Poorly controlled diabetes is common among the majority of youth with type 1 diabetes and can lead to adverse health outcomes at an early age. There is a need to change this to minimise the risk of negative long-term consequences. The onset of complications from diabetes can be prevented or delayed with good management as demonstrated by blood glucose being kept close to or within the normal range. Diabetes control is challenging for young people due to a combination of physiological and psychological factors. Diabetes control needs to be monitored both at an individual level and also at a population level, in order to optimise health outcomes and provide important information for health service provision. There are gaps in knowledge relating to the current level of diabetes control at a population level and of the epidemiological characteristics of youth with type 1 diabetes in the Canterbury region in New Zealand. There has been no research of this nature in the Canterbury region since 2003. There are also gaps in knowledge and a lack of national and international research that investigates psychosocial characteristics of youth with type 1 diabetes and the impact these may have on diabetes control. There is a potentially promising intervention, namely, Motivational Interviewing (MI), that although previous research investigating it with diabetes has shown some promise, methodological problems have limited the conclusions that can be drawn. This thesis, within the New Zealand context, addresses some of these gaps and adds to the body of knowledge of research concerning diabetes control and youth with type 1 diabetes, and investigates MI intervention for youth with poorly controlled diabetes. The thesis encompasses three studies. The first study is an audit that provides up-to-date information on epidemiological characteristics and clinical outcomes for the youth population with type 1 diabetes residing in the Canterbury region. The second study is a cross-sectional study that investigates the relationship between glycaemic control and key psychosocial characteristics: illness beliefs, self-efficacy, and quality of life in youth with type 1 diabetes in Canterbury. The third study is a longitudinal study that investigates the efficacy of MI as an intervention for youth with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes, and explores its impact on diabetes outcomes using statistical and clinical analyses. The first study showed that from 2003 to 2010 the prevalence of adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes in Canterbury has increased; there is therefore an increased demand on health resources. In addition, in 2010 glycaemic control at a population level was in the poorly controlled diabetes range and this had remained unchanged since 2003. This suggests the need for more intensive interventions. The second study found that poor diabetes control in youth with type 1 diabetes is influenced by a number of factors, including negative views on diabetes, lower perceived personal control, higher diabetes-related concerns, and lower levels of worry about complications. These findings provide a new understanding of the importance of balancing worries about diabetes complications and the perception of diabetes as a threatening condition. The third study showed that the MI intervention was generally successful in improving diabetes outcomes – clinical, psychosocial, and behavioural changes were observed. Statistically and clinically significant positive changes were found across multiple variables: glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), glycaemic variability, adherence, and psychosocial functioning. Taken together, the findings of the three studies indicate that majority of youth with type 1 diabetes in the Canterbury region had poor glycaemic control, which suggests that additional interventions may be required to improve management of their condition, especially interventions targeting psychosocial functioning (e.g., illness perceptions) and diabetes self-management. Motivational Interviewing may be a viable option, and therefore further research into this approach is recommended.

Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 46-06, page: 3258. Adviser: Scott T. Walters. Includes bibliographical references.

Bakgrund: Behovet av förändrade levnadsvanor är stort i dagens samhälle. Ett av distriktssköterskans arbetsområden är att arbeta hälsofrämjande genom att möta, stödja, hjälpa, råda, vårda, förebygga samt behandla i livets olika skeden. En metod som möjliggör detta arbete och som används inom primärvården vid hälsofrämjande arbete är motiverande samtal (MI). Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa distriktssköterskors erfarenheter av att använda motiverande samtal (MI) som metod i sitt hälsofrämjande arbete inom primärvården. Metod: En kvalitativ design med induktiv ansats användes som metod. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med tolv semistrukturerade intervjuer. Data analyserades med manifest innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier. MI-metodens utmaningar, där distriktssköterskorna beskrev att metoden underlättade deras arbete. De beskrev att MI-metoden lyfte fram patientens egna resurser och skapade delaktighet. Patientens motivation hade stor betydelse för den hälsofrämjande förändringen. Det professionella förhållningssättet hos distriktssköterskan, där distriktssköterskorna beskrev vikten av att vara öppen, närvarande och ödmjuk genom att de lyssnade aktivt på patienten för att få kännedom om dennes situation. Förutsättningar för att använda MI-metoden i verksamheten, där det framkom att distriktssköterskor hade behov av repetition och mer utbildning i MI-metoden samt att det fanns behov av stöd från organisationen i användandet av MI-metoden. Slutsats: MI-metoden används framgångsrikt av distriktssköterskor och skapar stora möjligheter att motivera patienter till förändringar. Studien påvisar även att det finns behov för uppföljning av utbildning samt återkoppling mellan kollegor. / Background: The need for changing living habits is very common in today's society. One of the district nurses' work areas is health promotion through meeting, supporting, helping, advising, cherishing, preventing and treating the different stages of life. A method that enables this work and which is used in primary health care for health promotion is Motivational Interviewing (MI). Aim: The purpose of the study was to highlight district nurses' experiences of using Motivational Interviewing (MI) as a method in their health promotion work in Primary health care. Method: A qualitative design with inductive approach was used as a method. The data collection was conducted with twelve semi-structured interviews. Data was analyzed with manifest content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in three categories. The MI- method's Challenges, where district nurses described that the method facilitated their work. They described that the MI-method highlighted the patient's own resources and created participation. The patient's motivation was of great importance to the health-promoting change. The professional approach of the district nurse , where district nurses described the importance of being open, present and humble by actively listening to the patient to get to know their situation. Preconditions for using the MI method in the business, where it was found that district nurses needed repetition and more training in the MI method and that there was a need for support from the organization in the use of the MI method. Conclusion: The MI method is used successfully by district nurses and creates great opportunities to motivate patients for change. The study also shows that there is a need for follow-up of education and feedback between colleagues.

Cárie Precoce da Infância (CPI) é uma doença prevalente de etiologia complexa, que pode afetar a qualidade de vida da criança acometida. A Entrevista Motivacional (EM) é uma abordagem para mudança de comportamento que encoraja os pacientes a tomarem suas próprias decisões e que tem demonstrado ser efetiva na prevenção de CPI. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a efetividade da EM na prevenção de CPI em comparação com a Educação Convencional em Saúde (EC) no contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Esse foi um ensaio comunitário randomizado por cluster com grupos paralelos. Doze Unidades de Saúde do sul do Brasil foram alocadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos de seis, e os profissionais das Equipes de Saúde Bucal (ESB), cirurgiões-dentistas (CD) e técnicos em saúde bucal (TSB), de um dos grupos receberam treinamento para EM, enquanto os profissionais do grupo EC não receberam nenhum treinamento. As mães/crianças e os examinadores externos foram cegados para a intervenção. Os dados foram coletados por examinadores calibrados através de um questionário socioeconômico e de um exame clínico com utilização dos critérios do International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), o qual foi transformado em índice de superfícies cariadas, com extração indicada ou obturados por cárie (ceo-s) modificado para inclusão de lesões de cárie não cavitadas. Das 674 crianças nascidas no território de abrangência no ano 2013, 469 receberam a intervenção (224 do grupo EC, 245 do grupo EM) e 320 foram examinadas ao final do estudo (145 no grupo EC, 175 no grupo EM), com um acompanhamento final de 68%. A média do ceo-s para a amostra total no final do estudo foi de 1,34 (IC95% 0,97-1,71). A taxa de cárie por 100 superfície-ano no grupo EC foi 1,74 (IC95%: 1,14-2,34) e no grupo EM foi 0,92 (IC95% 0,63-1,20). Para corrigir o efeito do cluster e as variáveis desbalanceadas, foi realizada uma regressão multinível de Poisson e o efeito da EM foi IRR= 0,40 (IC95%: 0,21-0,79). Uma abordagem baseada nos princípios da EM foi mais efetiva na redução de superfícies afetadas pela CPI quando comparado com a EC. / Early childhood caries (ECC) is a prevalent and complex disease, which can affect the quality of life. Motivational interviewing (MI) is an approach to change behavior that encourages patients to make their own decisions and has been shown to be effective in preventing ECC. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of MI in preventing ECC in comparison to conventional oral health education (EC) in the context of primary healthcare (PHC). This was a community-based randomized cluster trial with parallel groups. Twelve Health Care Services in southern Brazil were randomly allocated in two groups of six, and professionals of the Oral Health Team (OHT), dental surgeons (DS) and dental hygienists (DH), in one group were trained in MI, while the professionals in the EC group received no training. The mothers/children and external examiners were blinded to the intervention. The data were collected by calibrated examiners using socioeconomic questionnaire and a clinical examination based on the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) criteria and transformed into decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (dmfs) modified for inclusion of non-cavitated caries lesions. Of the 674 children born in the catchment area in the year 2013, 469 received the intervention (224 in the CE group, 245 in the MI group) and 320 were examined by the end of the study (145 in the CE group, 175 in the MI group), with final follow-up of 68%. Mean dmfs at the end of the study period for the whole sample was 1.34 (95%CI: 0.97-1.71). The caries rate per 100 surface-year in the CE group was 1.74 (95%CI: 1.14-2.34) and in the MI group it was 0.92 (95%CI 0.63-1.20). To correct clustering effect and unbalanced factors, multilevel Poisson regression was fitted and the effect of MI was IRR= 0.40 (95%CI: 0.21-0.79). An approach based on the principles of MI was more effective in reducing the number of surfaces affected by ECC when compared to CE.

INTRODUÇÃO Segundo a 4ª edição do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 2002), o Transtorno Obsessivo- Compulsivo (TOC) caracteriza-se por obsessões e/ou compulsões recorrentes que interferem substancialmente com o funcionamento cotidiano. Ainda que a Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental em Grupo (TCCG) tenha sido efetiva nos estudos de pacientes com TOC (Cordioli et al., 2003; Braga et al., 2005; Sousa et al., 2006), quase um terço (30%) dos pacientes não se beneficiou do tratamento em grupo nos mesmos estudos. A Entrevista Motivacional (EM) e o Mapeamento Cognitivo (MC) têm sido usados para melhorar os resultados de tratamentos. OBJETIVOS O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de se acrescentar duas sessões individuais de EM+MC a 12 semanas de TCCG na resposta ao tratamento dos pacientes com TOC, quando comparados apenas à TCCG. MÉTODOS Noventa e três pacientes adultos, com diagnóstico de TOC de acordo com os critérios do DSM-IV, participaram de um ensaio clínico randomizado de 14 semanas: 48 pacientes foram alocados à condição de duas sessões individuais de EM+MC seguidas de 12 semanas de TCCG e 45 receberam duas sessões individuais informativas seguidas da TCCG. Para a avaliação dos resultados foi utilizada a escala Yale-Brown de Sintomas Obsessivo-Compulsivos (Y-BOCS) como medida de desfecho primária. Como medidas de desfecho secundárias utilizou-se: a escala de Impressão Clínica Global (CGI) e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI), bem como a proporção de respondedores (definida como melhora [redução na Y-BOCS 35%] ou não-melhora [redução 35% na Y-BOCS]) e o percentual de pacientes com remissão parcial (Y-BOCS 35%, mas com escore total >8 e CGI 2) e remissão completa (Y-BOCS 8 e CGI < 2). RESULTADOS Quando os dois grupos foram comparados, ambos apresentaram redução dos sintomas do TOC. No entanto, a redução e remissão dos sintomas foram significativamente maiores no grupo da EM+MC seguido da TCCG. Além disso, os resultados positivos foram mantidos após três meses de seguimento com redução adicional de sintomas. CONCLUSÃO Este estudo é o primeiro ensaio clinico randomizado que acrescenta duas sessões individuais de EM+MC à TCCG para aumentar a resposta do tratamento em grupo para o TOC. Apesar de algumas limitações, nossos resultados sugerem que acrescentar duas sessões individuais de EM+MC à TCCG pode aumentar a efetividade da TCCG na redução dos sintomas do TOC. Estudos futuros deverão investigar isoladamente os efeitos da EM e do MC como estratégia de potencialização no tratamento do TOC. / INTRODUCTION According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSMIV; American Psychiatric Association, 2002), Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions that significantly interfere with daily functioning. Although group cognitive behavioral therapy (GCBT) has been effective for OCD patients (Cordioli et al., 2003; Braga et al., 2005; Sousa et al., 2006), almost onethird (30%) of patients did not benefit from this treatment. Motivational Interviewing (MI) and Thought Mapping (TM) have been used to enhance treatment outcome. AIMS The main goal of the present study was to examine the effects of adding individual sessions of MI and TM to 12 weeks of CBGT on the treatment outcome of OCD patients when compared to the CBGT alone. METHODS Ninety-three adult outpatients, with OCD diagnosis according to the DSM-IV participated in a 14-week randomized clinical trial: 48 patients were allocated to two individual sessions of MI+TM in addition to 12-week CBGT; 45 underwent two individual information sessions followed by CBGT. For the outcomes evaluation, the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) was used as the primary efficacy measure. As secondary efficacy measures, the Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the proportion of responders (defined as improved [reduction 35% on the Y-BOCS] or non-improved [reduction 35% on the Y-BOCS]) and the percentage of patients in partial remission (Y-BOCS 35% but with the total score >8 and CGI 2) and full remission (Y-BOCS 8 and CGI < 2) were used. RESULTS When the two groups were compared, both presented a reduction of OCD symptoms. However, symptom reduction and remission were significantly higher in the MI+TM CBGT group. In addition, positive outcomes were maintained at the 3-month follow-up with additional symptom reduction. CONCLUSION This study is the first randomized clinical trial which adds individual sessions of MI+TM to CBGT to improve the outcome of group treatment for OCD. Despite some limitations, our results suggest that adding MI+TM to CBGT can enhance the CBGT effectiveness in reducing OCD symptoms. Future studies should investigate the effect of the MI and the TM alone as an augmentation strategy for OCD treatment.

INTRODUÇÃO Segundo a 4ª edição do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 2002), o Transtorno Obsessivo- Compulsivo (TOC) caracteriza-se por obsessões e/ou compulsões recorrentes que interferem substancialmente com o funcionamento cotidiano. Ainda que a Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental em Grupo (TCCG) tenha sido efetiva nos estudos de pacientes com TOC (Cordioli et al., 2003; Braga et al., 2005; Sousa et al., 2006), quase um terço (30%) dos pacientes não se beneficiou do tratamento em grupo nos mesmos estudos. A Entrevista Motivacional (EM) e o Mapeamento Cognitivo (MC) têm sido usados para melhorar os resultados de tratamentos. OBJETIVOS O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de se acrescentar duas sessões individuais de EM+MC a 12 semanas de TCCG na resposta ao tratamento dos pacientes com TOC, quando comparados apenas à TCCG. MÉTODOS Noventa e três pacientes adultos, com diagnóstico de TOC de acordo com os critérios do DSM-IV, participaram de um ensaio clínico randomizado de 14 semanas: 48 pacientes foram alocados à condição de duas sessões individuais de EM+MC seguidas de 12 semanas de TCCG e 45 receberam duas sessões individuais informativas seguidas da TCCG. Para a avaliação dos resultados foi utilizada a escala Yale-Brown de Sintomas Obsessivo-Compulsivos (Y-BOCS) como medida de desfecho primária. Como medidas de desfecho secundárias utilizou-se: a escala de Impressão Clínica Global (CGI) e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI), bem como a proporção de respondedores (definida como melhora [redução na Y-BOCS 35%] ou não-melhora [redução 35% na Y-BOCS]) e o percentual de pacientes com remissão parcial (Y-BOCS 35%, mas com escore total >8 e CGI 2) e remissão completa (Y-BOCS 8 e CGI < 2). RESULTADOS Quando os dois grupos foram comparados, ambos apresentaram redução dos sintomas do TOC. No entanto, a redução e remissão dos sintomas foram significativamente maiores no grupo da EM+MC seguido da TCCG. Além disso, os resultados positivos foram mantidos após três meses de seguimento com redução adicional de sintomas. CONCLUSÃO Este estudo é o primeiro ensaio clinico randomizado que acrescenta duas sessões individuais de EM+MC à TCCG para aumentar a resposta do tratamento em grupo para o TOC. Apesar de algumas limitações, nossos resultados sugerem que acrescentar duas sessões individuais de EM+MC à TCCG pode aumentar a efetividade da TCCG na redução dos sintomas do TOC. Estudos futuros deverão investigar isoladamente os efeitos da EM e do MC como estratégia de potencialização no tratamento do TOC. / INTRODUCTION According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSMIV; American Psychiatric Association, 2002), Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions that significantly interfere with daily functioning. Although group cognitive behavioral therapy (GCBT) has been effective for OCD patients (Cordioli et al., 2003; Braga et al., 2005; Sousa et al., 2006), almost onethird (30%) of patients did not benefit from this treatment. Motivational Interviewing (MI) and Thought Mapping (TM) have been used to enhance treatment outcome. AIMS The main goal of the present study was to examine the effects of adding individual sessions of MI and TM to 12 weeks of CBGT on the treatment outcome of OCD patients when compared to the CBGT alone. METHODS Ninety-three adult outpatients, with OCD diagnosis according to the DSM-IV participated in a 14-week randomized clinical trial: 48 patients were allocated to two individual sessions of MI+TM in addition to 12-week CBGT; 45 underwent two individual information sessions followed by CBGT. For the outcomes evaluation, the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) was used as the primary efficacy measure. As secondary efficacy measures, the Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the proportion of responders (defined as improved [reduction 35% on the Y-BOCS] or non-improved [reduction 35% on the Y-BOCS]) and the percentage of patients in partial remission (Y-BOCS 35% but with the total score >8 and CGI 2) and full remission (Y-BOCS 8 and CGI < 2) were used. RESULTS When the two groups were compared, both presented a reduction of OCD symptoms. However, symptom reduction and remission were significantly higher in the MI+TM CBGT group. In addition, positive outcomes were maintained at the 3-month follow-up with additional symptom reduction. CONCLUSION This study is the first randomized clinical trial which adds individual sessions of MI+TM to CBGT to improve the outcome of group treatment for OCD. Despite some limitations, our results suggest that adding MI+TM to CBGT can enhance the CBGT effectiveness in reducing OCD symptoms. Future studies should investigate the effect of the MI and the TM alone as an augmentation strategy for OCD treatment.

abstract: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common chronic diseases in youth and it has been shown that adolescents have the worst glycemic control of any age group. The objective of this study was to develop, test and evaluate the feasibility of an online intervention (Can-Do-Tude) that uses the principles of motivational interviewing (MI) to deliver tailored diabetes self-management education to adolescents with T1D. Bandura’s efficacy belief system was used to guide the design of this study. The study used a multi-phase, multi-method approach. The first phase (alpha) of this study was a qualitative descriptive design to examine the intervention’s fidelity. Evaluation of performance was conducted by experts in the fields of MI, T1D, adolescence and/or online education. The second phase (beta) was a quantitative descriptive design conducted in order to evaluate feasibility by examining the acceptability (recruitment, retention and satisfaction) and implementation (diabetes self-management self-efficacy) to determine whether the intervention was appropriate for further testing. First phase findings showed that the intervention passed all measures with the content experts (n = 6): it was functional, accurate, usable and secure. Improvements to the intervention were made based on reviewer recommendations. For the second phase 5 adolescents between 14 and 17 were enrolled. Three adolescents completed all 4 weeks of the intervention while 2 completed only 3 weeks. Participants (n = 3) rated satisfaction on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from “not at all” satisfied (1) to “very much” satisfied (5). There was a positive response to the intervention (M = 4.28, SD = 0.55). Implementation was measured by a pre- and post-test for diabetes self-management self-efficacy. Participants (n = 3) demonstrated overall improvements in diabetes self-management self-efficacy (Z = -2.952, p = .007). Implications for further Can-Do-Tude research are planned at a metropolitan diabetes center using updated technology including an application platform. Although the sample was small, findings indicate that the intervention can be conducted using a web-based format and there is initial evidence of improvement in self-efficacy for diabetes self-management. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Nursing and Healthcare Innovation 2017

Cárie Precoce da Infância (CPI) é uma doença prevalente de etiologia complexa, que pode afetar a qualidade de vida da criança acometida. A Entrevista Motivacional (EM) é uma abordagem para mudança de comportamento que encoraja os pacientes a tomarem suas próprias decisões e que tem demonstrado ser efetiva na prevenção de CPI. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a efetividade da EM na prevenção de CPI em comparação com a Educação Convencional em Saúde (EC) no contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Esse foi um ensaio comunitário randomizado por cluster com grupos paralelos. Doze Unidades de Saúde do sul do Brasil foram alocadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos de seis, e os profissionais das Equipes de Saúde Bucal (ESB), cirurgiões-dentistas (CD) e técnicos em saúde bucal (TSB), de um dos grupos receberam treinamento para EM, enquanto os profissionais do grupo EC não receberam nenhum treinamento. As mães/crianças e os examinadores externos foram cegados para a intervenção. Os dados foram coletados por examinadores calibrados através de um questionário socioeconômico e de um exame clínico com utilização dos critérios do International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), o qual foi transformado em índice de superfícies cariadas, com extração indicada ou obturados por cárie (ceo-s) modificado para inclusão de lesões de cárie não cavitadas. Das 674 crianças nascidas no território de abrangência no ano 2013, 469 receberam a intervenção (224 do grupo EC, 245 do grupo EM) e 320 foram examinadas ao final do estudo (145 no grupo EC, 175 no grupo EM), com um acompanhamento final de 68%. A média do ceo-s para a amostra total no final do estudo foi de 1,34 (IC95% 0,97-1,71). A taxa de cárie por 100 superfície-ano no grupo EC foi 1,74 (IC95%: 1,14-2,34) e no grupo EM foi 0,92 (IC95% 0,63-1,20). Para corrigir o efeito do cluster e as variáveis desbalanceadas, foi realizada uma regressão multinível de Poisson e o efeito da EM foi IRR= 0,40 (IC95%: 0,21-0,79). Uma abordagem baseada nos princípios da EM foi mais efetiva na redução de superfícies afetadas pela CPI quando comparado com a EC. / Early childhood caries (ECC) is a prevalent and complex disease, which can affect the quality of life. Motivational interviewing (MI) is an approach to change behavior that encourages patients to make their own decisions and has been shown to be effective in preventing ECC. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of MI in preventing ECC in comparison to conventional oral health education (EC) in the context of primary healthcare (PHC). This was a community-based randomized cluster trial with parallel groups. Twelve Health Care Services in southern Brazil were randomly allocated in two groups of six, and professionals of the Oral Health Team (OHT), dental surgeons (DS) and dental hygienists (DH), in one group were trained in MI, while the professionals in the EC group received no training. The mothers/children and external examiners were blinded to the intervention. The data were collected by calibrated examiners using socioeconomic questionnaire and a clinical examination based on the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) criteria and transformed into decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (dmfs) modified for inclusion of non-cavitated caries lesions. Of the 674 children born in the catchment area in the year 2013, 469 received the intervention (224 in the CE group, 245 in the MI group) and 320 were examined by the end of the study (145 in the CE group, 175 in the MI group), with final follow-up of 68%. Mean dmfs at the end of the study period for the whole sample was 1.34 (95%CI: 0.97-1.71). The caries rate per 100 surface-year in the CE group was 1.74 (95%CI: 1.14-2.34) and in the MI group it was 0.92 (95%CI 0.63-1.20). To correct clustering effect and unbalanced factors, multilevel Poisson regression was fitted and the effect of MI was IRR= 0.40 (95%CI: 0.21-0.79). An approach based on the principles of MI was more effective in reducing the number of surfaces affected by ECC when compared to CE.

Bakgrund: De två senaste decennierna har övervikt blivit vanligare hos barn. Övervikt är ett hälsoproblem som barnhälsovården (BHV) försöker förhindra uppkomst och utveckling av. BHV riktar sig till alla barn mellan 0-6 år. Föräldrarna erbjuds bland annat hälsovägledning och föräldrastöd. Studiens syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av att arbeta med övervikt inom ramen för barnhälsovården. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie genomfördes med tolv sjuksköterskor inom BHV i södra Sverige. Resultatet analyserades sedan med induktiv innehållsanalys enligt en modell av Elo och Kyngäs. Resultat: Sjuksköterskorna strävade efter att uppmärksamma riskfaktorer tidigt och stötta familjerna i att ha en sund inställning till kost och fysisk aktivitet. Sjuksköterskorna hade en viktig roll inom BHV. Motiverande samtal (MI) genomsyrade mycket av sjuksköterskornas arbete och omvårdnaden utformades utifrån de familjer som kom till barnavårdscentralen och deras tankar och behov. Det svåraste för sjuksköterskorna var mötena med de föräldrar som inte förstod eller såg att övervikten var ett problem. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskornas erfarenhet är att de, med tidiga insatser utifrån styrdokument, metoder och hjälpmedel, har goda möjligheter att arbeta med övervikt hos barn inom BHV. / Background: In the last two decades overweight has become more common among children. Overweight is a health problem that child health care attempts to prevent the emergence and development of. The child health care is aimed at all children between 0-6 years. Parents are among other things offered health counseling and parental support. Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe nurses´ experience of working with overweight within the framework of child health care. Methods: A qualitative interview study was conducted with twelve nurses in child health care in southern Sweden. The result was then analyzed by inductive content analysis according to a model by Elo and Kyngäs. Results: The nurses strived to give attention to risk factors early and support families in having a healthy attitude towards food and physical activity. Nurses had an important role in child health care. Motivational interviewing (MI) pervades much of the nurses´ work, and the nursing care was adapted to the thoughts and needs of the families who came to the child health care centers. The hardest part for the nurses was the encounters with parents who did not understand or saw the overweight as a problem. Conclusion: The nurses´ experience is that they, with early efforts based on control documents, methods and tools, have good possibilities to work with overweight in children within child health care.

Eating disorders are characterised as a sustaining disorder of eating and mainly affects young women. Previous research has found that lack of motivation and ambivalence complicates the recovery. From a caring perspective, motivation to change is important for recovery. The aim of the literature review was to illustrate motivational interviewing in the care of people with eating disorders. The study was performed as a literature review through structured searching with critical review of previous research. The literature review found associations between motivational interviewing and improved motivation in people with eating disorders. Motivational interviewing resulted in increased readiness for change and increased commitment in treatment. Motivational interviewing made it possible with openness, honesty and understanding between the nurse and the person with eating disorders; a therapeutic alliance was established. The study found that the therapeutic alliance entailed a mutual cooperation, in which the person found support to develop own resources for recovery. Research on motivational interviewing in the care of people with eating disorders is limited which leads to gaps in knowledge and indicates that further research is motivated. The study indicates that nurses need depth knowledge about eating disorders and motivational interviewing.