenientes de quatro regiões produtoras de feijão (subpopulações) em Minas Gerais quanto ao polimorfismo identificado por oito marcadores microssatélites. Houve alta diversidade genética, com maior parte da variação decorrente de diferenças entre indivíduos dentro das subpopulações. Identificaram-se 65 haplótipos, sendo 49 representados por um único isolado e 59 alelos. Não houve evidência de acasalamento aleatório nas subpopulações. Maior fração clonal foi registrada na subpopulação da Zona da Mata. A população está moderadamente estruturada. Contudo, não houve diferenciação genética entre as subpopulações do Noroeste, Zona da Mata e Triângulo Mineiro. Houve diferença da subpopulação Sul em relação às demais. Pela análise de agrupamento detectou-se a existência de seis grupos, com a presença de imigrantes entre eles. A maioria dos isolados da subpopulação Sul constituiu um único grupo. Nos outros grupos houve mistura de indivíduos das diferentes subpopulações. A alta variabilidade genética observada nas populações de S. sclerotiorum, implica em maiores cuidados na seleção de materiais resistentes ao mofo branco. O processo de seleção deve ser realizado em diferentes regiões de Minas Gerais a fim de minimizar os riscos de suplantação de resistência.