Ce travail de thèse présente la caractérisation expérimentale de fibres de lins et une modélisation de l’écoulement de résine lors du procédé de Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) utilisant ces mêmes fibres. La variation du diamètre des filaments de lins immergés dans différents liquides tests est caractérisée par observation au microscope. Le taux et la vitesse d’absorption de liquides tests dans les fibres sont ensuite obtenus par centrifugation. Un nouveau modèle de perméabilité est ainsi développé afin de prendre en compte les effets du gonflement des fibres sur la perméabilité quelque soit le liquide test considéré. Le modèle est validé après comparaison avec les perméabilités expérimentales. Les propriétés de mouillage des fibres de lin en présence de différents liquides tests sont mesurées en utilisant un tube capillaire et une mèche de fibres de lin. Un modèle prenant en compte le gonflement des fibres ainsi que le phénomène d’absorption est proposé pour déterminer la tension de surface et l’angle de contact décrivant la mouillabilité. L’écoulement insaturé dans le tissu de fibres de lin est modélisé en utilisant l’équation de conservation de la masse, la loi de Darcy ainsi que les modèles de gonflement et d’absorption précédemment définis. Le flux massique absorbé dans les fibres et la modification du taux local de fraction volumique sont introduits par l’intermédiaire de termes puits dans l’équation de conservation de la masse. La variation de perméabilité spatiale et temporelle non uniforme peut ainsi être considérée dans le modèle complet proposé. Ce modèle est validé par comparaison avec un suivi expérimental de l’écoulement dans une préforme de fibres de lin. / This thesis presents an experimental characterization of flax fiber and a modeling of the resin flow during the resin transfer molding process with flax preform. The change of diameter of flax fiber filament immersed in different test liquids was characterized using optical microscope. The sorption rate of the resin mass into the fiber filament immersed in the test liquids was also experimentally characterized using centrifuge test. A new permeability model was proposed to predict the permeability taking into account the fiber swell effect, regardless of test liquid and the model was validated by a comparison with the experimental measurement data. The wetting properties of flax fiber in contact with different test liquids were measured by capillary rise test using flax fiber yarn and a new model was established to obtain surface tension and contact angle by considering the fiber swell effect and the liquid sorption into the fiber filament. The unsaturated resin flow in the flax fiber preform was modeled by modifying the conventional mass conservation equation and Darcy’s law in order to take into account the effects of fiber swell and liquid sorption. The mass rate absorbed into the fiber and the change of fiber volume were considered as sink terms in the mass conservation equation. The permeability change due to the fiber swell was modeled in terms of time of fiber’s immersion in liquid. In particular, the sink term and permeability were considered as spatially and temporally non-uniform in the flow model. The proposed model was validated by a comparison with the experimental measurement of flow advancement in the flax fiber preform.

A relevância da pesquisa aqui apresentada reside na proposição de uma discussão integrada da questão da modelagem dentro do processo produtivo do vestuário, considerando seus principais aspectos: desenho, técnicas de modelagem, estudos do corpo e gradação de moldes, estabelecendo as correlações entre a modelagem plana e a moulage, e apontando a importância da abordagem científica do estudo do corpo por meio da antropometria e ergonomia na gradação dos moldes e, consequentemente, na produção de uma modelagem de qualidade. Nesse contexto, três hipóteses principais nortearam a realização da pesquisa: a primeira hipótese é a de existem muitas semelhanças entre as técnicas de modelagem plana e moulage, e ambas utilizam os princípios da antropometria e da ergonomia; a segunda é a de que os critérios para definição dos pontos de gradação são os mesmos nas duas técnicas de modelagem, e para realizar a gradação, é necessário estabelecer uma tabela de medidas considerando as diferenças ergonômicas, e a terceira é que, dessa forma, é possível imaginar que, em ambas as técnicas de modelagem, seria adequado usar as diferenças ergonômicas e antropométricas para encontrar os principais pontos de gradação. Nesse sentido, este trabalho tem como objetivo geral analisar as técnicas de modelagem utilizadas no desenvolvimento de produtos de moda e, a partir dessa análise, refletir sobre as implicações ergonômicas e antropométricas no processo de gradação do produto de moda. Para tanto, foi realizada, primeiramente, uma revisão da literatura especializada, no sentido de estabelecer conceitos e descrever características dos temas abordados. Em seguida, foi realizada uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório e qualitativo, com modelistas profissionais, por meio da aplicação de um questionário. Os resultados mostram que tanto a literatura consultada como os profissionais entrevistados concordam com as hipóteses levantadas pelo trabalho / The relevance of the research presented here lies in the proposal of an integrated discussion of the modeling within the productive process of clothing, considering its main aspects: design, modeling techniques, body studies and molding, establishing the correlations between flat modeling and the moulage, and pointing out the importance of the scientific approach of the study of the body - through anthropometry and ergonomics - in the gradation of molds and, consequently, in the production of a quality modeling. In this context, three main hypotheses guided the research: the first hypothesis is that there are many similarities between the techniques of flat and moulage modeling, and both use the principles of anthropometry and ergonomics; the second is that the criteria for defining the gradation points are the same in the two modeling techniques, and to perform the gradation, it is necessary to establish a table of measures considering the ergonomic differences; and the third is that it is possible to imagine that, in both modeling techniques, it would be appropriate to use the ergonomic and anthropometric differences to find the main points of gradation. In this sense, this work has as its general objective to analyze the modeling techniques used in the development of fashion products and, from this analysis, to reflect on the ergonomic and anthropometric implications in the process of gradation of the fashion product. A review of the specialized literature was carried out, in order to establish concepts and describe characteristics of the topics addressed. Then, an exploratory and qualitative research was carried out, with professional modelers, through the application of a questionnaire. The results show that both the literature consulted and the professionals interviewed agree with the hypotheses raised by the work

A relevância da pesquisa aqui apresentada reside na proposição de uma discussão integrada da questão da modelagem dentro do processo produtivo do vestuário, considerando seus principais aspectos: desenho, técnicas de modelagem, estudos do corpo e gradação de moldes, estabelecendo as correlações entre a modelagem plana e a moulage, e apontando a importância da abordagem científica do estudo do corpo por meio da antropometria e ergonomia na gradação dos moldes e, consequentemente, na produção de uma modelagem de qualidade. Nesse contexto, três hipóteses principais nortearam a realização da pesquisa: a primeira hipótese é a de existem muitas semelhanças entre as técnicas de modelagem plana e moulage, e ambas utilizam os princípios da antropometria e da ergonomia; a segunda é a de que os critérios para definição dos pontos de gradação são os mesmos nas duas técnicas de modelagem, e para realizar a gradação, é necessário estabelecer uma tabela de medidas considerando as diferenças ergonômicas, e a terceira é que, dessa forma, é possível imaginar que, em ambas as técnicas de modelagem, seria adequado usar as diferenças ergonômicas e antropométricas para encontrar os principais pontos de gradação. Nesse sentido, este trabalho tem como objetivo geral analisar as técnicas de modelagem utilizadas no desenvolvimento de produtos de moda e, a partir dessa análise, refletir sobre as implicações ergonômicas e antropométricas no processo de gradação do produto de moda. Para tanto, foi realizada, primeiramente, uma revisão da literatura especializada, no sentido de estabelecer conceitos e descrever características dos temas abordados. Em seguida, foi realizada uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório e qualitativo, com modelistas profissionais, por meio da aplicação de um questionário. Os resultados mostram que tanto a literatura consultada como os profissionais entrevistados concordam com as hipóteses levantadas pelo trabalho / The relevance of the research presented here lies in the proposal of an integrated discussion of the modeling within the productive process of clothing, considering its main aspects: design, modeling techniques, body studies and molding, establishing the correlations between flat modeling and the moulage, and pointing out the importance of the scientific approach of the study of the body - through anthropometry and ergonomics - in the gradation of molds and, consequently, in the production of a quality modeling. In this context, three main hypotheses guided the research: the first hypothesis is that there are many similarities between the techniques of flat and moulage modeling, and both use the principles of anthropometry and ergonomics; the second is that the criteria for defining the gradation points are the same in the two modeling techniques, and to perform the gradation, it is necessary to establish a table of measures considering the ergonomic differences; and the third is that it is possible to imagine that, in both modeling techniques, it would be appropriate to use the ergonomic and anthropometric differences to find the main points of gradation. In this sense, this work has as its general objective to analyze the modeling techniques used in the development of fashion products and, from this analysis, to reflect on the ergonomic and anthropometric implications in the process of gradation of the fashion product. A review of the specialized literature was carried out, in order to establish concepts and describe characteristics of the topics addressed. Then, an exploratory and qualitative research was carried out, with professional modelers, through the application of a questionnaire. The results show that both the literature consulted and the professionals interviewed agree with the hypotheses raised by the work

Ce travail porte sur la production d’élastomères thermoplastiques basés sur un polymère thermoplastique (le polyéthylène de basse densité, LDPE) et un caoutchouc naturel (NR) recyclé provenant de pneus usés (ground tire rubber : GTR). Les échantillons ont été moulés par rotomoulage en utilisant deux méthodes de mélange : à l'état fondu par une extrudeuse bi-vis et par un mélange à sec en utilisant un mélangeur haute intensité afin de comparer l’effet du cisaillement et de l’histoire thermo-mécanique sur les propriétés mécaniques et physiques des composés. De plus, deux types de caoutchouc naturel recyclé ont été utilisés. Le premier est une matière recyclée provenant directement des pneus hors-route (off-the-road, OTR) par réduction de taille et le second est le même matériel ayant subi un procédé de régénération à l’échelle industrielle. Dans chaque cas, trois concentrations de caoutchouc ont été utilisées (20, 35 et 50% en poids) pour comparer avec les propriétés de la matrice seule (0%). Le travail a permis de déterminer l’effet des paramètres de mise en oeuvre comme le temps de chauffage, la température du four, le rapport de vitesse et la taille des particules pour optimiser le procédé rotomoulage. À partir des échantillons obtenus, une caractérisation morphologique (microscopie), physique (densité et dureté) et mécanique (tension, flexion et impact) a été effectuée. Les résultats ont montré que l'augmentation de la concentration en caoutchouc diminuait la rigidité et la résistance mécanique, mais augmentait l'élasticité et la ductilité. Finalement, bien que le mélange à l'état fondu a donné des propriétés légèrement supérieures au mélange à sec, ce dernier est intéressant afin de limiter la dégradation thermo-mécanique et oxydative des matériaux tout en réduisant les coûts et le temps de fabrication. / This project focuses on the production and characterization of thermoplastic elastomers, based on a thermoplastic polymer (low density polyethylene, LDPE) and recycled natural rubber (NR), obtained from ground tire rubber (GTR). The samples were rotomolded by two blending techniques: melt blending by twin-screw extrusion, and dry blending using a high speed mixer to study the effect of shear and thermo-mechanical history on the physical and mechanical properties of the compounds. Also, two types of recycled natural rubber were used in this study. The first one is a recycled material, obtained from off-the-road (OTR) tires after size reduction. On other hand, the second one is the same material which underwent a regeneration process at industrial scale. In each case, three rubber concentrations (20, 35, 50 wt.%) were used to compare with the properties of the neat polymer. In addition, the effect of several parameters such as: heating time, oven temperature, speed ratio of the rotating arms, and particle size is studied to optimize the rotomolding process. Then, from the samples produced, morphological (optical and scanning electron microscopy), physical (density and hardness) and mechanical (tension, flexion and impact) characterizations were performed. Based on the results obtained, it was shown that increasing the rubber concentration led to lower rigidity and mechanical strength, but higher elasticity and ductility. Finally, although the melt blending method provides better properties than the dry blending one, the latter is interesting to limit the thermo-mechanical and oxidative degradation of the materials, as well as reducing the costs and manufacturing time.

Thèse doctorat : Matériaux Polymères et Composites : Villeurbanne, INSA : 2001. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. [151]-158.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-01-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:57:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_pm_me_bauru.pdf: 907859 bytes, checksum: b98682457254c5034fde8ac03ff92b52 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presente pesquisa verifica a eficiência da modelagem tridimensional, moulage, como instrumento de otimização do processo de desenvolvimento do produto de moda/vestuário. Para tanto, enfoca as etapas de criação e materialização nas quais a referida técnica encontra-se inserida, onde constata a dicotomia entre as áreas de criação e modelagem. Aborda as qualidades técnicas, construtivas, ergonômicas e estéticas envolvidas no projeto da modelagem do produto, enfatizando os aspectos de conforto, caimento e inovação formal. De abordagem qualitativa, tem seus dados coletados por meio de observações sistemáticas, no âmbito acadêmico, numa variedade de situações-problemas, em momentos diversos, com variadas fontes de informação - cenários criados para reproduzir, considerando as devidas proporções e especificidades - situações industriais análogas. Estabelece as seguintes linhas guias de observação: criar e materializar; materializar a criação do outro; a criação constitui-se na própria materialização. Indicadores previstos na estruturação da pesquisa - adequação dimensional, vestibilidade, inovação formal, tempo, retrabalho, consumo de matéria-prima, soluções de montagem - conduzem aos resultados, numa comparação dos dados obtidos quando a técnica da modelagem tridimensional encontra-se ou não inserida no processo de desenvolvimento do produto de moda. É constatada a eficiência da técnica no processo. / The purpose of this research is to verify the efficiency of the three-dimensional modeling, draping, as a way to achieve a better development of the fashion/clothing products. For that, it focus the creation and the materialization steps, in which the draping technique is found, where is found a dichotomy between the creation and the modeling areas. It also approaches the technical, constructive, ergonomic and esthetic qualities involved on the modeling project, emphasizing the comfort, adjustment and innovation of the shape. This qualitative research got the data collection by methodological academic observation, with a variety of problem situations, in different moments with distinctive information sources - created reproduction scenes, considering the propositions and specialties - such as industrial situations. It establishes the following observation guide: to create and materialize; to materialize the other s creation; the creation constitutes in the materialization itself. The indicators used in this research are the dimensional fitness, adjustment, innovation of the shape, time, rework, material raw, assembling solutions. They conduct to the findings, comparing obtained data when the three-dimensional modeling is found in development of the fashion/clothing products and it proves the efficiency of the technique in the process.

Submitted by Eliana Barboza (eliana.silva1@mackenzie.br) on 2018-02-19T14:24:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Bethina Oger Garcia.pdf: 17525608 bytes, checksum: a5ac94c5deb83aa92b76c9fa685890a6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paola Damato (repositorio@mackenzie.br) on 2018-02-19T15:52:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Bethina Oger Garcia.pdf: 17525608 bytes, checksum: a5ac94c5deb83aa92b76c9fa685890a6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-19T15:52:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Bethina Oger Garcia.pdf: 17525608 bytes, checksum: a5ac94c5deb83aa92b76c9fa685890a6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-14 / This dissertationhistorically contextualizes the moments which in the woman was disciplined both by the family, by the church and forced by fashion and the media to follow a dictatorship of clothing, but it highlights the moulage - in which the garment is built on the woman's body - as a creative process and a way of valuing the body of the female body without having to follow the dictatorship of fashion. / Essa dissertação contextualiza historicamente os momentos em que a mulher foi disciplinada tanto pela família, quanto pela igreja e obrigada pela moda e pelas mídias a seguir uma ditadura do vestuário, mas coloca em destaque a moulage – forma na qual o vestuário é construído no corpo da mulher - como um processo criativo e uma forma de valorização do corpo feminino sem precisar seguir a ditadura da moda.

En 2010, une nouvelle méthode de production de verres de chalcogénure transparents dans l'infrarouge a été brevetée, alliant la mécanosynthèse au frittage Spark Plasma Sintering. Ce travail de thèse intègre le transfert de technologie vers la société Diafir dans le cadre d'un projet RAPID, financé par la DGA. Il a pour but un travail d'optimisation des procédés de synthèse et de mise en forme a été mené afin de permettre d'adapter cette technologie innovante à un volume industriel. Les verres de composition Ge28Sb12Se60, 80GeSe2-20Ga2Se3, Te20As30Se50, As2Se3 et As2S3 ont été synthétisés par fusion-trempe, broyés finement puis frittés par SPS. Des disques avec des transmissions comparables au verre obtenu par voie classique ont été obtenus. Des traitements antireflets ont été déposés avec succès à leur surface. Le développement de moules spécifiques au SPS a conduit à la production de lentilles sphériques adaptables à des dispositifs optiques. Ces compositions vitreuses ont ensuite été synthétisées par mécanosynthèse puis frittées par SPS. Les disques obtenus présentant des phénomènes de diffusion récurrents. Les principales causes de diffusion ont été analysées afin d'optimiser le procédé de synthèse par voie mécanique. / In 2010, a new method of production of chalcogenide glasses, transparent in the infrared, has been patented. It combines mechanosynthesis to Spark Plasma Sintering. In this thesis work, there is the technology transfer to the Diafir society included in the RAPID project, founded by the DGA. The aim is to optimize the processes of synthesis and forming in order to adapt this innovating technology to an industrial scale. The glasses of composition Ge28Sb12Se60, 80GeSe2-20Ga2Se3, Te20As30Se50, As2Se3 and As2S3 have been synthetized by melt-quench method then crushedfinely before to be sintered by SPS.

Cette étude concerne l’élaboration de composites à matrice polylactide par procédé RTM (Resin Transfer Molding). Elle se focalise sur la polymérisation par ouverture de cycle (POC) in situ, du L-lactide, en procédé RTM avec comme objectif d’obtenir en une seule étape de synthèse, un composite présentant une matrice biosourcée, biodégradable et biocompatible, avec une bonne imprégnation des fibres par la matrice pour un taux de renfort élevé. Dans un premier temps, des essais préliminaires de polymérisation en masse (sans solvant) du L-lactide en ballon à l’échelle du gramme et en l’absence de renfort ont été réalisés. Ces expériences ont permis de déterminer les conditions initiales permettant l’obtention de matrices PLLA présentant le moins de L-lactide résiduel possible (conversions supérieures à 90 %) et les masses molaires les plus élevées (Mn = 70 000 - 100 000 g.mol-1). Ces caractéristiques sont en effet primordiales pour avoir des propriétés thermomécaniques optimales de la matrice PLLA et adaptées à des applications composites. Cette étude a été suivie d’essais de polymérisation, toujours à l’échelle du gramme, en présence de fibres de différentes natures afin d’étudier leur influence sur la polymérisation, les fibres présentant le moins d’influence étant les fibres de verre tissées (conversion et masses molaires supérieures à 90 % et 70 000 g.mol-1, respectivement). Les conditions expérimentales déterminées précédemment ont été transposées et ajustées pour l’élaboration, en procédé RTM, de composites polylactide/fibres de verre par polymérisation du L-lactide catalysée par l’octanoate d’étain. L’optimisation du procédé RTM a été réalisé en faisant varier la masse de monomère, la concentration en catalyseur, la quantité de fibres, le mode de chauffe de la cuve, la pression d’injection et la pression et température dans le moule. Les propriétés physico-chimiques et mécaniques de composites obtenus ont été également étudiées. Les composites obtenus présentent des conversions de plus de 95 % et des masses molaires pouvant atteindre 80 000 g.mol-1. Les conditions RTM n’influencent pas les propriétés thermiques (Tg = 50 °C ; Tf = 170 °C) et structurales (cristallisation en phase α) du polylactide matricielle. De plus les résistances à la traction et modules d’Young des composites PLLA/fibres de verre peuvent atteindre les 200 MPa et 6 GPa respectivement. La dernière partie concerne l’élaboration de composites à matrice PLLA par procédé RTM en présence de catalyseurs présentant une plus faible toxicité, afin de remplacer l’octanoate d’étain, catalyseur de référence pour la polymérisation du L-lactide qui présente cependant une certaine toxicité et qui pourrait dans un futur proche être proscrit des procédés industriels. Des catalyseurs à base de titane, zinc, magnésium et calcium ont ainsi été étudiés, mais seul le catalyseur de zinc conduit à un matériau satisfaisant pour une application composite (conversion supérieure à 90 % et Mn supérieure à 30 000 g.mol-1), bien que les propriétés mécaniques résultantes soient inférieures à celles obtenues avec le catalyseur d’étain (σ = 93 MPa et E = 3,3 GPa). Enfin, l’utilisation de fibres recyclées en tant que renfort a également été étudiée. Bien que les hautes conversions (95-98 %) et masses molaires (Mn jusqu’à 60 800 g.mol-1) aient été atteintes, les propriétés mécaniques résultantes sont bien inférieures à celles obtenues en présence de fibres de verre (σ = 65 MPa et E = 2,2 GPa). / This study deals with the development of polylactide based composites by RTM (Resin Transfer Molding). It focuses on the in-situ ring opening polymerization (ROP) of L-lactide in the RTM process in order to obtain, in a single step, a composite with a biobased, biodegradable and biocompatible matrix, presenting a good impregnation of the fibers by the matrix for a high reinforcement rate. First, preliminary mass polymerization tests (solvent-free) of L-lactide in flasks at the gram scale and in the absence of reinforcement were carried out. These experiments enable to choose the initial conditions enabling to reach high molecular mass PLLA matrices (Mn = 70 000 - 100 000 g.mol-1) containing the lowest residual L-lactide content (conversions up to 90 %). These characteristics are indeed essential to reach optimal thermomechanical properties of the PLLA matrix, suitable for composite applications. Polymerization tests on a gram scale in the presence of fibers of different kinds have then been carried out in order to evaluate their influence on the polymerization. Woven glass fibers display the least influence (conversion and molecular masses up to 90% and 70 000 g.mol-1, respectively). The experimental conditions determined above have been first transposed and adjusted for the production by RTM of polylactide/glass fiber composites obtained from L-lactide catalyzed by tin octoate. The RTM process was optimized by varying different experimental parameters such as the monomer mass, catalyst concentration, fiber quantity, tank heating, injection pressure and mold pressure and temperature. The physico-chemical and mechanical properties of the composites obtained were also studied. PLLA/glass fiber composites display conversions up to 95% and molar masses of up to 80 000 g.mol-1. The RTM conditions show no influence on the thermal (Tg = 50 °C; Tf = 170 °C) and structural (crystallization in the α phase) properties of the polylactide matrix. In addition, the tensile strength and Young's modulus of those composites can reach 200 MPa and 6 GPa respectively. The last part concerns the production of PLLA matrix composites by RTM process in the presence of catalysts presenting lower toxicity than tin octoate, the catalyst used industrially for the polymerization of L-lactide. Catalysts based on titanium, zinc, magnesium and calcium were consequently studied, but only the zinc catalyst leads to a material suitable for composite application (conversion and Mn up to 90% and 30 000 g.mol-1). Although the resulting mechanical properties are lower than those obtained with the tin catalyst (σ = 93 MPa and E = 3,3 GPa).Finally, the use of recycled fibers as the reinforcement instead of glass fibers was also studied in the presence of tin octoate. Although the high conversions (95-98%) and molar masses (Mn up to 60 800 g.mol-1) have been achieved, the resulting mechanical properties are much lower than those obtained in the presence of glass fibers (σ = 65 MPa and E = 2,2 GPa).

Objective. To determine whether using standardized patients dressed in moulage improves pharmacy students' ability to assess skin disorders compared to using picture-based paper cases. To determine pharmacy student preferences when learning assessment of skin disorders through these two educational methods. Methods. Faculty members investigated student assessments of drug-induced skin disorders and contact dermatitis by using picture-based paper cases compared with using standardized patients dressed in moulage in a patient assessment course. Faculty members measured student knowledge via multiple-choice questions before laboratory, immediately after laboratory, and during a final examination 3 weeks later. Student preferences were measured immediately after laboratory via survey instrument in this randomized, non-blinded, crossover design educational study. Results. No significant differences in knowledge scores related to skin disorders were found after laboratory or 3 weeks later when comparing the two educational methods. However, survey results suggested student preferences for using standardized patients dressed in moulage for drug-induced skin disorders. No significant differences were found for contact dermatitis cases. Conclusion. Using standardized patients dressed in moulage did not improve pharmacy students' ability to assess skin disorders compared to using picture-based paper cases. Pharmacy students preferred standardized patients dressed in moulage only when learning assessment of drug-induced skin disorders.