Les futures générations de microbatteries devant fonctionner à des tensions plus faibles, ces travaux sont dédiés à l’étude de matériaux d’électrodes en couche mince pour accumulateurs au Na et Na-ion pouvant répondre à ce nouveau cahier des charges. Ce manuscrit décrit ainsi le choix, l’élaboration et la caractérisation de matériaux d’électrode massifs et en couches minces. Les matériaux présentés ont été sélectionnés pour leur potentiel de fonctionnement et du mécanisme régissant l’insertion des ions alcalins. Pour chaque matériau, notre démarche a impliqué l’élaboration d’une cible permettant le dépôt par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron RF. Les différents paramètres de dépôt ont été optimisés pour obtenir les propriétés physico-chimiques et électrochimiques désirées et dresser une comparaison entre la configuration massive et en couche mince. L’étude du Fe2(MoO4)3 montre les différences de mécanismes selon l’ion alcalin employé. Le bismuth (mécanisme d’alliage), étudié en couches minces, nous a permis d’élucider des réactions électrolytiques parasites ; nos travaux s’attardant également sur les composés NaBi et Na3Bi. Enfin, cette thèse présente 2 sulfures, le matériau « de conversion » FeS2 et un nouveau matériau lamellaire : le Na2TiS3. / As the next generations of microbatteries are expected to power microelectronics devices working at lower voltages, we address the elaboration and characterization of electrode materials for sodium microbatteries. The described materials were selected according to several criterions including their working potentials and insertion mechanisms. For each material, the deposition of thin films was performed using RF magnetron sputtering, the deposition parameters being optimised in order to reach the targeted properties and to highlight the special features of thin film electrodes. The study of the intercalation compound Fe2(MoO4)3 shows the differences in mechanism between Li and Na insertion; while the alloying compound Bi undergoes parasitic electrolytic reactions. Our work also addresses two sulphides: the conversion compound FeS2 and the new layered material Na2TiS3.

Os materiais CaWO4:TR3+, CaMoO4:TR3+, Ca(MO4):TR3+ (TR: Pr3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Tb3+ e Dy3+) (M: W e Mo) foram preparados pelo método da coprecipitação acoplado ao método ultrassônico a fim de estudar suas aplicações em materiais fotônicos aplicados em LEDs. Após a reação de precipitação, o material foi filtrado sob pressão reduzida, lavado com água destilada, seco e armazenado em dessecador a vácuo. Esses materiais sem tratamento térmico se mostraram como pós brancos, de aspecto uniforme, cristalinos, não higroscópicos e insolúveis em solventes polares e apolares. Após a síntese, os materiais foram submetidos a tratamento térmico em forno resistivo (1000 °C / 3 h) e sob radiação micro-ondas (5 min; ~1100 °C e 22 min; ~1200 °C). Este método oferece muitas vantagens se comparado aos métodos convencionais, tais como: método simples de operação, baixo custo, tempo curto de síntese e procedimento ambientalmente correto. Os materiais tratados sob altas temperaturas foram comparados com aqueles materiais sem tratamento térmico. Os materiais foram caracterizados pelas seguintes técnicas: espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho (IV), análise termogravimetria (TG), difratometria de raios X - método do pó (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e energia dispersiva de raios X (EDS). Os picos dentro do difratograma de raios X foram indexados na estrutura tetragonal scheelita I41/a. As propriedades fotoluminescentes dos compostos Ca(MO4) (M: W e Mo) dopados com Dy3+ e codopados com Eu3+ foram investigadas com base nas transições intraconfiguracionais 4f dos íons TR3+. Os espectros de excitação apresentaram bandas largas na região do UV, atribuídas às bandas de transferência de carga LMCT O→W; O→Mo e O→Eu3+. Os espectros de excitação dos fósforos dopados com Tb3+ apresentaram as bandas de absorção largas atribuídas à transferência de carga LMCT O→W6+ (5d) e O→Mo6+ (4d) sobrepostas às transições 4f8→4f75d1 do íon Tb3+ e também picos finos oriundos das transições 4f referentes aos íons Pr3+ (4f2), Sm3+ (4f5), Eu3+ (4f6), Tb3+ (4f8) e Dy3+ (4f9). O material CaWO4:Eu3+ submetido a tratamento térmico em forno resistivo (1000 °C / 3 h) apresentou o fenômeno da luminescência persistente de cor vermelha. O material triplamente dopado CaWO4:Eu3+,Tb3+,Dy3+ apresentou cores ajustáveis, indo do branco quente ao branco frio, com grande potencial para aplicação em materiais fotônicos para iluminação no estado sólido. Também, os materiais CaWO4:Eu3+,Tb3+,Dy3+ e Ca(MO4):Dy3+,Eu3+ (M: W e Mo) foram montados a base de um polímero óptico de silicone e utilizando um LED de GaN de alta potência, gerando luz branca fria e quente de altas intensidades. As coordenadas CIE (Commission Internationale l\'Eclairage) sugerem emissões multicolores dos sistemas dopados com diferentes íons TR: Pr3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Tb3+, Dy3+. Esses materiais se mostraram promissores em aplicação de materiais de iluminação do estado sólido, com a vantagem de serem preparados de forma rápida, em poucas etapas, com alto rendimento e serem ambientalmente amigáveis. / The materials CaWO4:TR3+, CaMoO4:TR3+, Ca(MO4):TR3+ (TR: Pr3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Tb3+ e Dy3+) (M: W and Mo) were prepared by the coprecipitation and ultrasonic method in order to study their applications in photonic materials applied in LEDs. After the precipitation reaction, the material was filtered under reduced pressure, washed with distilled water, dried and stored in vacuum desiccator. These as prepared materials were shown to be white powders, uniform in appearance, crystalline, non-hygroscopic and insoluble in polar and apolar solvents. After the synthesis the materials were submitted to thermal treatment in resistive furnace (1000 °C / 3 h) and also under microwave radiation (5 min; 1100 °C e 22 min; 1200 °C). This method offers many advantages compared to conventional methods, such as: simple operation method, low cost, brief synthesis time and environmentally correct procedure. The materials treated under high temperatures were compared with those materials without heat treatment. In the characterization of these phosphors, the following techniques were used: infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The X-ray diffraction peaks were indexed in the scheelite tetragonal structure. The photoluminescent properties of the compounds Ca(MO4) (M: W and Mo) Dy3+ doped and Eu3+ codoped were investigated based on the intraconfiguration transitions 4f of the TR3+ ions. Excitation spectra showed broad bands in the UV region attributed to the LMCT O → W charge transfer bands; O → Mo and O Eu3+. The excitation spectra of the phosphors doped with Tb3+ showed the wide absorption bands attributed to the charge transfer LMCT O2- (2p)W6+ (5d) and O2-(2p)Mo6+ (4d) overlapping the transitions 4f8→4f75d1 of Tb3+ ion and also fine peaks originating from the 4f transitions referring to ions Pr3+ (4f2), Sm3+ (4f5), Eu3+ (4f6), Tb3+ (4f8) and Dy3+ (4f9). The CaWO4:Eu3+ material submitted to thermal treatment in a resistive oven (1000 °C / 3 h) exhibited the phenomenon of persistent red color luminescence. The triply-doped CaWO4:Eu3+,Tb3+,Dy3+ showed color matching, ranging from warm white to cool white, promising to be an excellent material to be applied in photonic materials for solid state lighting. Also, the materials CaWO4:Eu3+,Tb3+,Dy3+ and Ca(MO4):Dy3+,Eu3+ (M: W and Mo) were assembled on the basis of a silicone optical polymer and using a high power GaN LED, generating warm white and cold white light of high intensities. The CIE (Commission Internationale l\'Eclairage) coordinates suggest multicolored emissions of multicolor systems doped with various TR3+ ions: TR3+: Pr3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Tb3+, Dy3+. These materials have proven to be promising in the application of solid state lighting materials, with the advantage of being quickly prepared, in a few steps, high performance and environmentally friendly.

Os materiais CaWO4:TR3+, CaMoO4:TR3+, Ca(MO4):TR3+ (TR: Pr3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Tb3+ e Dy3+) (M: W e Mo) foram preparados pelo método da coprecipitação acoplado ao método ultrassônico a fim de estudar suas aplicações em materiais fotônicos aplicados em LEDs. Após a reação de precipitação, o material foi filtrado sob pressão reduzida, lavado com água destilada, seco e armazenado em dessecador a vácuo. Esses materiais sem tratamento térmico se mostraram como pós brancos, de aspecto uniforme, cristalinos, não higroscópicos e insolúveis em solventes polares e apolares. Após a síntese, os materiais foram submetidos a tratamento térmico em forno resistivo (1000 °C / 3 h) e sob radiação micro-ondas (5 min; ~1100 °C e 22 min; ~1200 °C). Este método oferece muitas vantagens se comparado aos métodos convencionais, tais como: método simples de operação, baixo custo, tempo curto de síntese e procedimento ambientalmente correto. Os materiais tratados sob altas temperaturas foram comparados com aqueles materiais sem tratamento térmico. Os materiais foram caracterizados pelas seguintes técnicas: espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho (IV), análise termogravimetria (TG), difratometria de raios X - método do pó (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e energia dispersiva de raios X (EDS). Os picos dentro do difratograma de raios X foram indexados na estrutura tetragonal scheelita I41/a. As propriedades fotoluminescentes dos compostos Ca(MO4) (M: W e Mo) dopados com Dy3+ e codopados com Eu3+ foram investigadas com base nas transições intraconfiguracionais 4f dos íons TR3+. Os espectros de excitação apresentaram bandas largas na região do UV, atribuídas às bandas de transferência de carga LMCT O→W; O→Mo e O→Eu3+. Os espectros de excitação dos fósforos dopados com Tb3+ apresentaram as bandas de absorção largas atribuídas à transferência de carga LMCT O→W6+ (5d) e O→Mo6+ (4d) sobrepostas às transições 4f8→4f75d1 do íon Tb3+ e também picos finos oriundos das transições 4f referentes aos íons Pr3+ (4f2), Sm3+ (4f5), Eu3+ (4f6), Tb3+ (4f8) e Dy3+ (4f9). O material CaWO4:Eu3+ submetido a tratamento térmico em forno resistivo (1000 °C / 3 h) apresentou o fenômeno da luminescência persistente de cor vermelha. O material triplamente dopado CaWO4:Eu3+,Tb3+,Dy3+ apresentou cores ajustáveis, indo do branco quente ao branco frio, com grande potencial para aplicação em materiais fotônicos para iluminação no estado sólido. Também, os materiais CaWO4:Eu3+,Tb3+,Dy3+ e Ca(MO4):Dy3+,Eu3+ (M: W e Mo) foram montados a base de um polímero óptico de silicone e utilizando um LED de GaN de alta potência, gerando luz branca fria e quente de altas intensidades. As coordenadas CIE (Commission Internationale l\'Eclairage) sugerem emissões multicolores dos sistemas dopados com diferentes íons TR: Pr3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Tb3+, Dy3+. Esses materiais se mostraram promissores em aplicação de materiais de iluminação do estado sólido, com a vantagem de serem preparados de forma rápida, em poucas etapas, com alto rendimento e serem ambientalmente amigáveis. / The materials CaWO4:TR3+, CaMoO4:TR3+, Ca(MO4):TR3+ (TR: Pr3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Tb3+ e Dy3+) (M: W and Mo) were prepared by the coprecipitation and ultrasonic method in order to study their applications in photonic materials applied in LEDs. After the precipitation reaction, the material was filtered under reduced pressure, washed with distilled water, dried and stored in vacuum desiccator. These as prepared materials were shown to be white powders, uniform in appearance, crystalline, non-hygroscopic and insoluble in polar and apolar solvents. After the synthesis the materials were submitted to thermal treatment in resistive furnace (1000 °C / 3 h) and also under microwave radiation (5 min; 1100 °C e 22 min; 1200 °C). This method offers many advantages compared to conventional methods, such as: simple operation method, low cost, brief synthesis time and environmentally correct procedure. The materials treated under high temperatures were compared with those materials without heat treatment. In the characterization of these phosphors, the following techniques were used: infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The X-ray diffraction peaks were indexed in the scheelite tetragonal structure. The photoluminescent properties of the compounds Ca(MO4) (M: W and Mo) Dy3+ doped and Eu3+ codoped were investigated based on the intraconfiguration transitions 4f of the TR3+ ions. Excitation spectra showed broad bands in the UV region attributed to the LMCT O → W charge transfer bands; O → Mo and O Eu3+. The excitation spectra of the phosphors doped with Tb3+ showed the wide absorption bands attributed to the charge transfer LMCT O2- (2p)W6+ (5d) and O2-(2p)Mo6+ (4d) overlapping the transitions 4f8→4f75d1 of Tb3+ ion and also fine peaks originating from the 4f transitions referring to ions Pr3+ (4f2), Sm3+ (4f5), Eu3+ (4f6), Tb3+ (4f8) and Dy3+ (4f9). The CaWO4:Eu3+ material submitted to thermal treatment in a resistive oven (1000 °C / 3 h) exhibited the phenomenon of persistent red color luminescence. The triply-doped CaWO4:Eu3+,Tb3+,Dy3+ showed color matching, ranging from warm white to cool white, promising to be an excellent material to be applied in photonic materials for solid state lighting. Also, the materials CaWO4:Eu3+,Tb3+,Dy3+ and Ca(MO4):Dy3+,Eu3+ (M: W and Mo) were assembled on the basis of a silicone optical polymer and using a high power GaN LED, generating warm white and cold white light of high intensities. The CIE (Commission Internationale l\'Eclairage) coordinates suggest multicolored emissions of multicolor systems doped with various TR3+ ions: TR3+: Pr3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Tb3+, Dy3+. These materials have proven to be promising in the application of solid state lighting materials, with the advantage of being quickly prepared, in a few steps, high performance and environmentally friendly.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Os molibidatos constituem uma grande classe de compostos inorgÃnicos e tÃm sido o objeto de vÃrias investigaÃÃes, devido o estudo ainda nÃo realizado no mesmo usando espectroscopia Raman em funÃÃo da pressÃo e as diversas aplicabilidades em diversos campos de estudos do Na2MoO4.2H2O nos motivamos a realiza este estudo. Geralmente os membros desta famÃlia possuem fÃrmula geral Y2XO4.nH2O, onde Y = (Na, Ca), X = (Mo, S, W, Mn) com n = (0, 1, 3, 4...). O Na2MoO4.2H2O foi estudado atravÃs de experimentos de espectroscopia Raman visando investigar os efeitos da aplicaÃÃo de pressÃo hidrostÃtica em suas propriedades estruturais e vibracionais. Na cÃlula de pressÃo (DAC, do inglÃs Diamond Anvil Cell, que permite a obtenÃÃo de pressÃo de 0-10GPa) foram utilizados como meios compressores uma mistura de Ãlcoois (metanol e etanol na proporÃÃo de 4:1) e Ãleo mineral (Nujol). O material Na2MoO4.2H2O experimenta uma transiÃÃo de fase quando o meio compressor à a mistura de Ãlcoois, sendo esta transiÃÃo estrutural. Jà quando o meio compressor à o nujol (Ãleo mineral) o Na2MoO4.2H2O experimenta duas transiÃÃes de fase. A diferenÃa para tais acontecimentos à que o Na2MoO4.2H2O interage com o meio compressor Ãlcool, uma vez que ao relaxar-se a pressÃo o espectro do material apresenta-se como se estivesse semidesidratrado nÃo voltando para a fase original (fase α). Quando o meio compressor à o nujol, alÃm de uma fase adicional, o Na2MoO4.2H2O, no processo de relaxamento, recupera a fase original, sendo que a fase intermediÃria à suprimida devido ao efeito de histerese. Portanto, identificam-se trÃs fases distintas no Na2MoO4.2H2O, uma no intervalo de 0 a 3,0 GPa (fase α), outra entre 3,0 e 4,0 GPa (fase δ) e a terceira acima de 4,0 GPa (fase β). A primeira transiÃÃo da fase α para a fase δ à uma transiÃÃo conformacional, devido a distorÃÃes nos tetraedros MoO4, saindo do grupo de simetria D2h15. A segunda transiÃÃo à uma transiÃÃo estrutural devido ao colapso de dois modos em um Ãnico modo, principalmente na regiÃo dos modos da rede, o que indica uma transiÃÃo para uma estrutura de maior simetria que a anterior (possivelmente de ortorrÃmbica para tetragonal). / The molibidatos up a large class of inorganic compounds and have been the subject of several investigations. Usually the members of this family have Y2XO4.nH2O general formula, where Y = (Na, Ca), X = (Mo, S, W, Mn) with n = (0, 1, 3, 4...). The Na2MoO4.2H2O was studied through experiments of Raman spectroscopy aimed at investigating the effects of hydrostatic pressure on their properties structural and vibrational. The material Na2MoO4.2H2O experiencing a transition phase when the compressor is half the mixture of alcohols, this transition is structural. When the compressor is the way nujol (mineral oil) Na2MoO4.2H2O try the two-phase transitions. The difference for these events is that the Na2MoO4.2H2O interacts with the environment compressor alcohol, since the pressure to relax the spectrum of the material presents itself as being semidesidratrado not going back to the original phase. When the compressor means is the nujol, as well as an additional step, the Na2MoO4.2H2O, in the process of relaxation, restores the original phase, where the interim stage is deleted due to the effect of hysteresis. Therefore, it identifies three distinct phases in Na2MoO4.2H2O, in a range of 0 to 3.0 GPa (phase α), another between 3.0 and 4.0 GPa (phase δ) and third over 4.0 GPa (phase β). The first transition from phase α to phase δ is a conformal transition, due to distortions in tetraedros MoO4, leaving the group of symmetry D2h 15. The second transition is a structural transition due to the collapse of two modes in a single event, especially in the modes of the network, which indicates a transition to a structure for greater symmetry than the previous (possibly of the orthorhombic for tetragonal).

Ce travail porte sur le comportement sous irradiation d'une vitrocéramique élaborée par traitement thermique d'une version riche en molybdène du verre de confinent de déchets nucléaires R7/T7 et plus particulièrement de la phase cristalline. Des terres rares (Nd3+ et Eu3+) sont utilisées à la fois comme simulants des produits de fission et des actinides mineurs et comme sondes structurales luminescentes. La phase cristalline présente dans ce type de vitrocéramique est un molybdate de calcium de type powellite CaMoO4 ayant incorporé divers éléments dont des terres rares. Les propriétés cristallochimiques de la phase powellite ont été étudiées notamment par spectroscopie Raman et photoluminescence grâce à divers échantillons naturels et céramiques de compositions allant de CaMoO4 à une modèle proche de celle des cristaux de la vitrocéramique : Ca0,76Sr0,1Na0,07Eu0,01La0,02Nd0,02Pr0,02MoO4. La largeur à mi-hauteur de la bande Raman à 880 cm-1 augmente linéairement en fonction du taux d'incorporation sur le site calcium, incorporation qui influe également sur les paramètres de maille. Le volume intrinsèque de la maille augmente ainsi de 2 %. L'étude d'analogues naturels contenant de l'uranium ainsi que de céramiques et vitrocéramiques irradiées aux ions hélium, argon et plomb a permis de montrer que la structure powellite était très résistante aux dégâts causés. Sous irradiation, le signal de luminescence de Eu3+ des différents échantillons tend à s'uniformiser. Cette uniformisation du signal se retrouve également en spectroscopie Raman. Alors qu'elle peut varier entre 6 et 12 cm-1 pour des céramiques saines, la largeur à mi-hauteur de la bande Raman à 880 cm-1 devient identique, de l'ordre de 18 cm-1, à partir de 10 dpa. Le désordre créé par les irradiations prend le pas sur celui créé par l'incorporation d'éléments dans la structure. Cependant, la spectroscopie Raman et la diffraction des rayons X montre que la structure reste cristalline, au moins partiellement. Sous irradiations, le gonflement de la powellite est en moyenne de 5 % mais est très hétérogène.

The goal of this work was to better understand how molybdate and trivalent cations can be used as additives to pH neutral electrolytes to activate the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER). Special emphasis was laid on the chlorate process and therefore also to some of the other effects that the additives may have in that particular process. Cathode films formed from the molybdate and trivalent cations have been investigated with electrochemical and surface analytical methods such as polarization curves, potential sweep, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), current efficiency measurements, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) analysis. Trivalent cations and molybdate both activate the HER, although in different ways. Ligand water bound to the trivalent cations replaces water as reactant in the HER. Since the ligand water has a lower pKa than free water, it is more easily electrochemically deprotonated than free water and thus catalyzes the HER. Sodium molybdate, on the other hand, is electrochemically reduced on the cathode and form films which catalyze the HER (on cathode materials with poor activity for HER). Molybdate forms films of molybdenum oxides on the electrode surface, while trivalent cation additions form hydroxide films. There is a risk for both types of films that their ohmic resistance increases and the activity of the HER decreases during their growth. Lab-scale experiments show that for films formed from molybdate, these negative effects become less pronounced when the molybdate concentration is reduced. Both types of films can also increase the selectivity of the HER by hindering unwanted side reactions, but none of them as efficiently as the toxic additive Cr(VI) used today in the chlorate process. Trivalent cations are not soluble in chlorate electrolyte and thus not suitable for the chlorate process, whereas molybdate, over a wide pH range, can activate the HER on catalytically poor cathode materials such as titanium. / Målsättningen med detta doktorsarbete har varit att bättre förstå hur trivalenta katjoner och molybdat lösta i elektrolyten kan effektivisera elektrokemisk vätgasproduktion. Tillämpningen av dessa tillsatser i kloratprocessen och eventuella sidoeffekter har undersökts. De filmer som bildas på katoden av tillsatserna har undersökts med både elektrokemiska och fysikaliska ytanalysmetoder: polarisationskurvor, potentialsvep, elektrokemisk impedansspektroskopi (EIS), strömutbytesmätningar, svepelektronmikroskopi (SEM), energidispersiv röntgenspektroskopi (EDS), röntgenfotoelektronspektroskopi (XPS), röntgenfluorensens (XRF) och induktivt kopplat plasma (ICP). Både trivalenta katjoner och molybdat kan aktivera elektrokemisk vätgasutveckling, men på olika sätt. Vatten bundet till trivalenta katjoner ersätter fritt vatten som reaktant vid vätgasutveckling. Eftersom vatten bundet till trivalenta katjoner har lägre pKa-värde, går det lättare att producera vätgas från dessa komplex än från fritt vatten. Natriummolybdat däremot reduceras på katoden och bildar filmer som kan katalysera vätgasutvecklingen på substratmaterial som har låg katalytisk aktivitet för reaktionen. Molybdat bildar molybdenoxider på ytan medan trivalenta katjoner bildar metallhydroxider. Båda typerna av film riskerar att bilda filmer som är resistiva och deaktiverar vätgasutvecklingen. Laboratorieexperiment visar att problemen minskar med minskad molybdathalt. Båda filmerna kan öka selektiviteten för vätgasutveckling genom att hindra sidoreaktioner. Filmerna är dock inte lika effektiva som de filmer som bildas från den ohälsosamma tillsatsen Cr(VI), vilken används i kloratprocessen idag. Trivalenta katjoner är inte lösliga i kloratelektrolyt och är därför inte en lämplig tillsats i kloratprocessen. Molybdat har god löslighet och kan aktivera vätgasutveckling i ett stort pH‑intervall på titan och andra substratmaterial som själva har betydlig sämre aktivitet för vätgasutveckling. / <p>QC 20120530</p> / c6839

Orientador: Celia Marina de Alvarenga Freire / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T09:54:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lumpp_SheilaNatalia_D.pdf: 7607784 bytes, checksum: 0892439e357279a60883fdec8ee11bd8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Os revestimentos de ligas de zinco obtidos por processo de eletrodeposição apresentam maior resistência à corrosão que o zinco puro, porém necessitam de um tratamento posterior para reduzir a formação dos produtos de corrosão branca. O processo de cromatização, até o presente momento, apresenta os melhores resultados como tratamento de passivação para revestimentos de ligas de zinco, embora seja altamente tóxico. Os primeiros estudos com o objetivo de eliminar o uso do cromo hexavalente utilizaram metais oxianions similares ao cromato, como molibdatos, vanadatos e permanganatos, sendo o molibdato o mais estudado devido a sua natureza não tóxica e habilidade para a formação de filmes que reduzem a corrosão localizada em aços inoxidáveis. Este processo de formação de camadas passivas pode ser realizado por imersão ou por tratamento catódico em soluções de molibdatos de amônio ou de sódio. Um outro processo estudado como alternativo à substituição do cromo hexavalente é baseado em metais terras raras. Recentemente, na literatura têm-se encontrado somente resultados em alumínio e aço inoxidável, porém ainda são poucos os estudos em revestimentos de ligas de zinco. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o uso de molibdatos e terras raras como agentes passivantes para revestimentos de ligas ZnNi e ZnCo eletrodepositados. Os revestimentos foram preparados usando banho comercial, sendo analisados em processo de eletrodeposição, o uso da corrente pulsada e contínua. O efeito da densidade de corrente média e os valores de rendimento de ciclo sobre a resistência à corrosão do revestimento, foram investigados. O tratamento catódico em solução de molibdato de amônio, e os tratamentos eletroquímico e de imersão em nitrato de cério foram considerados. A morfologia dos revestimentos de liga ZnNi e ZnCo e também das camadas de passivação foram analisadas utilizando microscópio eletrônico de varredura. A composição dos revestimentos de liga foi determinada pela técnica de EDS e a resistência à corrosão pela técnica de Espectroscopia de Impedância Eletroquímica (ElE) / Abstract: The electroplated zinc alloy coatings present better corrosion resistance than pure zinc, but they need a posterior passive treatment aiming the reduction of the formation of white corrosion products. Chromate conversion process is the process that, until now, presents the best results as passive treatment for zinc alloy coatings, although it presents high toxicity. The first studies with the objective of the elimination of hexavalent chromium made use of oxyanions similar to chromate, such as molybdate, vanadate and permanganate, being molybdate the most studied one, due to its non toxic nature and its ability in reducing stainless steel pit corrosion. In molybdate oxide process, the passive layer can be formed by immersion or by cathodic treatment in ammonium or sodium molybdate solutions. Another passive process, that has been studied for substituting hexavalent chromium process is based on rare earth. However, in literature, it is found only results for aluminium and stainless steel corrosion control, but not for electroplated zinc alloy coatings. The purpose of the present work is to study the use of molybdate and rare earth in passive processes for electroplated ZnNi and ZnCo alloy coatings. The coatings are prepared using commercial bath, being analyzed, in plating process, the use of continuous and pulse current coating electrodeposition. The effect of average current density and duty cycle values on coatings corrosion resistance are investigated. In passive processes, cathodic treatment in ammonium molybdate solution; electrochemical treatment and immersion treatment in cerium nitrate and ammonium molybdate solutions were considered. The morphology of ZnNi and ZnCo coatings and of passive layers are evaluated using Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). Composition of zinc alloy coatings was determined by EDS technique and corrosion resistance was evaluated by Electrochemical Impedance technique / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

No description available.

Senegal ranks second for mango production among West African countries and has the potential to competitively produce mangoes for the European market. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. and Sacc. has historically been considered the causal pathogen of anthracnose of mango and other fruits, but is now known to represent a species complex. Field trials to examine the efficacy of fungicides and biofungicides were conducted in southern and northern production regions of Senegal. In three southern trials, Sonata (Bacillus pumilus strain QST 2808), Serenade Optimum (Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713), and sodium molybdate provided 63%, 67% and 76% control of disease severity, respectively, whereas thiophanate methyl and azoxystrobin provided 77% and 78% control, respectively. Disease severities of all treatments were significantly lower than that of the control. Thiophanate methyl and azoxystrobin produced more disease-free mangoes (64 and 62%, respectively) than Serenade (49%), sodium molybdate (44%), and Sonata (38%). Differences within each trial were not statistically significant, but when all trials were combined, all treatments resulted in significantly more disease-free mangoes than the control. Among treatments, thiophanate methyl and azoxystrobin resulted in significantly more disease-free mangoes than Sonata. No results were obtained in the northern orchards due to an absence of disease development. Sequencing of the ITS gene region of 30 Colletotrichum isolates from mangoes from different regions in Senegal indicated that all belonged to the C. gloeosporioides species complex. Sequencing of the ApMat intergenic region identified all of them as most closely resembling C. siamense. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

Das Phasendiagramm Sn - Mo - O wurde für 500°C und 1000°C experimentell abgeleitet. Als ternäre Phasen konnten SnMo2O8 und Sn1-xMo4-yO6-2y dargestellt werden. Die Phasen SnMo5O8 und Sn4,4Mo24O38 konnten unterhalb von 1000°C nicht dargestellt werden. Die Phase SnMo2O8 wurde über Festkörper - Gasphasenreaktion einkristallin dargestellt und auf ihr thermisches Verhalten untersucht. Anhand dieser Untersuchungen konnte das Phasendiagramm SnO2 - MoO3 abgeleitet werden. An dieser Phase wurden Einkristall-untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die Struktur der Phase SnMo2O8 wurde in der Raumgruppe Pa (a = 8,967 Å) gelöst. Die Zinnatome besetzen die Flächen - und Kantenmitten der Elementarzelle. Die Lage der Molybdän - und Sauerstoffpositionen kann über ein Fehlordnungsmodell beschrieben werden. Die Phase Sn1-xMo4-yO6-2y konnte über chemischen Transport mit Wasser einkristallin hergestellt werden. Einkristalluntersuchungen bestätigten eine Überstruktur zur NaMo4O6 - Struktur. Die Phase weist mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Unterstöchiometrie im Zinngehalt, sowie im Molybdän - bzw. Sauerstoffgehalt auf. Diese Tatsache konnte durch Mößbaueruntersuchungen am Pulver von Sn1-xMo4-yO6-2y bestätigt werden. Eine Lösung der Struktur von Sn1-xMo4-yO6-2y war bisher nicht möglich. Die thermodynamischen Daten der Phasen SnMo2O8 und SnMo4O6 (vereinfacht für Sn1-xMo4-yO6-2y) konnten theoretisch abgeleitet werden. Das Zustandsdiagramm Sn - Mo - O wurde berechnet. Die Überprüfung der Daten erfolgte durch die Berechnung der Bodenkörper - Gasphasengleichgewichte mit dem Programm TRAGMIN. Mit den abgeleiteten Daten wurden Berechnungen zum chemischen Transportverhalten durchgeführt. Dabei wurde gefunden, dass sich die Phase Sn1-xMo4-yO6-2y über chemischen Transport abscheiden lässt. Das Phasendiagramm Pb - Mo - O wurde bis 1000°C experimentell abgeleitet. Die Phasen PbMoO4 und Pb2MoO5 konnten als einphasige Pulver hergestellt werden. Die Phase Pb0,75Mo4O6 konnte über chemischen Transport einkristallin abgeschieden werden. Beim Erhitzen auf 1250°C wurde die Zersetzung dieser Phase in die Phase PbMo5O8 und Mo beobachtet. Die thermodynamischen Daten der Phasen PbMoO4, Pb2MoO5, Pb5MoO8 und Pb0,75Mo4O6 konnten theoretisch abgeleitet werden. Das Zustandsdiagramm Pb - Mo - O wurde berechnet. Im Verlauf der Rechnungen wurde das Zustandsdiagramm PbO - MoO3 mit dem Programm CHEMSAGE berechnet und mit den Literaturdaten verglichen. Die Überprüfung der Daten erfolgte durch die Berechnung der Bodenkörper - Gasphasengleichgewichte mit dem Programm TRAGMIN. Mit den abgeleiteten Daten wurden Berechnungen zum chemischen Transportverhalten durchgeführt. Dabei wurde gefunden, dass sich die Phase Pb0,75Mo4O6 über chemischen Transport abscheiden lässt. Das Phasendiagramm Sb - Mo - O wurde bei 500°C bzw. 700°C experimentell abgeleitet. Im System existieren die Phasen Sb2MoO6 und Sb2Mo10O31. Sb2Mo10O31 konnte einphasig als Pulver hergestellt werden. Die Existenz einer Phase mit der Zusammensetzung Sb4Mo10O31 konnte nicht bestätigt werden. Es wurden Hinweise auf eine dritte ternäre Phase im System Sb - Mo - O gefunden. Die Phasen Sb2MoO6 und Sb2Mo10O31 konnten über chemischen Transport einkristallin dargestellt werden. Mößbaueruntersuchungen an Sb2Mo10O31 ergaben, dass in der Verbindung ausschliesslich dreiwertiges Sb vorliegt und somit Mo gemischtvalent sein muss. Die thermodynamischen Daten der Phasen Sb2MoO6 und Sb2Mo10O31 konnten theoretisch abgeleitet werden. Das Zustandsdiagramm Sb - Mo - O wurde berechnet. Die Überprüfung der Daten erfolgte durch die Berechnung der Bodenkörper - Gasphasengleichgewichte mit dem Programm TRAGMIN. Mit den abgeleiteten Daten wurden Berechnungen zum chemischen Transportverhalten durchgeführt. Dabei wurde gefunden, dass sich beide ternäre Phasen über chemischen Transport abscheiden lassen.