Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2009. / Härtill 5 uppsatser. Även tryckt utgåva.

No description available.

Cette thèse avait pour objectif d’étudier le rôle du circuit composé de l’hippocampe (Hip), du cortex préfrontal médian (mPFC) et des noyaux reuniens et rhomboïde (ReRh) du thalamus dans les processus cognitifs qui sous-tendent la mémoire spatiale chez le Rat. Nous avons montré que les noyaux ReRh pourraient être impliqués dans la consolidation systémique, mécanisme nécessaire à la persistance des souvenirs et nécessitant un dialogue hippocampo-cortical. Nous avons mis en évidence que l’activité neuronale du mPFC durant le rappel d’une mémoire ancienne dépend des noyaux ReRh, ainsi que l’implication de ces noyaux dans une tâche de mémoire spatiale (dépendante de l’Hip) nécessitant une flexibilité comportementale (impliquant le mPFC). Enfin, nous avons montré un rôle du mPFC dans le rappel d’une mémoire spatiale récente. Ces résultats mettent en évidence l’importance de ce circuit hippocampo-cortico-thalamique dans le traitement et la persistance des informations spatiales chez le Rat. / This thesis aimed to investigate the role of a circuit encompassing the hippocampus (Hip), the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the reuniens and rhomboid nuclei (ReRh) of the thalamus in cognitive processes underlying spatial memory in rats. We first showed that ReRh nuclei may be involved in systemic consolidation, a mechanism necessary for memory persistence and requiring hippocampal-cortical interactions. We confirmed these findings in a second study showing that mPFC neuronal activity during recall of a remote spatial memory depends on ReRh thalamic nuclei. We also showed the involvement of the ReRh nuclei in a mnemonic task requiring the use of both spatial information (dependent on the Hip) and behavioral flexibility (involving the mPFC). Finally, we found a role of the mPFC in the recall of recent spatial memory. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of a hippocampo-cortico-thalamic circuit in the processing and persistence of spatial information in the Rat.

Les modifications post-traductionnelles des histones jouent un rôle majeur dans la régulation de l’expression de gènes impliqués dans la plasticité et la mémoire. Parmi ces modifications, l’acétylation des histones permet le maintien de la chromatine dans un état « permissif », accessible pour la transcription. Nos travaux visent à identifier le rôle joué par l’acétylation de deux histones, H3 et H4, dans la formation de différentes formes de mémoire mettant en jeu les systèmes hippocampique et striatal chez la souris. Nous avons également recherché si des perturbations d’acétylation des histones sont responsables des déficits mnésiques observés au cours du vieillissement. Nous avons utilisé deux types d’apprentissage en piscine de Morris permettant de dissocier la mémoire spatiale, impliquant principalement l’hippocampe et la mémoire procédurale/indicée, impliquant le striatum. Nos résultats mettent en lumière une régulation différentielle de l’acétylation des histones dans l’hippocampe et le striatum selon la nature de la tâche et l’âge des animaux. L’apprentissage spatial induit une augmentation de l’acétylation des histones sélectivement dans l’hippocampe (CA1 et gyrus denté) alors que la tâche indicée augmente l’acétylation des histones spécifiquement dans le striatum. Nous montrons également que des changements opposés de l’acétylation de H3 (augmentation) et de H4 (diminution) dans l’hippocampe pourraient contribuer aux déficits de mémoire spatiale observés chez les souris âgées. Lors d’un test de compétition en piscine de Morris, durant lequel les souris ont le choix entre les stratégies spatiale et indicée pour résoudre la tâche, l’injection intra-hippocampique de Trichostatine A (TSA), un inhibiteur des histones déacétylases, immédiatement après l’apprentissage, perturbe la fonction striatale et favorise l’utilisation préférentielle de la stratégie spatiale hippocampique. Cependant, cet effet de la TSA est absent chez les souris âgées dont la fonction hippocampique est altérée. Dans une dernière série d’expérience, l’analyse des effets d’une injection intra-hippocampique de TSA, après un apprentissage spatial, a permis de préciser les contributions respectives des histones H3/H4 et du facteur de transcription CREB dans les déficits mnésiques associés au vieillissement. Dans leur ensemble, nos travaux apportent des éléments importants concernant l’importance de l’acétylation des histones dans la modulation des interactions entre systèmes de mémoire hippocampique et striatal. / Post-translational modifications of histone proteins play a crucial role in regulating plasticity and memory-related gene expression. Among these modifications, histone acetylation leads to a relaxed or “opened” chromatin state, permissive for transcription. Our work aims to identify the role played by histone H3 and H4 acetylation in the formation of different forms of memory involving hippocampal and striatal systems in mice. We also examined whether alterations of histone acetylation are responsible for age-associated memory deficits. We used two versions of the Morris water maze learning task to dissociate a spatial form of memory that relies on the hippocampus and a procedural/cued memory supported by the striatum. Our results highlight a differential regulation of histone acetylation within the hippocampus and striatum depending on the nature of the task and age of animals. Spatial and cued learning elicited histone acetylation selectively in the hippocampus (CA1 region and dentate gyrus) and the striatum, respectively. Age-related spatial memory deficits were associated with opposite changes in H3 acetylation (increase) and H4 (decrease) selectively in the hippocampus. During a water maze competition task in which mice can choose between spatial and cue-guided strategies, intra-hippocampal injection of Trichostatin A (TSA), an histone deacetylase inhibitor, immediately post-acquisition, impaired striatal function and promoted the use of a hippocampus-based spatial strategy. However, this effect of TSA was absent in old mice in which hippocampal function is impaired. In a final series of experiments, analysis of the effects of intra-hippocampal TSA injection immediately after a spatial training helped to clarify the respective contributions of histone H3/H4 and the transcription factor CREB in spatial memory deficits associated with aging. Taken together, our work provides important information regarding the importance of histone acetylation in modulating interactions between hippocampal and striatal memory systems.

This thesis attempts to analyze spatial perception for navigation in a virtual arena and to cover neuronal basics of distance estimation. For this purpose, we created a virtual version of Hidden goal task which is an analogy to Morris water maze. The thesis presents results of the experiment with removing orientation cues in a circular arena. The aim of the experiment was to determine, if the assumption of Cognitive mapping theory about orientation cues equivalence is valid for our arena. Experiment outcome indicates that the accuracy of goal position estimation is not only influenced by the number of cues but also by the individual hierarchy of the cues. The hierarchy emerges from the distance of the cue from the goal, although in some cases it can be affected by an outstanding identity of the particular cue. These findings are a basis for the experiment utilizing the functional magnetic resonance method to determine neuronal basics for estimating distances in virtual arena in both the egocentric and allocentric reference frame. Results support the findings of the cited papers about the participation of occipital and parietal lobe in estimating object distance in space. Comparison of the two reference frames showed that whereas the egocentric estimation is related to activity in premotor cortex,...

Seres humanos com danos nos corpos mamilares exibem prejuízos no funcionamento da memória episódica. O presente estudo investigou a possível participação do núcleo mamilar medial (MM), estrutura densamente inervada por fibras imunorreativas ao hormônio concentrador de melanina (MCH) potencialmente envolvida no comportamento alimentar, em processos de evocação de memórias sobre locais em que alimento foi previamente encontrado, em ratos. Investigou-se ainda seu envolvimento na memória espacial motivada aversivamente, por meio do labirinto aquático de Morris, e em processos de ansiedade, por meio do labirinto em cruz elevado. Descreve-se uma tarefa comportamental envolvendo busca alimentar orientada por memória espacial em ratos, funcionalmente análoga ao teste de aprendizagem de pares associados, utilizado para avaliar memória episódica em seres humanos. Ratos treinados a escavar numa arena para obter alimento foram expostos ao pareamento de um determinado sabor, e.g., amendoim, com um local da arena e, numa segunda tentativa, ao pareamento de um outro sabor, e.g., avelã, com um local diferente da mesma arena. Antes de uma terceira tentativa, ainda na caixa de espera, os animais receberam uma amostra de amendoim ou avelã. Então, inseridos na arena para uma terceira tentativa, deveriam procurar e escavar por alimento enterrado no local sinalizado pela amostra. As associações sabor-local, a seqüência das associações, os locais do pareamento e a amostra oferecida antes da terceira tentativa, variaram quase aleatoriamente a cada dia. O treinamento dos animais para a aquisição da tarefa foi prolongado. O número de visitas e o tempo de permanência no local da arena sinalizado pela amostra foram significativamente maiores em relação aos parâmetros correspondentes ao local pareado com alimento mas não sinalizado pela amostra, quando o intervalo de tempo entre a 2ª e 3ª tentativas foi 60 ou 120 minutos; Testes de Avaliação sem oferta de alimento na arena na 3ª tentativa, permitiram excluir a hipótese de que os animais desempenharam essa tarefa com base em estímulos olfativos, levando à conclusão que o fizeram com base na memória das associações sabor-local. Ratos com danos seletivos do MM, induzidos pela aplicação tópica, micro-iontoforética, de N-Metil-D-Aspartato (NMDA), testados na tarefa de pares associados sabor-local, não exibiram prejuízo de desempenho em relação aos animais controle. Análises adicionais revelaram que houve uma redução da busca por alimento em ambos os grupos (lesado e controle) nos testes pós-operatórios, em relação ao seu próprio desempenho nos testes pré-operatórios; porém, essa redução foi mais acentuada em relação ao local sinalizado pela amostra, particularmente nos animais do grupo lesado. Estes resultados, embora não conclusivos, podem representar indícios em favor da idéia de que o MM estaria envolvido numa circuitaria relacionada à memória espacial voltada à busca alimentar. Mais estudos seriam necessários para avaliar essa possibilidade. Além disso, esses animais não exibiram qualquer prejuízo no teste de memória de referência espacial no labirinto aquático de Morris e no paradigma do teste e re-teste no labirinto em cruz elevado, sugerindo que esse tipo de lesão não leva a deficiência no funcionamento da memória espacial motivada por estimulação aversiva, na memória aversiva por espaços abertos ou nos mecanismos responsáveis pela ansiedade. / Human beings with damage to the mammillary bodies exhibit episodic memory disruption. This study investigated the potential participation of the medial mammillary nucleus (MM), a structure that receives a high density of melaninconcentrating hormone immunoreactive fibers (MCH) potentially involved in food intake, in processes of retrieval of memory about places where food was previously found, in rats. In addition, we investigated the possible involvement of this brain structure in both aversively motivated spatial memory, using the Morris´ water maze, and in anxiety, using the elevated plus maze. A behavioral task involving search for food guided by spatial memory, in rats, functionally analogous to the paired-associate learning task used for studying episodic memory in humans, was described. Rats trained to dig for food in an arena were exposed both to the pairing of a taste, peanut, with a specific place in the arena and, in a second trial, to the pairing of another taste, hazelnut, with another place in the arena. Immediately before a third trial, while still in the waiting box, the animals received a sample of either peanut or hazelnut. Then, they were inserted into the arena for a third trial and could search and dig for food buried in the place previously associated with the sample. The taste-place associations, sequence of associations, pairing places and sample offered before the third trial, were all varied quasi-randomly every day. The animals took extensive training to learn this task. It was found that the number of visits and the time spent in the place indicated by the sample were significantly greater as compared to the corresponding parameters of the place previously associated with a taste but not indicated by the sample, when the time interval between the second and the third trials was both 60 and 120 min; probe tests with no food in the arena in the third trial allowed to exclude the hypothesis that the rats were performing the task relying on olfactory cues, leading to the conclusion that the animals performed the task relying on the memory for the associations tastefood. Rats with selective damage to the MM, induced by topic, microiontophoretic, injections of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA), tested in the taste-place pairedassociate learning task, did not exhibit any disruption of performance relative to the controls. Additional analyses revealed that both MM and control subjects exhibited a reduction of food search during the post-operatory tests as compared to their own performance in pre-operatory tests; however, this reduction was stronger towards the place indicated by the sample, particularly for the animals subjected to MM damage. Even though not conclusive, these results may suggest that the MM might be involved in search for food guided by spatial memory. More studies would be required to evaluate this possibility. Further, these rats did not exhibit any disruption of performance in the reference memory test in the water maze and in the test/re-test elevated plus maze, suggesting that this type of damage does not disrupt aversively motivated spatial memory, open-space aversive memory and anxiety.

Le syndrome de Coffin Lowry est une forme syndromique rare de déficience intellectuelle liée au chromosome X. Ce syndrome est dû à des mutations du gène Rsk2 codant la protéine kinase RSK2 dans la voie de signalisation des MAPK/ERK. La caractérisation phénotypique du modèle murin Rsk2-KO a principalement mis en évidence un retard d’acquisition ainsi qu’un déficit de mémoire spatiale à long terme, suggérant une altération des fonctions hippocampiques. Nous avons montré que les souris Rsk2-KO présentent également des déficits dans une forme d’apprentissage et de mémoire mettant en jeu la fonction de séparation de patterns dépendante du gyrus denté. Plusieurs études montrent que la genèse de nouveaux neurones dans le gyrus denté chez l’adulte constitue une forme de plasticité jouant un rôle important dans l’apprentissage et la mémoire dépendante de l’hippocampe, en particulier dans les tâches spatiales et de séparation de patterns. En raison des déficits observés chez les souris Rsk2-KO, nous nous sommes intéressés à la neurogenèse adulte chez ce modèle murin. Aucune différence de prolifération, de survie ou de maturation n’a été observée dans le gyrus denté des souris Rsk2-KO à l’état basal, ni après une tâche de séparation de patterns. Cependant, nous avons observé un déficit de survie des nouvelles cellules chez les souris Rsk2-KO après apprentissage dans la piscine de Morris. La littérature montre que l’enrichissement environnemental a des effets bénéfiques sur les performances cognitives des rongeurs et est notamment capable d’augmenter la neurogenèse adulte hippocampique. Nous avons donc analysé les effets de l’enrichissement sur les performances comportementales et la neurogenèse adulte des souris Rsk2-KO. Nos résultats montrent qu’un protocole d’enrichissement environnemental de 3 heures par jours durant 24 jours est capable de compenser ou d’améliorer les performances des souris Rsk2-KO dans les tâches de mémoire spatiale et de séparation de patterns et aussi d’augmenter la neurogenèse hippocampique adulte. / The Coffin-Lowry Syndrome is a rare syndromic form of X-linked intellectual disability. This syndrome is caused by mutations of the Rsk2 gene that encodes a protein kinase, RSK2, in the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Characterization of the behavioural phenotype of Rsk2-KO mice mainly showed that they display delayed acquisition and long-term deficits in a spatial reference memory task, suggesting an alteration in hippocampal function. Here, we show that Rsk2-KO mice are also deficient in a learning and memory task that involves dentate gyrus-dependent pattern separation function. Several studies showed the formation of new neurons in the adult dentate gyrus by neurogenesis is a form of plasticity that plays a significant role in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, in particular for spatial learning and memory and pattern separation. As these functions are altered in Rsk2-KO mice, we studied hippocampal adult neurogenesis in these mice. No difference in proliferation, survival and maturation of newborn neurons was found in the dentate gyrus of the mutant mice in basal conditions, nor after a pattern separation task. However, we found a deficit in the survival of newborn cells in Rsk2-KO mice submitted to spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze task. According to several studies, environmental enrichment in rodents has beneficial effects on cognitive performance and is associated with an enhancement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Thus, we assessed the potential effect of environmental enrichment on spatial learning and memory performance and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in Rsk2-KO mice. Our results show that an environmental enrichment protocol of 3h per day during 24 days can rescue or ameliorate spatial learning and memory performance and pattern separation function in Rsk2-KO mice and increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

Seres humanos com danos nos corpos mamilares exibem prejuízos no funcionamento da memória episódica. O presente estudo investigou a possível participação do núcleo mamilar medial (MM), estrutura densamente inervada por fibras imunorreativas ao hormônio concentrador de melanina (MCH) potencialmente envolvida no comportamento alimentar, em processos de evocação de memórias sobre locais em que alimento foi previamente encontrado, em ratos. Investigou-se ainda seu envolvimento na memória espacial motivada aversivamente, por meio do labirinto aquático de Morris, e em processos de ansiedade, por meio do labirinto em cruz elevado. Descreve-se uma tarefa comportamental envolvendo busca alimentar orientada por memória espacial em ratos, funcionalmente análoga ao teste de aprendizagem de pares associados, utilizado para avaliar memória episódica em seres humanos. Ratos treinados a escavar numa arena para obter alimento foram expostos ao pareamento de um determinado sabor, e.g., amendoim, com um local da arena e, numa segunda tentativa, ao pareamento de um outro sabor, e.g., avelã, com um local diferente da mesma arena. Antes de uma terceira tentativa, ainda na caixa de espera, os animais receberam uma amostra de amendoim ou avelã. Então, inseridos na arena para uma terceira tentativa, deveriam procurar e escavar por alimento enterrado no local sinalizado pela amostra. As associações sabor-local, a seqüência das associações, os locais do pareamento e a amostra oferecida antes da terceira tentativa, variaram quase aleatoriamente a cada dia. O treinamento dos animais para a aquisição da tarefa foi prolongado. O número de visitas e o tempo de permanência no local da arena sinalizado pela amostra foram significativamente maiores em relação aos parâmetros correspondentes ao local pareado com alimento mas não sinalizado pela amostra, quando o intervalo de tempo entre a 2ª e 3ª tentativas foi 60 ou 120 minutos; Testes de Avaliação sem oferta de alimento na arena na 3ª tentativa, permitiram excluir a hipótese de que os animais desempenharam essa tarefa com base em estímulos olfativos, levando à conclusão que o fizeram com base na memória das associações sabor-local. Ratos com danos seletivos do MM, induzidos pela aplicação tópica, micro-iontoforética, de N-Metil-D-Aspartato (NMDA), testados na tarefa de pares associados sabor-local, não exibiram prejuízo de desempenho em relação aos animais controle. Análises adicionais revelaram que houve uma redução da busca por alimento em ambos os grupos (lesado e controle) nos testes pós-operatórios, em relação ao seu próprio desempenho nos testes pré-operatórios; porém, essa redução foi mais acentuada em relação ao local sinalizado pela amostra, particularmente nos animais do grupo lesado. Estes resultados, embora não conclusivos, podem representar indícios em favor da idéia de que o MM estaria envolvido numa circuitaria relacionada à memória espacial voltada à busca alimentar. Mais estudos seriam necessários para avaliar essa possibilidade. Além disso, esses animais não exibiram qualquer prejuízo no teste de memória de referência espacial no labirinto aquático de Morris e no paradigma do teste e re-teste no labirinto em cruz elevado, sugerindo que esse tipo de lesão não leva a deficiência no funcionamento da memória espacial motivada por estimulação aversiva, na memória aversiva por espaços abertos ou nos mecanismos responsáveis pela ansiedade. / Human beings with damage to the mammillary bodies exhibit episodic memory disruption. This study investigated the potential participation of the medial mammillary nucleus (MM), a structure that receives a high density of melaninconcentrating hormone immunoreactive fibers (MCH) potentially involved in food intake, in processes of retrieval of memory about places where food was previously found, in rats. In addition, we investigated the possible involvement of this brain structure in both aversively motivated spatial memory, using the Morris´ water maze, and in anxiety, using the elevated plus maze. A behavioral task involving search for food guided by spatial memory, in rats, functionally analogous to the paired-associate learning task used for studying episodic memory in humans, was described. Rats trained to dig for food in an arena were exposed both to the pairing of a taste, peanut, with a specific place in the arena and, in a second trial, to the pairing of another taste, hazelnut, with another place in the arena. Immediately before a third trial, while still in the waiting box, the animals received a sample of either peanut or hazelnut. Then, they were inserted into the arena for a third trial and could search and dig for food buried in the place previously associated with the sample. The taste-place associations, sequence of associations, pairing places and sample offered before the third trial, were all varied quasi-randomly every day. The animals took extensive training to learn this task. It was found that the number of visits and the time spent in the place indicated by the sample were significantly greater as compared to the corresponding parameters of the place previously associated with a taste but not indicated by the sample, when the time interval between the second and the third trials was both 60 and 120 min; probe tests with no food in the arena in the third trial allowed to exclude the hypothesis that the rats were performing the task relying on olfactory cues, leading to the conclusion that the animals performed the task relying on the memory for the associations tastefood. Rats with selective damage to the MM, induced by topic, microiontophoretic, injections of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA), tested in the taste-place pairedassociate learning task, did not exhibit any disruption of performance relative to the controls. Additional analyses revealed that both MM and control subjects exhibited a reduction of food search during the post-operatory tests as compared to their own performance in pre-operatory tests; however, this reduction was stronger towards the place indicated by the sample, particularly for the animals subjected to MM damage. Even though not conclusive, these results may suggest that the MM might be involved in search for food guided by spatial memory. More studies would be required to evaluate this possibility. Further, these rats did not exhibit any disruption of performance in the reference memory test in the water maze and in the test/re-test elevated plus maze, suggesting that this type of damage does not disrupt aversively motivated spatial memory, open-space aversive memory and anxiety.

No description available.

No description available.