La présente thèse, d’une manière générale relève des Etudes arabes. Elle est située, au sein de ces dernières, au croisement de deux disciplines relevant des sciences du langage : la traductologie et la lexicographie bilingue. Cette dernière est elle-même liée à la traduction, et de l’autre aux problématiques du sens, et notamment dans la langue de départ. C’est l’écheveau des relations complexes entre traductologie et lexicographie que nous allons chercher à dénouer dans le présent travail, consacré en propre à la traduction de l’arabe vers le français et à l’analyse des réseaux de sens au sein de la langue de départ qu’est ici l’arabe. Le problème que nous cherchons à traiter dans cette thèse est celui des dictionnaires bilingues arabes-français. Pour cela nous avons réfléchi à la nécessité que la langue de départ, soit confrontée à elle-même, selon ce que Jakobson (1963) a appelé « traduction intralinguale». Nous avons donc tenté d’étudier les données lexicales de la langue dans la langue arabe elle-même en nous appuyant sur les informations que contiennent les dictionnaires monolingues que nous avons choisis pour notre recherche. Il est bien connu que le dictionnaire bilingue est en ce qui concerne l’arabe postérieur au dictionnaire monolingue. L’arabe, en tant que langue à forte tradition normative, a d’abord connu des dictionnaires monolingues. La lexicographie arabe se caractérise aussi par la richesse et la variété de sa production médiévale entre les 8e et l8e siècles. Toutefois si l’on dispose de beaucoup de dictionnaires monolingues, la lexicographie arabe bilingue demeure en comparaison moins explorée. La première partie de ce travail a pour but d’utiliser la perspective traductologique d’une part, et lexicographique de l’autre. Elle a pour objet d’introduire en la situant dans un cadre théorique général, la démarche lexicographique bilingue, allant de l’analyse sémantique du dictionnaire monolingue à l’élaboration du dictionnaire bilingue. La deuxième partie porte sur une étude de la lexicographie arabe monolingue pour déterminer son rapport avec la lexicographie arabe bilingue. La troisième et dernière partie porte sur les dictionnaires bilingues reconsidérés dans le cas des dictionnaires arabes. Ces dictionnaires sont en effet amenés par nécessité à tenir compte de deux grandes caractéristiques du vocabulaire de cette langue, qui est structuré en fonction de deux grands domaines de familles sémantiques « entrecroisées » : Les racines formelles et leurs sous-racines, et les sens grammaticaux associés aux patrons morpho syllabiques. / The thesis in general is relevant to Arabic studies. It is related to an intersection of two disciplines of the science of language: translation studies and bilingual lexicography. The last mentioned is linked to the translation itself also the meaning issue, more particular, the original text. It represents the crossing point of complex relations between science of translation and lexicography, this issue that we’ll try to solve in the actual work, it will be more about the translation of the Arabic language to the French language and the analyzing of semantic relations of the original text which is the Arabic language in this case. The problem of the bilingual dictionaries Arabic-French is the problem that we’ll look into during all the work of the thesis. That is why we gave a lot of thinking about the necessity of the original language to be confronted by itself according to what Jacobson (1963) has called “intralingual translation”. So we tried to study the lexical data of the language, by analyzing the data of the Arabic language itself while counting on the information given by the monolingual dictionaries that we have chosen. It is known that the bilingual dictionary related to Arabic language has appeared a while after the monolingual dictionary. The Arabic lexicography also known by its richness and its medieval production diversity between the 8th and the 18th centuries. Plus, the Arabic lexicography was not used as it should be and there was not a lot of studies of the subject. The goal of the first part is to use the translation perspective in a hand, and the lexicography from another hand, the object is to introduce the theoretical part in general, the bilingual lexicographical approach, from the semantic analysis of monolingual dictionary in developing the bilingual dictionary. The second part focuses on a study of the monolingual lexicography Arabic to determine its relationship with the bilingual Arabic lexicography. The third and final part focuses on bilingual dictionaries reconsidered in the case of Arabic dictionaries. These dictionaries are indeed led by the necessity to consider two major characteristics of the vocabulary of the language, which is structured around two major areas of semantic families "crossed": Formal roots and their by-roots and grammatical senses associated with morphological syllabic patterns

The South African Constitution promotes multilingualism while acknowledging the maintenance of home languages. Meanwhile the language-in-education policy (Department of National Education, 1994) declares that every learner has the right to receive education in the language that he/she understands best where this is practicable. According to programme requirements of the Intermediate Phase (Grades 4 6), two official languages must be selected by a learner of which one should be the home language and the other one used as a first additional language. One of these languages will serve as the language of learning (Department of Basic Education: Programme and Promotion Requirements, 2011) This study outlined the challenges that Grade 4 teachers in the monolingual rural area of Niani face when teaching through English. This case study was designed as a qualitative research underpinned by Krashen's theory of second language acquisition (1982), which underlines the importance of interaction. The literature reviewed showed how teachers developed strategies to cope when a second language is used as the medium of instruction in monolingual societies. The participants of the study include six Grade 4 teachers who are mother tongue speakers of Tshivenda and two curriculum advisors of Niani in Limpopo province. Data were collected via classroom observations and interviews in order to establish the challenges teachers face when they switch from using Tshivenda to English once the learners move to Grade 4 and how these teachers cope. The findings indicate that teachers in rural monolingual communities in Niani find it difficult to meet the curriculum demands in terms of the medium of instruction. Grade 3 learners move to Grade 4 with little English vocabulary and this makes teaching problematic. Teachers spend most of their time translating the lessons into Tshivenda, a strategy which further limits both teachers' and learners' English exposure. Teachers too' were found not to be sufficiently proficient in English. The significance of the study relates to the educational issues of rural schools that are ignored by officialdom, including the fact that teachers are not adequately prepared to teach in English. In addition, learners transitioning to the medium of English are not sufficiently supported. Hence, policies need revision and interventions to address linguistic shortcomings of teachers and learners ought to be designed and implemented if English remains the medium of instruction. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Humanities Education / MEd / Unrestricted

No description available.

There is evidence of false recognition (FR) driven by orthographic similarities within languages (Lambert, Chang, & Lin, 2001; Raser, 1972) and some evidence that FR crosses languages (Parra, 2013). No study has investigated whether FR based on orthographic similarities occurs for unknown words in an unknown language. This study aimed to answer this question. It further explored whether FR based on orthographic similarities is more likely in a known (English) than in an unknown (Spanish) language. Forty-six English monolinguals participated. They studied 50 English and 50 Spanish words during a study phase. A recognition test was given immediately after the study phase. It consisted of 40 Spanish and 40 English words. It included list words (i.e., words presented at study); homographs (i.e., words not presented at study, orthographically similar to words presented at study); and unrelated words (i.e., words not presented at study, not orthographically similar to words presented at study). The LSD post-hoc test showed significant results supporting the hypothesis that false recognition based on orthographic similarities occurs for words in a known language (English) and in an unknown language (Spanish). Further evidence was provided by the LSD post-hoc test supporting the hypothesis that false recognition based on orthographic similarities was more likely to occur in a known language than an unknown language. Results provided evidence that the meaning and orthographic form are used when information is encoded thereby influencing recognition decisions. Furthermore, these results emphasize the significance of orthography when information is encoded and retrieved.

The use of passive constructions by Swedish children has never been systematically investigated before. The main purpose of this study is to investigate Swedish-speaking children’s use of passive forms in narratives elicited using the Multilingual AssessmentInstrument for Narratives (MAIN). The participants were divided into three main categories based on age and linguistic background: 72 monolingual Swedish-speaking children aged between 4-6 years, 20 monolingual Swedish-speaking adults, and 100 multilingual Swedish-Turkish-speaking children aged between 4-7 years who are growing up in Sweden. The participants were recruited through the project BiLI-TAS VR2013-1309 ”Språkstörning eller typisk språkutveckling?” at Uppsala university. The observed passive constructions were categorized and analyzed in quantity and quality in relation to age and linguistic background. The results showed a difference in quantity of passive constructions between children and adults, as well as between monolingual and multilingual peers. The total occurrence for passives was 16 among monolingual children, 11 among monolingual adults, and 10 among multilingual children. In general, younger children and multilingual participants produced fewer passives than adults and older monolingual children, although 6- and 7-year old multilingual children produced more passives than the 4- and 5-year old monolingual children. A few multilingual children were also produced passive constructions in active contexts, which did not occur among the monolingual participants. The large number of deponent verbs (which are morphologically but not functionally equivalent to passives) shows that children are familiar with the structure of the morphologic passive. The choice between morphologic or periphrastic passive seems to be influenced by the context. More research needs to be done to increase our knowledge how the passive construction develops in Swedish.

No description available.

Notre langue maternelle est le fruit du hasard, un coup de dé qui détermine notre avenir et la façon dont on exprimera les choses, les gens, la réalité. De façon imperceptible, cette langue est empreinte de traditions, de restrictions, voire d’interdits qui contraignent le locuteur natif. Qu’arrive-t-il alors lorsqu’on sort de la langue maternelle, lorsqu’on est confronté à d’autres systèmes de pensées et de valeurs ? Ce mémoire de recherche-création explore le potentiel émancipatoire de l’écriture post-monolingue, soit l’écriture en dehors de la langue maternelle, en se penchant sur le parcours et les œuvres des autrices Nancy Huston et Yoko Tawada. On découvre à travers leurs témoignages que cette pratique peut être le théâtre d’une formidable libération et le moyen d’exprimer une identité complexe se situant souvent par-delà les délimitations établies par nos sociétés. Pour mettre à l’épreuve mes hypothèses théoriques, je présente dans la partie création quatre nouvelles en langue allemande et un chapitre rétrospectif, où je questionne mon rapport aux langues et l’influence qu’exerce l’écriture post-monolingue sur l’expression de mon identité. / Our mother tongue is arbitrary and determines our future, like the way we will express things, people, and reality. In an imperceptible way, this language is marked by traditions, restrictions and taboos that constrain the native speaker. What happens then when one leaves their mother tongue, when one is confronted with other systems of thought and values? This master's thesis explores the emancipatory potential of post-monolingual writing (writing outside one’s mother tongue) by examining the careers and works of authors Nancy Huston and Yoko Tawada. Through their experiences, we discover that this practice can lead to a fantastic liberation and a way of expressing a complex identity that is often beyond the boundaries established by our societies. To test my theoretical hypotheses, I included in the second part of this thesis four short stories in German and a retrospective chapter, where I question my relationship to languages and the influence of post-monolingual writing on the expression of my identity.

The literature is lacking in studies that examine self-concept and language status among individuals older than adolescence. The purpose of this study is to conduct a quantitative nonexperimental comparative design to examine differences in self-concept and language status (monolingual or bilingual) between male and female undergraduate students in California. A total of 97 participants were examined in the study. The researcher conducted descriptive statistics on the demographics as well as a MANOVA and an ANOVA to answer the proposed research question. Based on the findings presented, the researcher failed to reject the null hypothesis of research question 1: There is no difference between monolingual and bilingual males and females in the self-concept areas of Behavioral Adjustment (BEH), Freedom from Anxiety (FRE), Happiness and Satisfaction (HAP), Intellectual and School Status (INT), Physical Appearance and Attributes (PHY), Social Acceptance (SOC), and Total Score (TOT). In order to contribute to the literature, future research should continue to examine self-concept and language among older populations and perhaps consider conducting a longitudinal study to look at self-concept over periods of transition.

Cette recherche a pour objet l’étude de la manifestation des langues au niveau du répertoire linguistique et au niveau du répertoire identitaire dans un milieu plurilingue, à savoir les lycées d’Aït Ourir au Maroc. Au niveau de la pratique, l’analyse des conversations a dévoilé que l’alternance codique est une pratique courante chez les enseignants et les élèves et que le poids de chaque langue dépend de son utilité. Au niveau identitaire, l’identité plurilingue est dominante et le poids de chaque langue correspond à celui de la biographie linguistique de nos enquêtés. Le rapport entre le répertoire linguistique et le répertoire identitaire est disproportionnel. En effet, la comparaison synchronique a dévoilé que les langues de notre étude n’ont pas le même poids aux deux niveaux. D'une part, les tours monolingues sont dominants par contre l’identité monolingue est faible. D'autre part, les tours mixtes n’ont pas de poids tandis que l’identité plurilingue est prépondérante. En outre, la comparaison diachronique a permis de déduire que le changement est continu au niveau de la pratique alors qu’il tend à être stable au niveau identitaire de l’adolescence à l’âge adulte. Ce qui indique que l’identification en une langue ne dépend pas de sa pratique. / This research aims at studying the different aspects of language use at the levels of linguistic and identity repertoires in a multilingual environment; namely high schools in Aït Ourir, Haouz Province, Morocco. The analysis of conversations in the daily usage of languages revealed that Code Switching is a common practice among teachers as well as pupils; and that the weight of each language used depends more on its usefulness to the purpose of speaking. At the identity level, multilingual identity is dominant and the weight of each language is dependent up on the linguistic biography of the person surveyed. Thus, the relationship between the linguistic and identity repertoires is disproportionate. Indeed, synchronically comparing the languages in study confirmed that they don’t have the same weight at the two levels. The monolingual turn-taking is dominating whereas the monolingual identity is weak. On the other hand, the mixed turn-taking is meaningless whilst multilingual identity is significant. Moreover, the diachronic comparison enabled us to deduce that the change is ongoing in practice while it seems steady from adolescence to adulthood which shows that identifying in a language doesn’t depend on its practice.

La variabilité en langue est une source majeure de difficultés dans la plupart des applications du traitement automatique des langues. Elle se manifeste dans le fait qu’une même idée ou un même événement peut être exprimé avec des mots ou des groupes de mots différents ayant la même signification dans leur contexte respectif. Capturer automatiquement des équivalences sémantiques entre des unités de texte est une tâche complexe mais qui s’avère indispensable dans de nombreux contextes. L’acquisition a priori de listes d’équivalences met à disposition des ressources utiles pour, par exemple, améliorer le repérage d’une réponse à une question, autoriser des formulations différentes en évaluation de la traduction automatique, ou encore aider des auteurs à trouver des formulations plus adaptées. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une étude détaillée de la tâche d’acquisition de paraphrases sous-phrastiques à partir de paires d’énoncés sémantiquement liés. Nous démontrons empiriquement que les corpus parallèles monolingues, bien qu’extrêmement rares, constituent le type de ressource le plus adapté pour ce genre d’étude. Nos expériences mettent en jeu cinq techniques d’acquisition, représentatives de différentes approches et connaissances, en anglais et en français. Afin d’améliorer la performance en acquisition, nous réalisons la combinaison des paraphrases produites par ces techniques par une validation reposant sur un classifieur automatique à maximum d’entropie bi-classe. Un résultat important de notre étude est l’identification de paraphrases qui défient actuellement les techniques étudiées, lesquelles sont classées et quantifiées en anglais et français. Nous examinons également dans cette thèse l’impact de la langue, du type du corpus et la comparabilité des paires des énoncés utilisés sur la tâche d’acquisition de paraphrases sous- phrastiques. Nous présentons le résultat d’une analyse de la performance des différentes méthodes testées en fonction des difficultés d’alignement des paires de paraphrases d’énoncés. Nous donnons, ensuite, un compte rendu descriptif et quantitatif des caractéristiques des paraphrases trouvées dans les différents types de corpus étudiés ainsi que celles qui défient les approches actuelles d’identification automatique. / Language variation, or the fact that messages can be conveyed in a great variety of ways by means of linguistic expressions, is one of the most challenging and certainly fascinating features of language for Natural Language Processing, with wide applications in language analysis and generation. The term paraphrase is now commonly used to refer to textual units of equivalent meaning, down to the level of sub-sentential fragments. Although one can envisage to manually build high-coverage lists of synonyms, enumerating meaning equivalences at the level of phrases is too daunting a task for humans. Consequently, acquiring this type of knowledge by automatic means has attracted a lot of attention and significant research efforts have been devoted to this objective. In this thesis we use parallel monolingual corpora for a detailed study of the task of sub-sentential paraphrase acquisition. We argue that the scarcity of this type of resource is compensated by the fact that it is the most suited corpus type for studies on paraphrasing. We propose a large exploration of this task with experiments on two languages with five different acquisition techniques, selected for their complementarity, their combinations, as well as four monolingual corpus types of varying comparability. We report, under all conditions, a significant improvement over all techniques by validating candidate paraphrases using a maximum entropy classifier. An important result of our study is the identification of difficult-to-acquire paraphrase pairs, which are classified and quantified in a bilingual typology.