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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
161

The Interacting Effects of Anxiety Levels, Task Complexity, and Warm-Up Conditions on Learning a Serial Type Motor Task

Craig, Bruce Porter 06 1900 (has links)
The major purpose of this study was to determine the effects of manifest anxiety, task complexity, and warm-up conditions on learning a two-phase serial type motor task. Another purpose was to consider the implications of these effects for physical educators, coaches, and others interested in improving educational practices and securing optimum performance levels.
162

'n Motoriese begeleidingsprogram vir kinders in die pre-primêre skoolfase

05 November 2014 (has links)
M.Ed. (Education) / The teaching of motor skills is to a large extent neglected in early childhood. This conclusion has been drawn from practical experience and observation obtained from teaching at a preparatory school. The research undertaken in this study has focussed on the design of a motor guiding programme in which individual motor skills can effectively be taught. Naturally the first priority has been to establish which motor skills a child must obtain at each developmental stage. Therefore this study analysed different characteristics of the growing child in the three developmental stages - the neonate, the infant and the preschool child. the next step has been to establish which criteria constitute the' basis for the motor guiding programme. The solution to this problem has been obtained from observing small children, ages three to six years as well as from scrutinizing the vast amount of empirical research on motor skills that appear in representative literature. The following criteria which emanated from the research programme, constitute the basis for the proposed motor guiding programme: individual uniqueness, the original situation, estimation of time, content, school readiness, sosializing, norm establishment, human dignitiy, positive selfconcept, realistic aims, aspiration level, stimulation, affective stability, safety and evaluation. The next stage of research was the design of appropriate teaching principles applicable to motor skills by the analysis of the cognitive, affective and motor aspects of the teaching of motor skills for preschool children. These principles appear to be: aims and goals, self actualization, sosialization, motivation, evaluation, structuring and contextualization. Having analysed these principles and criteria, a motor guiding programme has been developed.
163

Efeito da meta de aprendizagem na aquisição do golpe de Judô o soto gari / Effect of the learning goal on the acquisition of the Judo technique o soto gari

Tagusari, Fernando Ikeda 14 March 2019 (has links)
De acordo com a Aprendizagem Motora, os golpes de Judô podem ser classificados como habilidades seriadas - implicam a realização de uma sequência de movimentos (componentes) que resulta no desequilíbrio (kuzushi), encaixe (tsukuri) e finalização (kake) do oponente - e abertas - o oponente se movimenta constantemente durante a luta. Tradicionalmente, as técnicas são ensinadas por meio do uchi komi que se caracteriza pela repetição de golpes sem a sua finalização e praticado com pouca ou nenhuma reação do oponente. Considerando a classificação dos golpes, o ensino por meio do uchi komi apresenta limitações por não levar em consideração o contexto da luta que é de natureza dual e dinâmica. Na área de estudos da Aprendizagem Motora, o problema de contexto tem sido investigado por meio da manipulação de dois tipos de meta: a da tarefa e a de aprendizagem. Aplicando-se esses dois tipos de meta à aprendizagem dos golpes de Judô tem-se que a meta da tarefa corresponde à meta do golpe em si e a meta de aprendizagem adiciona a essa meta a situação em que este golpe será utilizado, por exemplo, de shiai ou randori. Isto posto, o presente estudo investigou o efeito da meta de aprendizagem na aquisição do golpe o soto gari do Judô. Foi delineado um experimento constituído por 7 sessões de prática, divididas em: a) pré-teste, que ocorreu na 1ª sessão e objetivou a formação dos grupos experimentais; b) fase de aquisição, da 2ª à 6ª sessões, de prática do golpe o soto gari; c) teste de transferência imediato (TRi) na 6ª sessão realizado imediatamente após a última sessão de prática; d) teste de transferência atrasado (TRa), realizado 7 dias após a 6ª sessão. Os testes de transferência foram constituídos por uma situação de luta controlada. Os participantes (n=24) foram distribuídos em dois grupos experimentais (n=12): Grupo Meta da Tarefa (GMT) e Grupo Meta de Aprendizagem (GMA). Ambos os grupos receberam antes das sessões de prática instrução sobre a meta da tarefa. O GMA foi adicionalmente instruído que ao final das sessões de prática haveria uma luta na qual deveria projetar o oponente utilizando o golpe o soto gari. Na fase de aquisição, em cada bloco das sessões de prática, os participantes assistiram a 3 formas diferentes de executar o golpe o soto gari. Os praticantes foram livres para escolher dentre as 3 formas do golpe uma que iria praticar durante o bloco todo. As escolhas de cada participante foram registradas. Como medidas de desempenho nos testes de transferência foram consideradas: a) a quantidade de tentativas do golpe realizadas; b) em caso de sucesso na execução do golpe, esta foi avaliada seguindo os critérios estabelecidos pela Federação Internacional de Judô para pontuação. Os resultados mostraram que o GMA, ao receber a meta da aprendizagem, elaborou estratégias na escolha das formas de execução do golpe, apresentou superioridade em relação ao GMT na quantidade de tentativas do golpe e, no quesito pontuação, obteve melhora no TRa em comparação ao TRi / According to Motor Learning, Judo techniques can be classified as serial skills - they imply the execution of a sequence of movements (components), resulting in unbalance (kuzushi), preparation (tsukuri) and finishing (kake) of the opponent - and open - the opponent constantly moves during the fight. Traditionally, those techniques are taught through the uchi komi, which is characterized by movement repetition that neglects the finishing phase of the throw and is practiced with little or no reaction from the opponent. Considering the classification of techniques, teaching through the uchi komi presents limitations by not taking into account the context of the fight which is dual and dynamic in nature. In the field of Motor Learning, the context problem has been investigated through the manipulation of two types of goals: task and learning goals. Applying these two types of goals to the learning of Judo technique, the task goal corresponds to the goal of the technique itself and the learning goal adds to this the situation in which this technique will be used, for example, shiai or randori. Thus, the present study investigated the effect of the learning goal on the acquisition of o soto gari Judo technique. An experiment was designed consisting of 7 sessions, divided into: a) pre-test, occurred in the 1st session aimed at the formation of experimental groups; b) acquisition phase, from the 2nd to the 6th practice sessions of the o soto gari; c) immediate transfer test performed immediately after the 6th practice session; d) late transfer test, 7 days after the 6th session. The transfer tests consisted of a controlled fighting situation. Participants (n = 24) were divided into two experimental groups (n = 12): Task Goal Group (GMT) and Learning Goal Group (GMA). Both groups received before the practice sessions instruction about the goal of the task. GMA was instructed additionally that at the end of practice sessions there would be a fight in which participants should project the opponent using the technique o soto gari. In the acquisition phase, in each block of the practice sessions, the participants watched 3 different ways of executing the technique o soto gari. The participants were free to choose among the 3 forms one that would practice during the whole block. The choices of each participant were recorded. As performance measures in the transfer tests the following were considered: a) the number of attempts of the technique made by participants; b) if successful in the execution of the technique (projection), it was evaluated applying the criteria established by the International Judo Federation for scoring. The results showed that GMA elaborated strategies in the choice of the execution forms of o soto gari, presented superiority in relation to GMT in the number of attempts and in relation to scoring an improvement in the TRa in comparison to the TRi
164

Freqüência de conhecimento de resultados na aquisição de uma habilidade motora em idosos / Frequency of knowledge of results in aquisition of motor skill in old age

Gehring, Paula Regina 15 February 2008 (has links)
O processo de aquisição de habilidades motoras está mais fortemente associado às fases iniciais da vida, mas é fundamental em todas as etapas do ciclo vital. Ao longo dos últimos 60 anos, os estudiosos da aprendizagem motora têm se dedicado à investigação dos fatores que afetam a aquisição de uma habilidade motora com especial destaque ao efeito do conhecimento de resultados (CR), porém, poucos estudos referentes ao processo de envelhecimento e CR têm sido encontrados. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito da freqüência de CR (100%, 66% e 33%) na aquisição de uma habilidade motora de preensão manual com posicionamento linear em indivíduos em diferentes etapas do processo de envelhecimento. Cento e vinte idosos (homens e mulheres) foram alocados em dois grupos: JOVEM, 60 indivíduos de 60 a 64 anos de idade e IDOSO, 60 indivíduos de 75 a 79 anos de idade, e subdivididos em 6 grupos experimentais de 20 indivíduos, combinando as duas faixas etárias e os três regimes de freqüência de CR. A meta da tarefa foi atingir um valor de preensão manual de 20% da força máxima com o deslocamento de 35 cm. As tentativas foram executadas com o membro superior não dominante e com oclusão visual. Os resultados mostraram que ocorreu uma melhora no desempenho durante a fase de aquisição, mediante a redução do nível de erro. Porém, na fase de retenção não houve a manutenção de desempenho adquirida na aquisição da tarefa para ambos os grupos (JOV e IDO). Os resultados também mostraram diferença entre as freqüências de CR, indicando que 100% foi melhor aproveitado pelo grupo idoso, sendo que este obteve desempenho inferior comparado com os jovens / The process of acquisition of motor skills is more strongly associated with the early stages of life, but it is essential in all stages of the life cycle, even in aging. Over the last 60 years, motor learning researchers have been devoted to examine factors that can affect the acquisition of a motor skill with special emphasis on the effect of KR, but few studies concerning the process of aging have been found. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of frequency of knowledge of results (KR) (100%, 66% and 33%) in the acquisition of a linear positioning combined with manual force control motor task in individuals at different stages of the process of aging. One hundred and twenty elderly (men and women) were allocated into two groups: JOVEM, 60 individuals from 60 to 64 years old and, IDOSO, 60 individuals from 75 to 79 years old, divided into 6 experimental groups of 20 individuals, combining two age groups and three frequencies of KR. The task goal was to reach a value of the 20% of the maximum strength in manual force with 35 cm of displacement. The subjects performed blindfolded and with non-dominant hand. Results showed that there was an improvement in performance during acquisition phase by reducing the level of errors, but in the retention phase, both groups (JOV and IDO) did not keep the same performance level of acquisition. Results also indicated that 100% of KR was best used by the IDO group, which demonstrated lower performance compared to the JOV group
165

Efeitos do modelo na aprendizagem do nado sincronizado / Effects of model in the motor learning process of synchronized swimming skills

Fugita, Meico 23 March 2010 (has links)
O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos do tipo de modelo, boneca e humano, na aprendizagem das habilidades motoras do nado sincronizado, mais especificamente na figura tina (Experimento 1), bem como os efeitos da ordem da apresentação do modelo, boneca-humano ou humano-boneca na aprendizagem da mesma figura (Experimento 2). Participaram do Experimento 1, 20 sujeitos, partindo dos seguintes critérios de inclusão: voluntários do sexo feminino, com idade média de 23,1 anos (DP= 4,1), adaptados ao meio aquático, capazes de deslocar-se na parte rasa da piscina, de flutuar com auxílio das mãos, sem experiência anterior com qualquer das habilidades do nado sincronizado. A tarefa consistiu na execução da tina, que compreende a execução de uma sequência composta por 3 posições e 2 movimentos de transição: (1) Posição Inicial; (2) Transição para a tina; (3) Posição de Tina; (4) Transição para a posição final; e, (5) Posição Final. Os sujeitos foram distribuídos em dois grupos de 10 participantes cada, o grupo modelo boneca (GB) e o grupo modelo humano (GH). Após um pré-teste composto de seis tentativas consecutivas de execução da tina a partir de instrução verbal, todos executaram 60 tentativas a partir de demonstração e instrução verbal. As demonstrações tanto do modelo boneca como do modelo humano foram fornecidas a cada tentativa, por vídeo. Após intervalo de 10 minutos, todos foram submetidos a um pós-teste, também composto de seis tentativas consecutivas de execução da tina a partir de instrução verbal. No dia seguinte, todos os sujeitos, independente do grupo foram submetidos ao teste de retenção, composto de dois blocos de 6 tentativas, sem qualquer tipo de instrução. A amostra do Experimento 2 foi constituída por 20 sujeitos, voluntários do sexo feminino, com idade média de 21,6 anos (DP= 2,8), adaptados ao meio aquático, capazes de deslocar-se na parte rasa da piscina, de flutuar com auxílio das mãos, sem experiência anterior com qualquer das habilidades do nado sincronizado, cuja tarefa era a mesma do Experimento 1, a execução da tina. Foram formados dois grupos de 10 participantes, sendo um deles com modelo boneca seguido de modelo humano e outro com modelo humano seguido de boneca. Após a aplicação de pré-teste, somente com instrução verbal, cada grupo executou 10 blocos de aquisição. Dez minutos após a fase de aquisição, os sujeitos executaram um bloco pós-teste, em que só foi fornecida instrução verbal, seguido, no dia seguinte, de dois blocos de teste de retenção, cada um constituído de seis tentativas. Entre os blocos 1 e 5 da fase de aquisição, as participantes receberam uma demonstração a cada tentativa de seu primeiro modelo, boneca ou humano, de acordo com seu grupo. Do bloco 6 ao 10 da fase de aquisição, as participantes receberam uma demonstração a cada tentativa do segundo modelo, humano ou boneca. Os resultados mostraram que nas medidas de desempenho global e de desempenho por componente não houve efeito do tipo de modelo, boneca ou humano (Experimento 1) e da ordem de apresentação do modelo na aprendizagem da tina do nado sincronizado. Nesse sentido concluiu-se que o modelo apresentado na demonstração associado à instrução verbal, não afeta a aprendizagem da tina, podendo ser utilizada a boneca e ou o modelo humano / The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of the type of model, synchro doll and human, in the motor learning process of Synchronized Swimming skills, particularly the tub figure (Experiment 1), as well as the effects of the sequence of models presentation in the learning process of the tub, synchro doll followed by the human model, or the human model prior to the synchro doll (Experiment 2). Experiment I was based on the performance of 20 female volunteer subjects, average age 23,1 years old (SD =4,1), adapted to aquatic environment, able to move on the shallow part of the pool and to fluctuate without using their hands. The task consisted of tub figure of the Synchronized Swimming consisting of 5 positions and 2 transition movements: starting position, tub transition, tub position, final transition and final position. After a pre-test in which all made 6 consecutive trials with verbal task description, the subjects were distributed in two groups consisting of 10 participants which, and made 60 trials with verbal task description and one demonstration per trial, the latter consisting of video instruction showing either a synchro doll model, or a human model. After 10 minutes all were submitted to a post-test, which consisted of 6 consecutive trials with verbal instructions only. On the following day, the subjects of both groups were submitted to a retention test, composed of two sessions of 6 consecutive trials with no instructions at all. In Experiment 2, 20 novice female subjects, average age 21,6 years old (SD = 2,8), adapted to aquatic environment, able to move on the shallow part of the pool and to fluctuate without using their hands had the same task as in Experiment 1, the performance of the five task components of the tub: starting position, tub transition, tub position, final transition and final position. Two groups of 10 participants were formed, one of them having the synchro doll model prior to the human model, and the other with the human model followed by the synchro doll model. After the pre-test in which all made 6 consecutive trials with verbal task description, each subject was submitted to 10 acquisition sessions. Ten minutes after those, the subjects were submitted to a post-test with verbal instructions only and, on the following day, 2 sessions of retention tests, consisting of 6 trials which, with no instructions at all. During the acquisition sessions 1 to 5 the subjects received one demonstration per trial of the first model, either synchro doll or human, according to their group, During the acquisition sessions 6 to 10 the participants received one demonstration per trial of the other model, either human or synchro doll. The results show that the type of model and the presentation sequence did not affect the global performance nor the performance of the components. So it was concluded that the model presented in demonstration associated to the verbal instructions does not affect tub learning, making it possible to use either the doll or the human model in any sequence
166

Efeito da modificação da tarefa na braçada do nado crawl em indivíduos com níveis de habilidades distintos / Effects of the modification of the task in the front crawl stroke in individuals with distinct levels of skill

Barbosa, Fabricio Madureira 05 May 2006 (has links)
Em habilidades como o nadar tem se creditado o sucesso à consistência do comportamento, negligenciando o papel da flexibilidade. Nesse sentido, com o objetivo de investigar o efeito da modificação da tarefa na braçada do nado crawl em indivíduos em níveis de habilidades distintos, partiu-se da visão de complementaridade entre consistência e flexibilidade do comportamento motor habilidoso. Crianças (42), com média de 8,7 anos de idade, com domínio do nado crawl, participaram do experimento. Usando o instrumento de análise do nível de proficiência do nado crawl, dois grupos, de 15 sujeitos cada, em níveis de habilidades distintos foram formados. Medidas de aspectos invariantes e variantes foram utilizadas para analisar as braçadas na tarefa de deslocar-se 30 metros em três velocidades. Segundo os resultados, os nadadores mantiveram a organização temporal da braçada (OTB) nas três condições experimentais; o grupo mais habilidoso (+H) apresentou a OTB mais estável; e, as alterações de desempenho foram efetuadas, exclusivamente a partir de ajustes dos aspectos variantes das braçadas. Em função dos resultados conclui-se que a aquisição do nadar, vista como um processo contínuo, envolve a formação de representações mentais que asseguram tanto a consistência (aspectos invariantes) como a flexibilidade (aspectos variantes) da braçada e, que sua complexidade está associada ao nível de habilidade dos nadadores. / In skills, as swimming, there has been credit to the success of the consistency of behaviour neglecting the role of flexibility. In this way with the objective of investigating the effect of the modification of the task in the front crawl stroke in individuals with distinct levels of skill we launched from the point that consistency and flexibility complement each other in the skilful motor behaviour. Children (42), with an average age of 8.7 with the skill of swimming crawl participated in the experiment. Using the analysis instrument of proficiency level of the crawl style, two groups of 15 subjects each, with distinct levels of ability were formed. Measures of variant and invariant aspects were used to analyze the stroke of drifting 30 meters in three velocities. According to the results the swimmers maintained the temporal organization of the stroke (TOS) in three experimental conditions; the more skilful group presented the more stable TOS; and the alterations of the performance were made exclusively from the adjustments of the variant aspects of the strokes. Due to the results it was concluded that the acquisition of swimming seen as a continuous process, involves the formation of mental representations that assure not only consistency (invariant aspects) but also the flexibility (variaant aspects) of the stroke and that its complexity is associated to the level of skill in the swimmers.
167

Aprendizado motor em crianças: comparação entre 06 e 10 anos / Motor learning in children: comparison between 06 and 10 years old

Siqueira, Mariana Vulcano 21 November 2007 (has links)
A aprendizagem motora é um processo desencadeado pelo treino, que envolve inúmeras mudanças sinápticas que, inicialmente, são temporárias e depois, com a continuidade do estímulo, consolidam-se definitivamente. Como tal processo não pode ser mensurado diretamente in vivo, as medidas tomadas como evidências da sua consolidação são comportamentais, ou seja, medidas de alteração de desempenho desencadeadas pelo treino. Um maior conhecimento a respeito dos fatores que interferem no processo de aprendizagem motora é de extrema importância para todas as ciências que estudam os efeitos do treino motor, tais como Pedagogia, Educação Física, Terapia Ocupacional, Fisioterapia, entre outras, à medida que permitem a implantação de abordagens mais específicas. Dentre vários fatores importantes, esse estudo elegeu a idade, já que, atualmente, não é claro como diferenciar o treino para crianças em diferentes faixas etárias. A indagação a respeito dos possíveis efeitos da idade sobre o processo sustenta-se no fato que o cérebro humano, ao nascimento, não se encontra completamente desenvolvido, o que só será alcançado, aproximadamente, duas décadas depois. Assim, sendo o processo de aprendizagem dependente de várias estruturas cerebrais, funcionando de forma complexa e sincrônica, é plausível supor que crianças em diferentes estágios maturacionais do Sistema Nervoso, sob as mesmas condições de treino, alcancem diferentes desempenhos. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi, por meio da análise do desempenho de uma nova tarefa, investigar possíveis diferenças no processo de aprendizagem motora entre crianças saudáveis de 6 e 10 anos. Para isso, foi comparado o desempenho motor em uma tarefa de oposição de dedos da mão, em duas diferentes seqüências, uma treinada por meio de 4 blocos de 600 movimentos e outra tomada como controle, entre um grupo de 16 crianças com idade de seis anos (6,5+0,2) e outro composto por dez crianças com idade entre 9 e 10 anos (9,6+0.50). O desempenho para ambas as seqüências foi tomado em 6 diferentes momentos: antes, 2 minutos, 4, 7, 14 e 28 dias depois da sessão de treino e então, analisado estatisticamente por meio da ANOVA para medidas repetidas. Os resultados obtidos durante o treino mostraram que, em termos de velocidade de oposição de dedos, as crianças menores apresentavam, inicialmente, uma lentidão que desapareceu após as primeiras 600 repetições. Já a análise do desempenho dos mesmos movimentos dentro de uma seqüência específica mostrou o comportamento oposto: as crianças menores, inicialmente, apresentavam o mesmo desempenho em comparação às mais velhas, mas, após o primeiro bloco de treino, essas últimas tornaram-se progressivamente mais eficientes no aproveitamento do treinamento. A análise dos resultados obtidos com a seqüência tomada como controle mostrou que as crianças menores apresentaram dificuldade em generalizar a aprendizagem para a seqüência reversa. Tomados em conjunto, esses resultados indicam diferenças no aproveitamento do treino entre crianças de 6 e 10 anos, discutidas nesse estudo como associadas principalmente a diferenças nas funções cognitivas envolvidas na construção da habilidade, coerentes com as diferenças maturacionais do Sistema Nervoso esperadas entre essas idades. / Motor learning is a process triggered by training, which involves numerous synaptic changes that are initially temporary, and further, with the stimulus continuity, consolidate definitively. As such process cannot be measured directly in vivo, the measures taken as evidences of their consolidation are behavioral, that is, they are performance change measures triggered by training. A greater knowledge on the factors that interfere on the motor learning process is extremely important for all the sciences that investigate the effects of motor training, such as Pedagogy, Physical Education, Occupational Therapy, Physiotherapy, among others, as they enable the implementation of more specific approaches. Among several important factors, this investigation has elected age, since today it is not clear how to differentiate training for children at different age ranges. The question about the possible effects of age on the process is supported by the fact that the human brain, upon birth, is not completely developed, and this development will only be reached approximately two decades later. Thus, as the learning process depends on several brain structures, which operate in a complex and synchronized way, it is plausible assuming that children at different maturity stages of the Nervous System, and under the same training conditions, achieve different performances. Thus, this work aimed at investigating eventual differences in the motor learning process, by analyzing the performance of a new task, among healthy children from 6 to 10 years old. To do that, the motor performance was compared for a task of hand\'s fingers opposition, in two different sequences, one trained by means of 4 blocks with 600 motions, and the other taken as control, in a group of 16 (sixteen) six-year old children (6.5+0.2), and another one comprised by 10 (ten) 9-10-year old children (9.6+0.50). The performance for both sequences was taken in 6 different times: before, 2 minutes, 4, 7, 14 and 28 days after the training sessions, and then statistically analyzed via ANOVA for repeated measures. The results achieved during the training evidenced that, in terms of finger opposition speed, smaller children initially presented a slowness, which disappeared after the first 600 repetitions. By its turn, the performance for the same motions within a specific sequence showed the opposite behavior: smaller children initially presented the same performance when compared to the older ones, but after the first training block, the latter ones became more and more efficient in terms of training results. The analysis of the results achieved with the sequence taken for control purposes showed that smaller children presented difficulty in generalizing the learning for the reverse sequence. When considered as a set, these results indicate differences in the training results between 6- and 10-year old children, discussed in this investigation as especially associated to differences in the cognitive functions involved in skill construction, coherent with the maturity differences of the Nervous System, expected between these ages.
168

The Influence of Upper Extremity Intensive Motor Learning Intervention on Inter-Limb Coordination in Children with Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Sidiropoulos, Alexis January 2018 (has links)
Continuous inter-limb coordination is the movement relationship between body limb segments (e.g. an arm and a leg) (Magill & Anderson, 2014) and is organized within the framework of the characteristics of the environmental conditions, the task demands, and the limb dynamics (e.g. the action capabilities of the individual) (Holt et al., 2000). When maximal coordination is achieved, stability, which is the defined as the system’s ability to offset a perturbation (Li et al., 2005), is optimized (Meyns et al., 2012). Individual coordinative relationships provide insights into neuromuscular deficiencies and their corresponding coordination difficulties (Kurz & Stergiou, 2004), such as those affecting children with cerebral palsy (CP) (Meyns et al., 2012). CP describes a group of neurodevelopmental disorders attributed to a non-progressive disturbance in the developing brain (Bax et al., 2005). Children with unilateral spastic CP (USCP), the most common subtype (Odding et al., 2006), are affected on one side of their body, experience problems with bimanual coordination, and indicate lower levels of inter-limb coordination and stability compared to their typically developing peers. This can affect both their functional independence and quality of life (Steenbergen et al., 2008; Meyns et al., 2012). To date, no study has evaluated whether inter-limb coordination of this population during a gross motor task can be improved with treatment. The goals of this study were to evaluate continuous inter-limb coordination and stability in children with USCP compared to typically developing children (TDC) and to determine if coordination and stability of children with USCP could be improved with intensive upper extremity (UE) intervention. Constraint Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) and Hand Arm Bimanual Intensive Therapy (HABIT) were employed to both improve UE function and determine whether inter-limb coordination and stability are also improved. A total of 33 age-matched children participated, divided evenly into three groups of Treatment (n=6, CIMT; n=5, HABIT), No-Treatment, and Typically Developing. Vicon 3-D motion capture was used to collect movement data. Continuous measures of coordination using relative phase analysis, including Mean Absolute Relative Phase (MARP) and Deviation Phase (DP) were used to quantify coordination (MARP) and stability (DP) during novel, gross motor tasks of standing and in-place marching with symmetric and asymmetric arm swing. Results indicated that children with USCP have a lower level of coordination compared to TDC (p<0.05), but there is no difference in the stability of their patterns (p>0.05). This indicates that all children have difficulty producing consistent cyclical movements with their arms, regardless of pathology. All children also demonstrated greater difficulty coordinating their UE during the in-place marching tasks compared to the standing tasks (p<0.05), which may be due to the inherent increase in degrees of freedom associated with the addition of the lower extremities to the task. Treatment of either CIMT or HABIT improved coordination between the arms (p<0.05), but also decreased stability between the more affected arm and leg during the in-place marching tasks (p<0.05) with symmetric and asymmetric arm swing, respectively. This decrease in stability may represent the children’s inability to consistently execute the same cyclical movements for an extended period of time due to their newly learned patterns resulting from improvements in UE function after treatment. This is the first study to identify similarities in stability between TDC and children with USCP and to demonstrate improvements in continuous, inter-limb coordination after intensive UE intervention in this pathologic population. The finding that TDC do not indicate greater stability in their motor patterns may imply that their patterns are not yet mature. Therefore, it may be efficacious to intervene at a young age to ensure correct coordinative patterns are learned and become stable as the child matures. Evidence that both function and continuous coordination between the arms are improved after intervention also suggests that with increased gross motor practice during the intervention, continuous inter-limb coordination may improve in a greater variety of tasks. Due to the prominence and accessibility of UE interventions, implementation of more gross motor tasks may be an economical way to advance coordination, which can positively impact activities of daily living and increase participation in community activities in children with USCP.
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The relationship between gaze and information pickup during action observation : implications for motor skill (re)learning

D'Innocenzo, Giorgia January 2018 (has links)
The aim of the present thesis was to investigate the relationship between individuals' allocation of overt visual attention during action observation and their consequent pickup of information. Four interrelated studies were conducted to achieve this. In Study 1 we examined the effects of visual guidance - colour highlighting of relevant aspects of the action - on observational learning of the golf swing. The results showed that the visual guides facilitated novices' intake of information pertaining to the model's posture, which was reflected in faster learning. In the remaining studies, transcranial magnetic stimulation and eye tracking data were acquired concurrently to measure the interaction between gaze behaviour and motor resonance - a neurophysiological index of the motor system's engagement with a viewed action, and thus a correlate of information extraction. In Study 2, we directed observers' gaze to distinct locations of the display while they viewed thumb adduction/abduction movements. The results showed that, by directing gaze to a location that maximised the amount of thumb motion across the fovea, motor resonance was maximised relative to a free viewing condition. In Study 3 we examined the link between gaze and motor resonance during the observation of transitive actions. Participants viewed reach-to-grasp actions with natural gaze, or while looking at a target- or an effector- based visual guide. The results showed that the effector-based guide disrupted natural gaze behaviour, and this was associated with a reversal of the motor resonance response. In Study 4 we showed novice and skilled golfers videos of the golf swing and of a reach-grasp-lift action. The results revealed that, for both actions, the extent of motor resonance was related to the location of participants' fixations. The present work provides the first evidence of a relationship between gaze and motor resonance and highlights the importance of appropriate gaze behaviour for observational learning.
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Freqüência de conhecimento de resultados na aquisição de uma habilidade motora em idosos / Frequency of knowledge of results in aquisition of motor skill in old age

Paula Regina Gehring 15 February 2008 (has links)
O processo de aquisição de habilidades motoras está mais fortemente associado às fases iniciais da vida, mas é fundamental em todas as etapas do ciclo vital. Ao longo dos últimos 60 anos, os estudiosos da aprendizagem motora têm se dedicado à investigação dos fatores que afetam a aquisição de uma habilidade motora com especial destaque ao efeito do conhecimento de resultados (CR), porém, poucos estudos referentes ao processo de envelhecimento e CR têm sido encontrados. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito da freqüência de CR (100%, 66% e 33%) na aquisição de uma habilidade motora de preensão manual com posicionamento linear em indivíduos em diferentes etapas do processo de envelhecimento. Cento e vinte idosos (homens e mulheres) foram alocados em dois grupos: JOVEM, 60 indivíduos de 60 a 64 anos de idade e IDOSO, 60 indivíduos de 75 a 79 anos de idade, e subdivididos em 6 grupos experimentais de 20 indivíduos, combinando as duas faixas etárias e os três regimes de freqüência de CR. A meta da tarefa foi atingir um valor de preensão manual de 20% da força máxima com o deslocamento de 35 cm. As tentativas foram executadas com o membro superior não dominante e com oclusão visual. Os resultados mostraram que ocorreu uma melhora no desempenho durante a fase de aquisição, mediante a redução do nível de erro. Porém, na fase de retenção não houve a manutenção de desempenho adquirida na aquisição da tarefa para ambos os grupos (JOV e IDO). Os resultados também mostraram diferença entre as freqüências de CR, indicando que 100% foi melhor aproveitado pelo grupo idoso, sendo que este obteve desempenho inferior comparado com os jovens / The process of acquisition of motor skills is more strongly associated with the early stages of life, but it is essential in all stages of the life cycle, even in aging. Over the last 60 years, motor learning researchers have been devoted to examine factors that can affect the acquisition of a motor skill with special emphasis on the effect of KR, but few studies concerning the process of aging have been found. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of frequency of knowledge of results (KR) (100%, 66% and 33%) in the acquisition of a linear positioning combined with manual force control motor task in individuals at different stages of the process of aging. One hundred and twenty elderly (men and women) were allocated into two groups: JOVEM, 60 individuals from 60 to 64 years old and, IDOSO, 60 individuals from 75 to 79 years old, divided into 6 experimental groups of 20 individuals, combining two age groups and three frequencies of KR. The task goal was to reach a value of the 20% of the maximum strength in manual force with 35 cm of displacement. The subjects performed blindfolded and with non-dominant hand. Results showed that there was an improvement in performance during acquisition phase by reducing the level of errors, but in the retention phase, both groups (JOV and IDO) did not keep the same performance level of acquisition. Results also indicated that 100% of KR was best used by the IDO group, which demonstrated lower performance compared to the JOV group

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