BACKGROUND: Quantitative evidence of direct links between dietary intake during pregnancy and maternal and infant outcomes in the preterm population is lacking in the literature. However, studies are starting to investigate relationships between them, and data shows that many of the adverse effects of poor maternal diet are linked to inflammatory response and dysbiosis of the microbiome in both the mother and her offspring. OBJECTIVE: Our objective with this study was to analyze the relationships between sociodemographic factors, maternal diet, pH of breast milk, and infant inflammation. We aimed to assess the dietary pattern of our population of mothers who delivered preterm in comparison to other populations, as well as explore the possibility of using pH of mother’s own milk in future research. METHODS: We reviewed the Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) of participants to gather clinical and demographic characteristics (infants n = 53; mothers n = 45). Maternal participants also completed the Dietary Screener Questionnaire (DSQ). Spearman’s rank correlation and raw unadjusted linear regression analyses were used to investigate relationships between maternal diet and characteristics, mother’s own milk pH, and infant urinary intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP). Kruskal Wallis analysis was used to analyze between group differences of maternal comorbidities. RESULTS: None of our maternal participants met the guidelines for dietary recommendations by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for pregnant women. This follows the trend in national data for women who are pregnant. The greatest number of women met the recommendation for fiber intake (n = 12). Maternal intake of fiber and whole grains was negatively correlated with pH of mother’s own milk (p <0.5). We did not find any significant correlations between maternal characteristics and maternal diet or pH of mother’s own milk. However, meeting the guidelines for added sugars differed by race (p = 0.03). We found no statistically significant correlations between urinary I-FABP and pH of mother’s own milk or maternal dietary intake. Urinary I-FABP values differed by infant sex (p = 0.03) and infant feeding status (> 50% formula or donor milk vs. < 50% formula or donor milk, p = 0.03). Analysis by groups showed statistically significant differences (p = 0.04). Preeclamptic participants had a higher intake of whole grains (0.97 oz) than women without preeclampsia (0.69 oz). Mothers with gestational diabetes had a lower intake of sugar (14.4 tsp) compared to women without diabetes (17.9 tsp) (p = 0.01). We found no other statistically significant results between groups for maternal diet, milk pH, or urinary I-FABP. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that additional research on mother’s own milk pH may be warranted, and that continued education on the importance of a healthy diet and its benefits during pregnancy is needed. Areas of planned future research include fat intake calculations and inflammatory measures of the maternal dietary data.

Dans ce travail de recherche, le lien mère-fille est interrogé au cours du temps à partir d'observations cliniques et d'exemples pris dans la littérature et le domaine artistique. Ce passage par les différentes étapes et aléas de la vie vient éclairer le devenir de ce lien, plus particulièrement au moment de la vieillesse de la mère et à l'approche de sa mort. Le thème de la rencontre est central et se déploie autour des différentes rencontres avec la psyché et le corps maternels qui balisent la construction identitaire et narcissique de la fille. Tout comme l'environnement qui revêt parfois un caractère inhibiteur, l'ombre des différentes figures féminines et maternelles pèse de tout son poids sur cet édifice. On constate combien la puissance du lien originaire qui unit les mères et les filles peut persistermalgré le temps et les investissements libidinaux réalisés de part et d'autre. Ce lien est encouragé, voire valorisé, par l'entourage familial, sociétal et mis en relief dans les productions littéraires et les représentations picturales. Ainsi, c'est une entreprise difficile pour la fille de se dégager de l'ombre et du primat du maternel pour accéder à une position subjective féminine apaisée.La vieillesse de la mère et l'approche de sa mort sont des occasions de revisiter le lien premier à la faveur de la résurgence d'angoisses, de fantasmes pré-oedipiens et oedipiens. La haine et l'ambivalence sont souvent perceptibles même si l'on remarque qu'elles sont majoritairement contre investies comme elles peuvent l'être entre une mère et son nourrisson.La rencontre avec la vieillesse de la mère, avec le corps de cette dernière se révèle parfois traumatique à la faveur de la résurgence de l'archaïque, du pulsionnel accompagnée de sentiments négatifs. Dans notre société, ce sont les femmes qui s'occupent principalement des personnes âgées et la violence qui leur est faite est largement sous-estimée, violence d'autant plus grande pour les filles qui ne sont pas protégées comme les fils par l'interdit du toucher. A un amour maternel largement encensé, la fille se doit de répondre par un investissement sans faille.Cependant, il existe une autre voie, plus tendre, qui met de côté toute idée sacrificielle si elle est bien tempérée. L'attention de la fille à l'égard de la mère prend alors la forme d'une « préoccupation maternelle tertiaire », la fille revivant de façon inversée la préoccupation qui a été celle de sa mère dans les premiers mois de la vie. La dépendance réelle ou fantasmée de la mère âgée vient, elle aussi, favoriser ce mouvement de renversement, la fille devenant la mère de sa mère.Acceptation ou refus marquent de part et d'autre cette ultime passage où la fille consent ou pas à prendre le rôle « d'objet clé » et où la mère lui confie ou pas ce rôle précis. Cette dernière mise en présence permet une reprise intégrative des expériences de perte, de séparation et de double mouvement de sevrage du lien. / In this research, the mother-daughter interaction is examined through time, from clinical observations and examples took in literature ans arts. Passing through different stages, some life's ups and downs, lights up the future of this link, especially when facing the mother's old age and approaching her death. The central theme of the encounter spreads around many encounters with the mother's psyche and body, which mark the identity and narcissistic construction of the daughter. As environment may support inhibition, the shadow of the many maternal and feminine figures weighs down this structure. We point out that the power of the bond between a mother and a daughter persists, despite time and libidinal investments carried out on both sides. This interaction is rather encouraged, even valued, by family environment, society, and is highlighted in literature and pictorial representations. Thus, disengaging herself from the mother's shadow and primacy, accessing a soothed feminine position of being, is rather tricky for the daughter. The mother's old age and the approach of her death allow to revisit the primary bond. Meanwhile, some anguish is renewed, aside pre-oedipal and oedipal fantasies. Hatred and ambivalence are often noticeable, even if they are mostly contra-invested, like they can be between a mother and her infant. The encounter with the mother's old age and body might appear traumatic if carried along with archaic and pulsional resurgences, tagged with negative feelings. In our society, women mostly involve themselves in elderly people, and the violence made to them is rather underestimated. It is even more vivid to daughters, who are not protected by the touch prohibition, unlike sons. To a motherly love widely acclaimed, the daughter is supposed to answer by a tireless commitment. However, there is another solution, a softer one, which sets aside any sacrificial tendency, if it is well tempered. The daughter’s care to her mother takes the form of a « tertiary maternal preoccupation », then, the daughter is inversely reliving her mother's own preoccupation during the first months of her life. The dependency - fantasized or real, to the aged mother emphasizes this reversal movement, the daughter becoming her mother's mother. Acceptance or denial mark on both sides the ultimate moment when the daughter agrees or not to become a « key object », and when the mother gives her this role or not. This ultimate encounter allows an integrative upturn of loss, separation and double movement of weaning from the link.

Neabejojama, kad tėvų tarpusavio nesutarimai gali būti vaiko streso priežastis. Sveikų vaikų tyrimai rodo, kad vedybiniai konfliktai gali būti ypač žalingi vaikams. Kaip šiuo atveju vedybiniai konfliktai siejasi su vaikų, sergančių bronchų astma, psichologiniu prisitaikymu tyrinėta dar nedaug. Šio tyrimo tikslas – patikrinti sąsajas tarp tėvų konfliktų raiškos, jų vaikų, sergančių BA, psichologinio prisitaikymo ir tam tikrų demografinių duomenų. Tyrime apklausti 192 vaikų, kurių amžius nuo 1,8 metų iki 12 metų amžiaus, tėvai. 86 vaikai, iš kurių 56 berniukai ir 30 mergaičių, serga lengva (N = 55) ir vidutine (N = 31) astmos forma. 106 to paties amžiaus vaikai, 55 berniukai ir 50 mergaičių, nesergančių jokia lėtine liga, sudarė kontrolinę grupę. Tyrime naudota Vaikų elgesio aprašai (CBCL/1½-5 ir CBCL6–18), Porų konfliktų ir problemų sprendimų skalė (CPS) bei vaiko aplinkos klausimynas. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad vaikai, sergantys bronchų astma (BA), turi daugiau internalių sunkumų nei sveiki vaikai. Mergaitės, sergančios BA, turi daugiau eksternalių sunkumų nei sveikos jų bendraamžės. Sunkumų raiška, priklausomai nuo astmos sunkumo ir nuo sergančio vaiko lyties, nesiskiria. Nustatėme, kad ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikai, sergantys bronchų astma, turi daugiau emocinių ir bendrų (elgesio ir emocinių) sunkumų nei sveiki jų bendraamžiai. Rezultatai atskleidė, kad BA sergančių vaikų tėvai (pagal mamų vertinimus) efektyviau sprendžia tarpusavio nesutarimus nei sveikų vaikų tėvai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / There is no doubt that parental conflicts can be the cause of child‘s stress. The studies of healthy children show that marital conflicts can be extremely harmful. However there are not many empirical studies of how marital conflicts relate to psychological adjustment in children with bronchial asthma. So the purpose of this study was to explore the relations between parental conflicts resolutions, their children with asthma psychological adjustment and certain demographic data. During the study parents of 192 children aged from 1,8 - 12 years were questionned. 86 children, 56 boys and 30 girls, were suffering from mild (N = 55) and moderate (N = 31) asthma forms. 106 of the same age children, 55 boys and 50 girls, without any chronic disease were used as a comparison group. In the study Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL/1½-5 and CBCL6–18), the Conflicts and Problem – Solving Scales (CPS) and child‘s environmental questionnaire were used. The analysis of results showed that children with asthma have more internal difficulties than healthy children. Girls with asthma have more external difficulties as compared to their healthy peers. The expression of these difficulties does not differ depending on the form of asthma or child‘s with asthma gender. It was found that pre-school age children with asthma have more emotional and general (emotional and behavioural) difficulties than their healthy peers. The study showed that parents who had children with asthma (under the mothers... [to full text]

L'initiation d'Henri Beyle à la solitude et à la mort se passe essentiellement dans la chambre de la « mère morte, » dans une intimité à la tonalité érotique. La présente étude a le projet d’analyser l'univers de la représentation inconsciente de Stendhal à partir d'un thème unique : celui de la chambre de la « mère morte », remplie du sentiment de la solitude et de la mort. La spécificité de son expérience de la chambre poursuit Henri Beyle la vie durant, et se reflète dans son univers romanesque. Les images poétiques, résultant des situations symboliques de la chambre, de la solitude et de la mort, sont nombreuses et expriment un processus inconscient de l'écriture stendhalienne. Que l'on fasse de la mort un accomplissement de la solitude, de la solitude une approche de la mort, la mort est envisagée par Stendhal comme un retour. La chambre est à la fois le point de départ et le point d'arrivée. Dans le monde imaginaire recherché par les héros stendhaliens se trouve toujours la chambre de la « mère morte ». L'art devient un moyen de surmonter le complexe de la mort. C'est dans l'écriture romanesque qu'Henri Beyle retrouve la place vide de sa mère et une chambre à soi. / A seven-year-old child, not yet mature enough to comprehend the meaning of death, cannot mourn the loss of his mother, is cruelly punished by his aunt. That boy is Stendhal. Henri Beyle's realization of the images of solitude and death is mainly portrayed in his dead mother's bedroom, which has an erotic and incestuous atmosphere. This study explains the universe of Stendhal's unconscious representation, beginning with this unique theme: his dead mother's room which is filled with the feeling of solitude and death. The specific experience of the room continues to obsess Henri Beyle throughout his life, and his literary works are impelled by the memories or the images of his mother. The poetic images, resulting from the symbolic situation of the room, and obviously solitude and death, are numerous, and express an unconscious process of Stendhal's writing. Whether we consider death as a circumambulation around the theme of solitude, or whether we consider death as what lies inside solitude, death is regarded by Stendhal as a way to get back to his mother. His dead mother's room is both the starting and the ending point. At the heart of the imaginary work sought by Stendhal's protagonists, mother's room is easily found. Art then becomes a way to overcome the obsession with death. It's in the romantic writing that Stendhal found the empty space left by his mother, and his own room. This is the originality of Stendhal's piece.

La relation mère-enfant est une variable déterminante de l’adaptation de l’enfant exposé à la violence conjugale. Toutefois, les rares études qui analysent simultanément le point de vue de la mère et celui de l’enfant au sujet de la qualité de leur relation révèlent peu de liens entre eux. La présente étude vise à identifier les variables associées à l’écart dans l’évaluation que la mère et l’enfant victimes de violence conjugale font de la qualité de leur relation. Au total, 117 mères victimes de violence conjugale et leur enfant âgé entre 8 et 12 ans ont participé à l’étude. Conformément aux hypothèses, plusieurs variables déjà liées à la qualité de la relation mère-enfant en contexte de violence conjugale sont associées aux différences de points de vue. C’est le cas pour les troubles extériorisés de l’enfant, son degré de parentification, la détresse de la mère et les troubles intériorisés de l’enfant. En revanche, l’intensité de la violence conjugale, la présence d’abus physique et le sexe de l’enfant ne prédisent pas de manière significative les écarts de point de vue entre la mère et l’enfant. La discussion montre l’intérêt de prendre en compte non seulement le point de vue de la mère et celui de l’enfant à propos de leur relation mais également leurs écarts de point de vue et les facteurs qui y contribuent. / The mother-child relationship is a determinant factor that predicts the adaptation of children exposed to domestic violence. The few studies who consider both mother and child perceptions of the mother-child relationship quality find little similarity between them. The current study identifies the variables associated to different perceptions between mothers and children exposed to domestic violence while evaluating the motherchild relationship. The research was conducted with 117 abused women and their children aged 8 to 12. In accordance to the hypothesis, many variables that are already linked to the mother-child relationship’s quality in a context of domestic violence are associated to differences in points of views. It’s the case for the externalized problems of the child, his parentification degree, the mother’s distress and the internalized problems of the child. On the other hand, the domestic violence’s intensity, the physical abuse and the child’s sex do not significantly predict the difference in points of views between the mother and the child. The discussion underlines the importance of evaluating the mother’s and the child’s perceptions as well as the differences between them and the contributing factors.

La relation mère-enfant est une variable déterminante de l’adaptation de l’enfant exposé à la violence conjugale. Toutefois, les rares études qui analysent simultanément le point de vue de la mère et celui de l’enfant au sujet de la qualité de leur relation révèlent peu de liens entre eux. La présente étude vise à identifier les variables associées à l’écart dans l’évaluation que la mère et l’enfant victimes de violence conjugale font de la qualité de leur relation. Au total, 117 mères victimes de violence conjugale et leur enfant âgé entre 8 et 12 ans ont participé à l’étude. Conformément aux hypothèses, plusieurs variables déjà liées à la qualité de la relation mère-enfant en contexte de violence conjugale sont associées aux différences de points de vue. C’est le cas pour les troubles extériorisés de l’enfant, son degré de parentification, la détresse de la mère et les troubles intériorisés de l’enfant. En revanche, l’intensité de la violence conjugale, la présence d’abus physique et le sexe de l’enfant ne prédisent pas de manière significative les écarts de point de vue entre la mère et l’enfant. La discussion montre l’intérêt de prendre en compte non seulement le point de vue de la mère et celui de l’enfant à propos de leur relation mais également leurs écarts de point de vue et les facteurs qui y contribuent. / The mother-child relationship is a determinant factor that predicts the adaptation of children exposed to domestic violence. The few studies who consider both mother and child perceptions of the mother-child relationship quality find little similarity between them. The current study identifies the variables associated to different perceptions between mothers and children exposed to domestic violence while evaluating the motherchild relationship. The research was conducted with 117 abused women and their children aged 8 to 12. In accordance to the hypothesis, many variables that are already linked to the mother-child relationship’s quality in a context of domestic violence are associated to differences in points of views. It’s the case for the externalized problems of the child, his parentification degree, the mother’s distress and the internalized problems of the child. On the other hand, the domestic violence’s intensity, the physical abuse and the child’s sex do not significantly predict the difference in points of views between the mother and the child. The discussion underlines the importance of evaluating the mother’s and the child’s perceptions as well as the differences between them and the contributing factors.

Immune activation is generally acknowledged to be costly. These costs are frequently assumed to result from trade-offs arising due to the reallocation of resources from other life-history traits to be invested in immunity. Here, I investigated the energetic basis of the costs associated with immune activation in Drosophila melanogaster. I found that immune activation significantly reduced fly fecundity (45%) and also caused a decline in metabolic rate (6%) but had no effect on body weight. To understand the factors behind reduced fecundity and metabolic rate I measured feeding and found that food intake was reduced by almost 31% in immune-challenged D. melanogaster. These findings suggest that fecundity costs of immune activation result not from the commonly accepted resource reallocation hypothesis but probably because resource acquisition is impaired during immune responses. The individuals of any animal population generally vary greatly in their ability to resist infectious disease. This variation arises due to both environmental heterogeneity and genetic diversity. Genetic variation in disease susceptibility has generally been considered to lie in the nuclear genome. Here, for the first time, I explored the influence of mitochondrial genetic (mtDNA) variation on disease susceptibility. I crossed 22 mitochondrial haplotypes onto a single nuclear genome and also studied epistasis interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes (mitonuclear epistasis) by crossing five haplotypes onto five different genetic backgrounds. I found that fly susceptibility to Serratia marcescens was influenced significantly by mtDNA allelic variation. Furthermore, the effect of mitonuclear epistasis on fly susceptibility to S. marcescens was twice as great as the individual effects of either mitochondrial or nuclear genome. However, susceptibility to Beauveria bassiana was not affected by mtDNA allelic variation. These findings suggest the mitochondrial genome may play an important role in host-parasite coevolution. The Mother’s Curse hypothesis suggests that sex-specific selection due to maternal mitochondrial inheritance means that mitochondria are poorly adapted to function in males, resulting in impaired male fitness. Mother’s Curse effects have previously only been studied for two phenotypic traits (sperm-infertility and ageing) and their generality for broader life-history has not been explored. I investigated the impact of mtDNA allelic variation on 10 phenotypic traits and tested whether the patterns of phenotypic variation in males and females conformed to the expectations of the Mother’s Curse hypothesis. I found that seven of the 10 traits were significantly influenced by mtDNA allelic variation. However, there was no evidence that the effects of this variation differed between males and females. I therefore concluded that Mother’s Curse is unlikely to be a general phenomenon, nor to provide a general explanation for sexual dimorphism in life-history traits. Overall, this thesis explored the impacts of immunity costs, mitochondrial genetic variation, mitonuclear epistasis and sex-specific mitochondrial selection on D. melanogaster life-history.

Proposer l'existence de théories infantiles de la mort suppose de considérer la mort, au même titre que la sexualité, comme un organisateur psychique. Toutefois, si elle oriente le désir, il n'est pas aisé d'accéder à ses effets sur le sujet. Le sujet se supporte d’une certaine dénégation face à la finitude de l'être afin de ne pas succomber à l'impossible de la mort. Cet impossible se manifeste par un gel du désir du fait de la crainte de la mort ou, à l'inverse, face à l'horreur qui se manifesterait d'une vie qui rejaillirait indéfiniment. Le démenti qu'émet le sujet transite par un tressage entre ses théories infantiles de la mort. Nous en proposons trois, "la théorie du retour dans le sein maternel", "la théorie de la survivance" et "la théorie du meurtre et de la loi du talion". Au-delà de ce triple rapport à la mort qu'offrent les théories, le sujet peut se définir par une position alternative, celle de l'entre-deux-morts, afin de ne pas céder sur son désir. / Think about childhood theories of death supposes to consider death, in the same way as sexuality, as a psychic organizer. However, if death directs the desire, it is not easy to notice its effects on the subject. The subject bears itself of a certain denial in front of finiteness of being so that he does not succumb in to the impossible of death. This impossible shows itself by a frost of desire because of deaths fear or, by contrast, in front of the horror which would show itself from a life which would spatter infinitely. The subject’s denial passes by a plaiting between its childhoods theories of death. We propose three of them, “the return in the mother's breast theory”, “survival theory” and “murder and the lex talionis theory”. It is here that reappear the childhood theories of death according to the events crossed by the grown-up subject. Taking in consideration one’s mortal condition is necessary to desire, as much as it is to cover it. So, beyond this triple relationship with death that childhood theories offers, it could be a position in which the subject would pass, between - two deaths,  in order to not give in to the desire.

It is the purpose of this study to investigate the influence of age, siblings, family structure, religious beliefs, mother's occupation, father's occupation, homemaking courses taken, status of parents, number of rooms in home, and students' work hours after school on the Negro girl's interest in curriculum items on personal, family and community relationships.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Wharton’s heroines are ordinary women who fight to secure material comfort and create selves that satisfy their emotional and sexual needs. These women often find that the two goals are mutually exclusive, since society strictly dictates appropriate behavior. This code of behavior stems from their relation to men: as objects to be won, as wives, and as mothers. In many instances, women are not even aware of their prescriptive roles and confuse their search for self with a search for security. Material comfort does not nurture Wharton’s heroines’ inner selves and they feel a metaphysical dissatisfaction, often seeking to find contentment through divorce or affairs. What they find in either case is that the cure to their ennui is not material, but mental. Wharton’s women seek a transcendent self—a self that is not dependent upon popular notions of respectability; a spiritual state that is independent from any attachment to social imperatives.